A&PII E2

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? 2 36 4 30 38

2

The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is 3 H2 + 2O2 → 3 H2O + 2 O. 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O. H2 + O2 → H2O + O. P + 3 O → PO3. H2 + O2 → H2O.

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.

Following a meal, the absorptive state lasts approximately 30 minutes. 4 hours. 12 hours. 2 hours. 8 hours.

4 hours.

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

A

________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) Alveolar ventilation rate Vital capacity Respiratory minute volume External respiration rate Pulmonary ventilation rate

Alveolar ventilation rate

Scurvy is a result of deficiency in vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

C

Part complete Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A B12 C D E

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

D

Leptin is to satiety as ________ is to hunger. Secretin Pepsin Ghrelin Gastrin Cholecystokinin

Ghrelin

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM

IgE

Part complete Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium Vancomycin-resistant streptococcus. Staphylococcus aureus. Tuberculin plumonae. Clostridium difficile. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. T nodule B NK plasma

T

Part complete Which of the following age-based changes is false? The lung's compliance changes. Costal cartilages become more flexible. Respiratory muscles weaken. The lungs lose elastic tissue. Vital capacity increases.

Vital capacity increases.

The term lymphadenopathy refers to the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation. a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes.

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.

The greater omentum is attached to the stomach at the lesser curvature. important in the digestion of fats. the entrance to the stomach. a sheet of mesentery that attaches to the liver. a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except denaturation of proteins. mechanical breakdown of food. absorption of triglycerides. storage of ingested food. initiation of protein digestion.

absorption of triglycerides.

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except some amino acids. pyruvate. acetyl-CoA. lactate. glycerol.

acetyl-CoA.

Lipogenesis generally begins with amino acids. acetyl-CoA. fatty acids. glucose. succinyl-CoA.

acetyl-CoA.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term pancreatic juice? rich in bile rich in insulin and glucagon produced by pancreatic islets produced by endocrine tissue alkaline mixture of enzymes, water and ions produced by acinar cells produced by pancreatic islets

alkaline mixture of enzymes, water and ions produced by acinar cells

Newborns gain their immunity initially from contact with viruses and bacteria. early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups. antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. contact with siblings. breast milk.

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except complement. interferon. antibodies. the skin. inflammation.

antibodies.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an allopath. antibody. antihistamine. antigen. immunoglobulin.

antigen.

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they are frequently irregular in shape. have only a tunica interna. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. are smaller in diameter. have no basement membrane.

are smaller in diameter.

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? (Figure 22-17) naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity innate immunity

artificially acquired active immunity

Part complete Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as hepatitis C. ascites. cirrhosis. gastritis. hepatitis B.

ascites.

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the pharynx. stomach. esophagus. colon. bladder.

bladder.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the bronchioles. terminal bronchioles. blood air barrier of the alveoli. interlobular septa. spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura.

blood air barrier of the alveoli.

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is selenium. sodium. magnesium. calcium. potassium.

calcium.

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as glycolysis reaction. carbohydrate loading. carbohydrate craving. overeating. the Atkins diet.

carbohydrate loading.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is bicarbonate ion. carbon dioxide. oxygen. hemoglobin. sodium ion.

carbon dioxide.

A unique feature of the left lung is the cardiac notch. apex. hilum. carina. primary bronchus.

cardiac notch.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are LDLs. chylomicrons. coenzymes. VLDLs. HDLs.

chylomicrons.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except epithelium. secretions. complement. body hair. basement membranes.

complement.

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway. sinus respiratory conducting exchange primary

conducting

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the plasma membrane. mitochondria. nucleus. endoplasmic reticulum. cytosol.

cytosol.

A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would decrease gastric secretion. increase intestinal motility. decrease intestinal motility. increase gastric secretion. interfere with both intestinal motility and gastric secretion.

decrease intestinal motility.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is defending the body against both external and internal threats. the transport of hormones. the production and maturation of leukocytes. circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

defending the body against both external and internal threats.

Part complete The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called enamel. cement. dentin. pulp. periodontium.

dentin.

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the glycolysis. citric acid cycle. mitochondrial matrix. electron transport system. cytosol.

electron transport system.

Part complete The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called emphysema. tuberculosis. asthma. pneumonia. bronchitis.

emphysema.

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on all of the following except higher sodium ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell. emulsification forming small micelles. the sodium-potassium pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell. sodium-linked cotransport. cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the epithelial cell.

emulsification forming small micelles.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the cricoid cartilage. corniculate cartilage. cuneiform cartilage. epiglottis. thyroid cartilage.

epiglottis.

The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the epiglottis. uvula. soft palate. thyroid cartilage. cricoid cartilage.

epiglottis.

Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in epistaxis or nosebleeds. nosebleeds. a deviated septum. nasal congestion. epistaxis.

epistaxis or nosebleeds.

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of vitamins. disaccharides. proteins. complex carbohydrates. fats.

fats.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are vitamins. fats. nucleic acids. proteins. carbohydrates.

fats.

