A&P/Gen Chem

This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones. a) arachidonic acid b) phospholipid c) cholesterol d) triglyceride e) lipoprotein

cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids? a) They contain a glycerol backbone. b) The head group is polar. c) The molecule is an important part of cell membranes. d) The tail groups are nonpolar. e) They are a major form of energy storage.

they are a major form of energy storage

Which of the following is a common function of RNA? a) produce electrical impulses b) storage of energy c) transfer information for protein synthesis d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis e) transport of fluids

transfer information for protein synthesis

Which of the following describes the major function of ATP in cells? a) building block for the synthesis of proteins. b) transfers energy for cell functions c) transfers information for protein synthesis d) stores information for protein synthesis e) transports fluids

transfers energy for cell functions

This type of lipid is the body's primary long-term energy storage molecule. a) steroid b) phospholipid c) cholesterol d) triglyceride e) lipoprotein

triglyceride

This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation. a) phospholipids b) triglycerides c) bile salts d) sex hormones e) carotenes

triglycerides

A chemical reaction involves interactions between the _____ of two different atoms. a) neutrons b) protons c) isotopes d) valence electrons e) ions

valence electrons

This type of protein is involved with shortening of muscle cells to produce movement. a) contractile b) structural c) regulatory d) catalytic e) transport

contractile

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms? a) covalent b) ionic c) hydrogen d) atomic e) electronic

covalent

Which type of chemical reaction breaks larger reactants into smaller products? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) potential d) exchange e) activated

decomposition

A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called a(n) a) isotope. b) isomer. c) compound. d) electrolyte e) valence molecule.

electrolyte

In the body fluid compartments found in the human body, the solvent is a) glucose. b) lipids. c) carbon dioxide. d) water. e) electrolyte.

electrolyte

Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases? a) exergonic b) endergonic c) potential d) kinetic e) activation

endergonic

Which term is defined as the capacity to do work? a) metabolism b) electrolytes c) chemical reaction d) concentration e) energy

energy

Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes? a) Enzymes are catalytic proteins. b) Enzymes are highly specific. c) Enzymes are efficient. d) Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls. e) Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze.

enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze

AB + CD → AD + BC is a general example of a(n) _____ reaction. a) decomposition b) synthesis c) exchange d) reversible e) catalyzed

exchange

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called a(n) a) compound. b) free radical. c) ion. d) molecule

free radical

Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy? a) glucose b) sucrose c) lactose d) glycogen e) maltose

glucose

Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide? a) ribose b) lactose c) glycogen d) maltose e) galactose

glycogen

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells? a) cellulose b) ribose c) lipids d) glucose e) glycogen

glycogen

Which relatively weak type of bond helps stabilize the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA? a) nonpolar covalent b) polar covalent c) hydrogen d) ionic e) atomic

hydrogen

Surface tension of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of _____ between water molecules. a) covalent bonds b) ionic bonds c) hydrogen bonds d) ester links e) None of these choices.

hydrogen bonds

This type of protein protects against pathogens. a) contractile b) immunological c) regulatory d) catalytic e) transport

immunological

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element chlorine in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid c) forms backbone of all organic molecules d) required for bone and tooth structure e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid

ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element nitrogen in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid c) ionized form is needed for action of many enzymes d) is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid

is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids

The nucleus of unstable _____ of an element will decay leading to emission of radiation. a) compounds b) cations c) anions d) isotopes e) molecules

isotopes

All of the following are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT: a) It involves synthesizing new biomolecules. b) It primarily involves endergonic reactions. c) It releases large amounts of energy. d) An example of anabolism is linking amino acids together to form proteins. e) An example is the formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules.

it releases large amounts of energy

Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide? a) ribose b) lactose c) galactose d) glycogen e) cellulose

lactose

Which of the following is the major function of DNA? a) catalyzes metabolic reactions b) storage of energy c) transfer information for protein synthesis d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis e) transport of electrolytes

long-term storage of information for protein synthesis

An enzyme acts to a) raise the activation energy needed to start the reaction. b) lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction. c) convert the activation energy into potential energy. d) convert the activation energy into kinetic energy. e) stop a chemical reaction.

lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction

Which monomer is used to build RNA and DNA? a) fatty acid b) amino acid c) monosaccharide d) glycerol e) nucleotide

nucleotide

In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have a a) full negative charge (-1). b) full positive charge (+1). c) partial negative charge. d) partial positive charge. e) neutral charge.

