ABA CH 12-14

What do we mean when we say stimulus. Additional definition from the sub note. P 199

we mean stimulus condition or particular value of the stimulus. For example, an SD could be darkness (the light intensity would be at zero)

Prompt definition. How can we prompt behavior

A supplemental stimulus that raises probability of correct response. We can prompt behavior with verbal instructions, modeling, and physical guidance. Car red is prompt that supplements SD What color is the car? Prompt doesn't stand by itself

S-delta (S∆

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will not be reinforced or punished.

Which stimulus has causal function and what it means

A stimulus that always precedes a reinforcement or an escape contingency acquires causal functions. This means that in the future, the mere presentation of that stimulus will cause the response

Prompt definition How can we prompt behavior

A supplemental stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response. it is supplemental to SD / S delta, hint, partial response. We can prompt behavior with verbal instructions, modeling, and physical guidance.

Verbal prompt

A supplemental verbal stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.

nondiscriminated reinforcement vs discriminative contingency

Nondisc. no SD associated with reinforcement contingency. Operandum present, the response can be reinforced. Disc.-reinf.in operation only when SD present. Disc nondisc escape/punishment.

1. symmetrical 2.Transitivity 3. Reflexivity relationships

it works either way: said name to photo and back or A=B then B=A 2. A=C & B=C, then A=B, 3. refers to the results of simple non-symbolic matching to sample A=A

verbal behavior, tacting, mand

language, naming an object, requesting an object. Manding and tacting are two different forms of verbal behavior+ listening, reading, writing, sign language, and so on

NOT TO SAY have concepts, SAY...

we don't say that people and pigeons have concepts. Instead, we say that their behavior is under the stimulus control of concepts.

What does organism do When dealing with stimulus generalization, ?

Discriminates between different concepts and generalizes within the concept- responding to untrained colors as well as trained colors.term-62

A What is Punishment-based SD

is a stimulus in the presence of which a response will be punished.

novel stimulus control

"correct" response to stimulus when that response to that stimulus had not been reinforced previously; in Als case, neither stimulus nor response were novel, but this response to that stimulus was novel. Photo to written name

1. Conceptual stimulus and 2. Conceptual stimulus control (conceptual control). 3. Important aspect

1. Concept you know. 2. Responding occurs more often in presence of one stimulus class and less often in presence of another stimulus class due to concept training. I.E. You know what it is. Pigeon pecking in presence of persons picture. 3. Respond correctly in novel situation.

For stimulus to control behavior it should be 2 things

1. Conspicuous. Stim. effectiveness depends on how it is presented. Should contrast with background due to large size, brightness, loudness, uniqueness. 2. history of behavioral contingencies in the presence of that stimulus. Jokes to a roommate.

Criteria for diagramming discriminated contingencies 6 things

1. No delta, no SD 2.Same before condition and behavior 3. Delta extinction/recovery 4. SD differ from operandum and 5. before condition.

Requirements for effective discrimination training things

1. Pre attending/ prerequisite skills: orienting towards stimulus 2. sensory capabilities needed to develop preattending skills: vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell for stimuli to control behavior. No hearing, verbal command is useless.

conceptual stimulus control or conceptual control is occurring when two conditions are met:

1. The observer responds in a similar way to all stimuli in a stimulus class, including novel stimuli not previously experienced. 2. But the observer does not respond that way to stimuli outside that class including novel stimuli

1. What conceptual stimulus control consists of + 2. what to do to establish control

1. consists of generalization within concept or stimulus class and discrimination between concepts or stimulus classes. 2. must reinforce one response in presence of one stimulus class/concept and extinguish that response in presence of all other stimulus classes/concepts.

Interobserver agreement IOA) + purpose

Agreement between observations of two or more independent observers. Way of making many subjective dependent variables much more objective

equivalence class

All stimuli in a set are reflexive, symmetrical, and transitive with each other e.g., person's written name and photo. Set of arbitrary symbolic stimuli with no common physical properties. Photo and name written or spoken. Arbitrary class

Fading procedure.

At first, the SD and the delta differ along at least one irrelevant dimension, as well as the relevant dimension. Then the difference between SD & delta is reduced along all but the relevant dimensions, until SD & delta differ along only those relevant dimensions.