In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? from the blood into the tissue cells from the blood into the lungs from the lungs into the blood from the lungs into the atmosphere from the tissue cells into the blood

from the tissue cells into the blood

Bile is stored in the gallbladder. appendix. duodenum. pancreas. liver.

gallbladder.

The process of glycogen formation is known as glycolysis. glycemia. gluconeogenesis. glycogenesis. cellular respiration.

glycogenesis.

The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it moves by peristalsis. has folds in the mucosa. has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa. secretes digestive juice. secretes digestive hormones.

has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells. NK plasma helper T cytotoxic T B

helper T

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called emphysema. hypoxia. lung cancer. asthma. ischemia.

hypoxia

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. active passive innate natural passive auto Submit

innate

Part complete Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. diaphragm scalene external intercostal internal intercostal serratus anterior

internal intercostal

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is external respiration. internal respiration. breathing. pulmonary ventilation. cellular respiration.

internal respiration.

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. casual contact with an infected individual. sharing clothes with an infected individual. eating contaminated food. intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle? intrapleural atmospheric intra-alveolar intrapulmonary and intra-alveolar intrapulmonary

intrapleural

bolye's law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to temperature. inversely proportional to the volume of its container. always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. directly proportional to the volume of its container. directly proportional to temperature.

inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is cobalt. zinc. iron. magnesium. calcium.

iron.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because it dries out the mouth. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. it combines olfaction with respiration. there is less resistance to air flow.

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called lymphosis. lymphedema. lymphadenopathy. lymphoma. lymphopenia.

lymphedema.

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen? (Figure 22-8) epithelial cells; endocrine cells lymphocytes; red blood cells red blood cells; macrophages lymphocytes; epithelial reticular cells red blood cells; lymphocytes

lymphocytes; red blood cells

The technical term for chewing is peristalsis. borborygmus. mastication. deglutition. segmentation.

mastication.

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis. anabolism. metabolism. catabolism.

metabolism

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. ribosome. mitochondrial matrix. cytosol. golgi apparatus.

mitochondrial matrix.

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the adventitia. serosa. submucosa. muscularis mucosa. mucosa.

mucosa

During starvation, muscle proteins are used as an energy source. carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. gluconeogenesis ceases. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. carbohydrate utilization increases.

muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is riboflavin. pyridoxine (B6). folic acid (folate). pantothenic acid. niacin.

pantothenic acid.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called mastication. segmentation. churning movements. pendular movements. peristalsis.

peristalsis

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. windpipe trachea esophagus right mainstem bronchus pharynx

pharynx

The uvula is located at the margin of the vestibule. posterior margin of the soft palate. margin of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. base of a tooth. posterior of the tongue.

posterior margin of the soft palate.

What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? (Figure 23-2) simple columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of simple squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Functions of the large intestine include most of the chemical breakdown of food. absorption of bile salts. secretion of vitamins. production of gas to move waste toward the rectum. reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

Part complete When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. phosphorylated; deaminated reduced; oxidized made; recycled oxidized; reduced phosphorylated; dephosphorylated

reduced; oxidized

The defecation reflex involves parasympathetic nerve control from sacral nerves. sympathetic nerves. relaxation of the ileocecal valve to move feces into the rectum. relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters. conscious control of both the internal and external anal sphincters.

relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters.

The function of the citric acid cycle is to hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate. produce water. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? secrete free radicals secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA secrete strong acid secrete organic solvent

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus? component of mucosa coordinates activity of muscularis externa sensory neural network secretes a watery fluid loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels

sensory neural network

Interleukins do all of the following except stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. elevate body temperature. increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. stimulate collagen synthesis. stimulate inflammation.

stimulate collagen synthesis.

The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to inhibit hunger. stimulate secretion of mucus from submucosal glands. stimulate hunger. regulate the digestion of lipids. initiate secretion of gastric juice containing enzymes and acid.

stimulate hunger.

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the esophagus. stomach. oral cavity. oropharynx. anal canal.

stomach

The epithelium lining the oropharynx is simple squamous. simple columnar. stratified squamous. simple cuboidal. pseudostratified squamous.

stratified squamous.

Which type of salivary glands produces glycoproteins called mucins? (Figure 24-9) parotid lingual submandibular sublingual buccal

submandibular

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. the endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm nucleus the mitochondria the plasma membrane

the mitochondria

The glottis is part of the hard palate. a flap of elastic cartilage. the opening to the larynx. the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. the opening to the pharynx.

the opening to the larynx.

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except lymph nodes. the venae cavae. lymph. lymphatic vessels. the spleen.

the venae cavae.

Part complete The term ________ refers to the homeostatic process that allows us to maintain a constant body temperature. thermography thermodynamics thermochemistry thermogenesis thermoregulation

thermoregulation

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. they are equal. intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

they are equal.

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure triglyceride level. total cholesterol level. triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. HDL level. total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the bronchiole. trachea. laryngopharynx. bronchus. alveolar duct.

trachea.

The chloride shift occurs in order to transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells. produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues. produce carbonic acid.

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.

What is the role of NADH in metabolism? phosphorylate ADP into ATP produce carbon dioxide produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is maltase. nuclease. trypsin. lipase. amylase.

trypsin.