partial negative charge

The chemical bonds formed between the atoms in a water molecule are called a) nonpolar covalent bonds. b) polar covalent bonds. c) hydrogen bonds. d) ionic bonds. e) atomic bonds.

polar covalent bonds

This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain. a) saturated b) monounsaturated c) polyunsaturated d) volatile e) short chain

polyunsaturated

A triple covalent bond is formed between atoms sharing _____ valence electrons. a) one b) two c) three d) six e) eight

six

Which type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) potential d) exchange e) activated

synthesis

The energy stored in the bonds of the molecules in the foods that humans eat is 1. a form of kinetic energy. 2. a form of potential energy. 3. referred to as chemical energy. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 and 3 e) All of these choices

2 & 3

Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds? 1. neutron 2. electron 3. proton a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 & 3 only

2 only

What is the difference between atomic mass, mass number and atomic number

Atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of the atom. Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons found in an atom.

Describe what happens to a protein's structure and function when it is denatured

During denaturation, the folded conformation of a protein unravels and loses its unique shape. Loss of that shape destroys the protein's ability to accomplish its function.

Describe the law of conservation of energy.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another form.

List the six major functions of proteins.

Proteins have 1) structural, 2) regulatory, 3) contractile, 4) immunological, 5) transport, and 6) catalytic functions.

List three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions.

Three factors that increase reaction rates are the presence of enzymes (catalysts), increased concentration of reactants, and increased temperature.

Describe the functions of water in the body

Water is a solvent that allows transportation of solutes. Water acts in hydrolysis reactions to split reactants. Water can transport heat in the body and can be used to release heat from the body as occurs in sweating. Water is used as a lubricant, particularly in serous fluids like those surrounding the lungs and on mucosal membranes like those lining the gastrointestinal tract.

The primary structure of a protein consists of a) alpha helices. b) beta-pleated sheets. c) three dimensional folded conformation. d) a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. e) the overall folded conformation of the protein's subunits.

a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Which of the following is a proton donor? a) acid b) base c) salt d) organic compound e) colloid

acid

A solution with a pH value less than 7 is a) basic. b) neutral. c) acidic. d) alkaline. e) concentrated.

acidic

The initial energy "investment" needed to start a chemical reaction in a cell is called the a) energy of products. b) energy of reactants. c) potential energy. d) Gibb's free energy. e) activation energy.

activation energy

What is the name given to a negatively charged atom? a) superoxide b) isotope c) catalyst d) anion e) cation

anion

Which of the following can lower the amount of free radicals in the body? a) x-rays b) ultraviolet radiation c) oxygen d) carbon tetrachloride e) antioxidants

antioxidants

This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. a) mass number b) atomic number c) atomic mass d) ionic mass e) covalent mass

atomic mass

The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element's a) mass number. b) atomic number. c) atomic mass. d) valence number. e) None of these choices.

atomic number

A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a(n) a) electrolyte. b) salt. c) cation. d) colloid. e) buffer.

buffer

Which of the following substances has a pH closest to 7.0? a) lye b) vaginal fluid c) gastric juice d) cerebrospinal fluid e) milk of magnesia

cerebrospinal fluid

Briefly describe the octet rule.

One atom is more likely to combine with another atom if doing so will leave both atoms with eight electrons in their valence shells.One atom is more likely to combine with another atom if doing so will leave both atoms with eight electrons in their valence shells.

Define mixture and then distinguish between the three types of mixtures called solutions, colloids and suspensions

A mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds. A solution is a mixture where the solutes are evenly dispersed among the solvent molecules. Solutions have a clear appearance. Colloids are like solutions except the solutes are big enough to scatter light. A colloid appears translucent or opaque. Suspensions are mixtures where the suspended material will eventually settle out.

Describe the structural characteristics of an amino acid.

Amino acids contain a central carbon atom with 1) a hydrogen atom, 2) an amino group, 3) an acidic carboxyl group, and 4) a side chain attached to it.

Why is the human digestive system unable to digest cellulose?

Human digestive system lacks the enzyme to recognize the structure and break the bonds that hold this polysaccharide together.

Describe a hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom that has partial positive charge and another atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, carrying partial negative charge.