Discriminative Stimulus (SD) and S-delta (S∆) C&C

Before condition and response are the same. Both are contingencies. S-delta contingency is always extinction recovery

Compare & Contrast before condition and SD

Both occur before behavior, increase frequency of response. SD does not make after condition reinforcing, condition does. SD makes reinforcer presentation more likely, condition does not.

Added vs. Built-In Contingencies for Imitation

Child imitates parent's swig of soda - SD, praise is added reinforcer. Delta - no parent swig. Built-in reinforcer for swig is soda sweet taste. Parent's swig is now a prompt, not SD, since swig produced taste. SD for built in RE is Sper soda on can.

Example of Stimulus class in picture person training

Common property of containing at least one person. This stimulus class also had another common behavioral property: All pictures of persons served as SDs for pecking the key. Nonhuman pictures served as S delta for pecking.

Subjective measure. + two reasons

Criteria for measurement not completely specified in physical terms or measured event is private, inner experience. Essentially intuitive judgments, complex stimulus control. 1. Not taking a physical measure when possible 2. not possible to take physical measure

Differential reinforcement vs Stimulus discrimination procedure. + their combination + examples

Differential reinforcement - Two response classes, one stimulus. Stimulus-discrim. procedure - Two stimuli, one response class. Together: two classes, two stimuli. Example: talk quieter in chirch, drive more careful with parents.

concept-training procedure vs discrimination-training procedure.

Disc.training uses single SD / delta e.g., a green light versus a red light). Concept tran. - two stimulus classes as people versus nonpeople

What do we need to train imitation and maintain generalization

For both need discrimination contingency and differential reinforcement contingency. Diff.RE to shape correct response, discrim. to establish this particular response to a particular SD. I.E. correct imitation. To maintain need reinforce some resposnses.

The Theory of Generalized Imitation

Generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers

Both before condition and SD should be present for reinforcement to occur. Why?

If before condition is absent, particular event doesn't act as reinforcer. If Discriminative stimulus is absent the behavior that produces reinforcer might not occur, so it can't be reinforced.

Discrimnaated contingencies what to consider

No S-delta, no SD. With reinforcement and escape SD, S-delta is extinction, with punishment S delta is recovery. 1.

How long is "in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced or punished"

No more than 60 sec for animals. If longer for humans, which have rule-governed behavior - it is an analog SD

1. Why Stimulus equivalence training is especially useful 2. emergent relations definition

No need for symbolic matching of all stimuli combinations to produce equivalence class. Some reflexive, symmetrical, transitive stimulus-control relations emerge due to some combinations explicitly trained. 2. others emerge without explicit training

Stimulus dimensions + example

Physical properties of stimulus: roundness, smoothness, size, height, weight, luster, color or ways stimuli can differ from each other. Like house from automobile along many obvious dimensions. More dimensions easier to establish discriminative stimulus control.

Punishment and reinforcement-based SD and delta Compare & Contrast

Pun-based SD plays same role with Pun as RE-based SD plays with RE. In both cases, these stimuli are associated with the contingency. Pun-based delta plays the same role with Pun as RE-based delta with RE. In both cases, these stimuli are associated with the absence of contingency.

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI. + example

Reinforcement is contingent on a behavior that is incompatible with another behavior. Baby's cry is incompatible with baby's smile. Reinforce smile

Concept training. + stimulus class definition+ another name

Reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus class and extinguishing it or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus class. Stimulus class or concept consists of a set of stimuli that all have some common property

discrimination training procedure. (P200)

Reinforcing or punishing response in the presence of one stimulus, SD and extinguishing or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus, S delta

Reinforcer reduction My definition + example

Replacement of one type of reinforcer for another. Example: first reinforce a child's response with a primary reinforcer, such as food or ice cream. Then we gradually reduce the amount or frequency of the food, while replacing it with praise or other social reinforcers.

What it means stimulus control or stimulus discrimination has occurred. Additional definition from the sub note. P 199

Response finally occurs more frequently in presence of SD than in presence of S-delta. Reinforcement /punishment more likely in presence SD than in presence Sdelta. I.E. reinforcement need not always occur in SD, and it need not always be withheld in presence of S delta.

what equivalence class results from

Results from stimulus equivalence training - symbolic matching to sample as Al did with names and photos.

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

SD-stimulus in presence of which particular responses is reinforced or punished.

Matching to sample

Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus.

Matching to sample.

Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus.

