A&P Week 4

inspiratory reserve volume

the maximum volume of extra air that can enter the lungs

expiratory reserve volume

the maximum volume of extra air that can leave the lungs

residual volume

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

Under normal conditions, the oxygen saturation of venous blood returning to the heart is roughly...

75% saturated.

Mr. Jones has a blood pH of 7.00 and a temperature of 100.5°F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would...

shift to the right.

Most oxygen is carried in the blood ______; but most carbon dioxide is ________.

-bound to hemoglobin -associated with bicarbonate ions

Please identify all of the muscles involved in inspiration. -diaphragm -levator scapulae -external intercostals -abdominal muscles -internal intercostals

-diaphragm -external intercostals

For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be...

a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

Which of the following accurately describes alveolar sacs? a.) Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli. b.) Each of them is formed by the branching of a terminal bronchiole inside a pulmonary lobule. c.) They cover the inner surface of the thoracic wall. d.) They form a common passage that is connected to multiple individual alveoli.

a.) Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli.

During inhalation: a.) pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside. b.) the diaphragm moves superiorly. c.) thoracic volume decreases. d.) pressure rises inside the lungs.

a.) pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.

Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs? a.) The greater the compliance, the greater the tension in the walls of the lungs at a given volume. b.) The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages. c.) The loss of supporting tissues decreases compliance. d.) Arthritis increases compliance.

b.) The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages.

Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood: a.) functions as pH buffers. b.) is converted to carbonic acid. c.) is converted to carbaminohemoglobin. d.) undergoes chloride shift.

b.) is converted to carbonic acid.

In inhaled dry air, which of the following is found in the highest concentration? a.) water vapor (H2O) b.) nitrogen (N2) c.) oxygen (O2) d.) carbon dioxide (CO2)

b.) nitrogen (N2)

Which is true regarding the Bohr effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? a.) If the pH increases, the saturation curve shifts to the right. b.) If the pH decreases, the saturation curve shifts to the left. c.) If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen. d.) If the temperature decreases, hemoglobin more readily gives up its oxygen reserves.

c.) If the pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen.

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle? a.) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) b.) tidal volume (VT) c.) functional residual capacity (FRC) d.) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

c.) functional residual capacity (FRC)

Respiratory minute volume, VE: a.) is the amount of air one moves into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle. b.) is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. c.) is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT. d.) is calculated by subtracting the dead space, VD, from the tidal volume, VT.

c.) is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, VT.

Emphysema: a.) is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining. b.) is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. c.) occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. d.) occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters.

c.) occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Which of the following is an accessory expiratory muscle? a.) external intercostal muscle b.) diaphragm c.) transversus thoracis muscle d.) scalene muscle

c.) transversus thoracis muscle

The major driver of respiration is the concentration of...

carbon dioxide

Applying Boyle's law, which of the following statements would be true for gas in a closed container at a constant temperature? a.) If the volume of the container is decreased, fewer collisions of gas molecules occur per unit time. b.) There is a direct proportionality between pressure and volume. c.) If the volume of the container is increased, the pressure of the gas will increase. d.) If the volume of the container is decreased, the gas pressure will increase.

d.) If the volume of the container is decreased, the gas pressure will increase.

Which characteristic is correct regarding an oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve? a.) Venous blood, leaving peripheral tissues, contains minimal oxygen reserves. b.) Each arriving oxygen molecule decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for the next oxygen molecule. c.) Blood entering the systemic circuit has a PCO2 of 95 mm Hg. d.) Where the slope is steep, a very small change in blood PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin.

d.) Where the slope is steep, a very small change in blood PO2 will result in a large change in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin or released from oxyhemoglobin.

Internal respiration: a.) is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli. b.) includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment. c.) involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs. d.) is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells.

d.) is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells.

If the partial pressure of CO2 in tissues is 46 mmHg and the partial pressure of CO2 in the systemic capillaries is 40 mmHg, you would expect CO2 to _______.

diffuse from the tissues into the systemic capillaries

Patm = Ppul: air

does not move

Patm > Ppul: air

flows into the lungs

Patm < Ppul: air

flows out of the lungs

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve displays...

how readily hemoglobin releases oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen.

internal respiration

refers to gas exchange between gases in systemic capillary blood and gases in the interstitial fluid (tissues).

external respiration

refers to gas exchange between gases in the air in alveoli and gases in pulmonary capillary blood.

When the inspiratory muscles contract...

thoracic volume increases.

tidal volume

volume of air that enters/leaves the lungs during quiet breathing