A&P2 Final
Make a mnemonic for the relative order of abundance of the white blood cell types, stating with N (neutrophils):
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Nobody likes Mommies Eating Babies.
Which blood type(s) could someone with type A- blood receive?
O- A-
Which blood type(s) could someone with type AB- blood receive?
O- A- B- AB
Which blood type(s) could someone with type O+ blood receive?
O- O+
match the following EKG waves to their cause:
P wave: atria depolarize QRS complex: ventricles depolarize T wave: ventricles repolarize
match the following blood-related symptoms to the vitamin deficiency:
Pernicious anemia: Vitamin B12 Bleeding & bruising: Vitamin K
How many different antibodies can one B-cell make at any single time??
1
To how many different types of antigens can one antibody bind??
1
Identify the cell or cells that perform the following:
Produce antibodies: B cells Identify and attack infected cells: T cells Leave behind memory cells after a primary immune response: both B cells and T cells Recognize soluble antigens: B cells Recognize antigens loaded onto MHC I or MHC II: T cells A type of lymphocyte: both B cells and T cells
Match the following hormones to their function:
Promotes RBC production: Erythropoetin (EPO-E) Promotes WBC production: Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) Promotes vasodilation: Nitric Oxide (NO)
Parasympathetic stimulation causes [a] of SA node cells
hyperpolarization of SA node cells
What condition triggers the release of Erythropoetin?
hypoxia
Which defenses act most rapidly: [a]
innate
Which WBC type is activated first during inflammation? [a]
Neutrophils
Given the blood types: the universal donor is : [a] The universal acceptor is: [b]
the universal donor is : O- The universal acceptor is: AB+
Match the following:
Allows the SA node to spontaneously depolarize: Na+ leak channels Allows an action potential to travel from 1 myocyte to the next: gap junctions An arrhythmia may be caused by damaged myocytes, if the following do not inactivate: Voltage-gated Na+ channels Causes the cardiac action potential to be significantly longer than a neuronal one: Voltage-gated Ca++ channels
Match the following steps of the coagulation cascade:
1: Vascular Vasoconstriction 2: Platelet 1. Platelets stick to collagen 2. Platelets stick to platelets 3: Coagulation 1. Activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway 2. Activation of Thrombin 3. Formation of (insoluble) Fibrin
How many antigen-binding sites does one antibody contain??
2
The pH of your skin is roughly:
5.5
How do beta-blockers lower blood pressure?
A correct answer should describe at least two of the following concepts: blockage of sympathetic tone, adrenergic receptors bind to adrenaline / noradrenaline, sympathetic elevation of heart rate due to depolarization of SA node, or possibly even sympathetic elevation of blood pressure due to vasoconstriction. https://youtu.be/sU8sjn1wdbM?t=4521
With prolonged exercise, what changes would you expect to happen in cardiac muscle tissue?
A correct answer should mention the effects exercise has on heart muscle, including angiogenesis, and an increased amounts of myoglobin/mitochnndria/actin & myosin filaments. Additionally, a correct answer may mention with increased strength of contraction comes an increased SV, which means that the resting HR can be much lower and still maintain BP.
Match the following:
A free-floating blood clot: Embolus An abnormal, but fixed, blood-clot: Thrombus
An abnormally long PR interval might be caused by a defect in the:
AV node
Match the following enzymes to their function:
Activates fibrin: Thrombin leads to lysis (breakdown) of fibrin: Plasmin inhibits fibrin formation: Heparin Released by damaged endothelial cells: Factor VII released by activated platelets: Factor XII
How might an autoimmune disease be acquired?
Autoimmune diseases can be acquired during the immunocompentency stage of development. If some lymphocytes are only partially activated by self antigens. Our immune system then decides if it is going to keep those lymphocytes or remove them.
Another way to say BP = CO * PR:
BP is Pressure on the walls of arteries CO is Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute PR is Size of the arteries
How does atherosclerosis increase BP? Be sure to include 1 more of the variables from our 3 equations (in questions 1-3)
BP=CO*PR Atherosclerosis primarily affects elastic arteries by increasing resistance through turbulent blood flow. If PR increases then BP will also increase.
Blood pressure in veins is low, which means there is little force pushing it upwards. How does blood travel from our toes back up to our heart?
Blood is returned to the heart through veins. Veins contain a number of one-way valves, which prevent venous blood from moving backwards. Pressure in the veins is low, so the movement of blood back to the heart relies on muscle contraction. a correct answer should mention the role nearby arteries, muscle movements and valves play.
Another way to say CO = SV * HR
CO is Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute SV is Amount of blood pumped in 1 heart beat HR is The number of heart beats in 1 minute
Identify the following brain regions that control HR:
Cardio-acceleratory center Sympathetic Medulla oblongata Cardio-inhibitory center Parasympathetic Medulla oblongata
If blood pressure remains constant, an increase in SV would most likely lead to which of the following:
Decrease HR
To increase Blood Pressure (BP) by 10%, small diameter arterioles would change in size by (approximately):
Decreasing in diameter by 2%
match the leukocytes to their function:
Destroys bacteria: Neutrophils Releases histamines: Basophils Phagocytosis: Monocytes Attacks parasites: Eosinophils Adaptive immune system cells: Lymphocytes
Stroke Volume =
End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume
Hemophilia could be caused by a lack of (select all that apply):
Factor VIII Factor IX
Match the following:
Fibrinogen: Liquid Fibrin: Solid
If a patient has a heart attack that damages the myocardium, resulting in a permanent elevated ESV, which of the following things do you think the body would directly increase to compensate?