Response Shaping cs Stimulus Fading vs Reinforcer reduction

Shaping: Resp. differentiating-change in response to form new response. Fading: stim.discrim. change stim. to establish new stim.control. Reduction: Change type or reinforcer amount to maintain response or establish responses pattern.

Stimulus-generalization gradient. Pigeon and colors example

Show increase of stim. control as test stim becomes less similar to training stim. Refers to extent response rate changes when test stim changes from the training stim. Greater responding with changed stim, greater stimulus generalization,less stim.control

Imitative Reinforcers

Stimuli arising from the match between the behavior of the imitator and the behavior of the model that function as reinforcers

Objective measure.

The criteria for measurement are completely specified in physical terms and the event being measured is public and therefore observable by more than one person.

Operandum (manipulandum).

That part of the environment the organism operates or manipulates)

Difference between SD and operandum + example

The SD is associated with opportunity for reinforcement when reponse possible. The operandum provides opportunity to respond. Example. lever press in presence of light reinforced. Lever operandum - no lever no opportunity to respond. Light is SD- no light, no reinforcer

Stimulus generalization.

The behavioral contingencies in the presence of one stimulus affect the frequency of the response in the presence of another stimulus. I.e. observer responds in a similar way to different stimuli,

Discriminating Training procedure example with pigeon

The experimenter presents the SD for a period of time and then presents the SΔ for a period of time, and he or she records the frequency of responding in the presence of each stimulus.

Imitation

The form of the behavior of the imitator is controlled by similar behavior of the model. Form of behavior refers usually to topography of response. Behavior of imitator reinforced is contingent on similarity to model's behavior

stimulus discrimination (stimulus control)

The occurrence of a response more frequently in the presence of one stimulus than in the presence of another, usually as a result of a discrimination training procedure

Errorless discrimination procedure

The use of a fading procedure to establish a discrimination, with no errors during the training.

Mand

Verbal relation where form of response is determined by motivating operation. Verbal behavior that specifies its own reinforcer. Example: Give salt - salt is reinforcer. Motivating operation-no RE no red car, usually causes person to state request.

Tact

Verbal relation where the form of the response is determined by a nonverbal SD. Verbal behavior where the form of the response is controlled by an SD, not by the reinforcer.

why learning to imitate is such a big deal.

When someone makes a particular response and gets a reinforcer, there's often a good chance we'll get a similar reinforcer, if we make a similar response.

Which stimulus has suppressive function and what it means

a stimulus that always precedes a punishment or penalty contingency acquires suppressive functions. This means that in the future the response in that contingency will occur less frequently in the presence of that stimulus

Example phrase of conceptual stimulus

conceptual stimuli such as the pictures of people can exert stimulus control over the behavior of a pigeon. They're a set of stimuli, and they either exert stimulus control or they don't

Intuition intuitive control—

control by a concept or set of contingencies the person cannot define or describe.

anticipation procedure

differential reinforcement of answers with short latencies. Example. Reinforcer arrives faster if response is made right away, without waiting for the prompt

generalized imitation

imitation of the response of a model without previous reinforcement of imitation of that specific response

Not example of imitation

imitator's behavior and the model's behavior should not be controlled by same contingency. In presence of loud noise, imitator and model both put hands over ears. Escape from contingency doesn't depend upon similarity of behaviors. Imitator behavior is controlled by third factor.

1. symbolic matching to sample + example. 2. identity matching or non-symbolic matching

matching to sample in which the relation between the sample and comparison stimuli is arbitrary. Pigeon pecks green sample & comparison with word "green" but not the other way around. This relation is arbitrary because she can't read. 2. Samples are identical-Non symbolic matching

What should occur For imitative stimulus control to generalize to other unreinforced responses

reinforcement of some other imitative responses must occur before the unreinforced imitative responses occur. Or reinforce some imitative responses so that imitative stimulus control could generalize to other unreinforced responses

Discrimination principal. Internet definition

responding only to certain stimuli, and not responding to those that are similar

By discriminated response, we mean + delinquent Jose example

response under the control of a discriminative stimulus. SD for Jose is a word shoe. Shoe is S delta for hat. Token is reinforcer.

physical prompt = physical guidance)

the trainer physically moves the trainee's body in an approximation of the desired response

Does learned reinforcer need to be SD

•For the pairing to be most effective, the neutral stimulus may need to precede the reinforcer. •It may be that the neutral stimulus must become an SD before it will become a learned reinforcer.