HR
If ESV was lower, where would the blood be instead of in the ventricle?
If ESV is lower, then more blood has been pumped out of the heart and taken to other vital organs.
To reduce the resistance (PR) by 10%, small diameter arterioles would change in size by (approximately):
Increasing in diameter by 2%
Which part (or protein) of a T cell recognizes antigens?
Loaded with endogenous antigens (infected cells): MHC I (one) Loaded with exogenous antigens: MHC II (two) Found only on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs): MHC II (two) Recognized by Tc cells: MHC I (one) Recognized by Th cells: MHC II (two) Binds to CD4: MHC II (two) Binds to CD8: MHC I (one)
What would the effect of sympathetic stimulation be on End Systolic Volume?
Lower it
match the following organs to their immune function:
Lymph node: filter and detect pathogens Spleen: site of WBC proliferation Tonsils: detect pathogens Appendix: protects endogenous flora Thymus: site of T cell maturation Peyer's patches: detect pathogens
When T-helper cells are lost, which of the following become low- or non-functional?
Macrophages Tc cells B cells Neutrophils
Match the following:
Released by hypoxic tissues, triggers vasodilation: Nitric Oxide (NO) Released by endothelial cells, triggers regeneration of other tissues: Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Released by other tissues, triggers angiogenesis: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
If someone has type A+ blood, what does the "+" refer to?
Rh antigen
According to the Frank-Starling law, what would increase if there was an increase in EDV?
SV
Another way to say SV = EDV - ESV
SV is Amount of blood pumped in 1 heart beat EDV is Amountof blood in the heart just before a contraction ESV is Amount of blood left in the heart after a contraction
match the brain region or organ that mediates the following:
Short-term control of blood pressure: Medulla Oblongata Long-term control of blood pressure: Kidneys
match the following organs to their blood-related function:
Site of RBC production: Red bone marrow Site of RBC breakdown & recycling: Liver Regulates the number of RBCs formed: Kidneys
Which of the following is true for platelets:
Stick to damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal a break
Sympathetic stimulation causes [a] of SA node cells
Sympathetic stimulation causes depolarization of SA node cells
Which cells mature in the Thymus? (mark all that apply):
T-cytotoxic cells T-helper cells
Using values from the equations BP = CO * PR, CO = SV * HR and SV = EDV - ESV, identify the following:
The brain can measure BP The vasomotor center adjusts: PR The cardioinhibitory and cardio-acceleratory centers primarily adjust: HR Becasue the sympathetic fibers of the cardio-acceleratory center synpase on most cardiac tissue, not just the SA node, sympathetic stimulation can also decrease: ESV
When a B-cell undergoes an antibody-class switch, what part of the antibody changes?
The constant regions
The moderator band connects to [a] muscles in the [b] ventricle.
The moderator band connects to papillary muscles in the right ventricle.
Match the structures of the electrical conduction system to their functions:
The pacemaker: SA node Delays the signal between atria and ventricles: AV node Conductes the signal from the atria to the apex: AV bundle and bundle branches Causes contraction of the ventricles: Purkinje fibers
match the following:
Thick muscular walls and elasticity: Arteries Contain valves: Veins Only contain endothelial cells: Capillaries Travel toward the heart: Veins Travel away from the heart: Arteries
What part(s) of an antibody constitute the antigen-binding domain?
Variable regions
Match the following descriptions to the correct molecule secreted by an immune system cell:
Warning signal to neighboring cells which causes them to express anti-viral proteins: Interferons Destroy invading cells by creating pores (lysis): Complement Triggers apoptosis in human cells: Perforins & Granzyme Triggers inflammation (locally): Prostaglandins Signal to the hypothalamus to raise body temperature (fever): Pyrogens Measured in medicine as a marker for inflammation: CRP
Match the following:
a cell that kills our own cells when they become infected (or mutated): T cell A cell that differentiates into a plasma cell, which produces antibodies: B cell the part of a protein or sugar that look "foreign": antigen proteins found in the plasma, can bind to specific parts of a microbe: antibody
match the following descriptions to the correct symptom:
elevated resting HR: tachycardia depressed resting HR: bradycardia elevated resting BP: hypertension depressed resting BP: hypotension
Which of the following are found in lymphatic vessels, or in both lymphatic vessels and veins?
endothelial cells: lymphatic vessels smooth muscle: veins and lymphatic vessels valves: veins and lymphatic vessels mini-valves: lymphatic vessels
Which of the following happens during lymphocyte immunocompetency, and which during activation?
lymphocyte binds to an antigen: immunocompetency self-antigen challenge: immunocompetency somatic recombination of variable-region DNA: immunocompetency antibody class switch: immunocompetency occurs during fetal development or neo-natally: immunocompetency clonal expansion: activation release of cytokines: activation primary immune response: activation secondary immune response: immunocompetency produces memory cells: activation
Match the descriptions to the antibody mechanism of action:
recruits plasma proteins that can destroy pathogens by lysis: complement fixation causes antigens to clump together: agglutination causes antigens to become insoluble, becoming targets for macrophages: precipitation prevents pathogenic molecules (toxins, receptors) from functioning: neutralization
Identify the valves of the heart, in the order that blood flows past them:
right atrium > tricuspid > pulmonary SL > mitral > aortic SL > aorta
Who is at the highest risk for Erythrocytosis Fetalis?
second Rh+ fetus of a Rh- mother