abdomen midterm 2

you are performing a sonogram on a patient with bilaterally small kidneys. What is the adult normal range in size for a kidney?

10-12 cm

the normal bladder wall measurement on a distended bladder should not exceed ____

3 mm

the normal bladder wall measurement on an undistended bladder should not exceed

6 mm

what are the sonographic features of pheochromocytoma?

large hyper echoic mass adjacent to the superior pole of the kidney

which renal tumor has an asymptomatic presentation in its early stages but over time patients complain of gross hematuria, weight loss, and palpable flank mass?

renal cll carcinoma

which of the following best describes the adult kidney?

retroperitoneal location with cortex responsible for blood filtration and medulla responsible for absorption

which of the following best describes the location of the left adrenal gland?

retroperitoneal, located medial to the superior pole of the lt kidney

during the performance of a renal sonogram, you identify only one kidney. what should you do?

scan in the pelvis area to rule out the presence of a pelvic kidney

what is the most common renal mass demonstrated on sonography

simple renal cyst

which part of the kidney contains fat, calyces, infundibula of the collecting, and vessels?

sinus

when assessing the sonographic appearance of an adult kidney, what echogenicity comparisons are typically used?

the cortex should be hypo echoic or isoechoic to the liver or spleen

how does acute renal failure differ from chronic renal failure

the most common cause of chronic renal failure is diabetes mellitus and it presents as small kidneys with cortical thinning on sonography whereas acute renal failure is most commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis and presents as normal appearing kidneys

you are scanning a 69 year old male with hematuria. you ultrasound findings include right sided hydronephrosis and a mass within the urinary bladder. which of the following tumors most commonly occurs within the urinary bladder?

transitional cell carcinoma

what term is used to describe dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder?

ureterocele

the membranous canal that conveys urine out of the bladder is the ___

urethra

what is the most common benign solid tumor of the adrenal gland?

adrenal adenoma

an ultrasounds exam reveal a solid hyperchoic mass in 46 year old patient with tuberous sclerosis. this most likely represents:

angiomyolipoma

you are scanning a patient and notice the right and left kidneys are attached at their lower poles. what anomaly is this?

horseshoe kidney

what are the symptoms of a nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma

hypertension

the medullary pyramids are ___

hypoechoice or anechoic relative to renal cortex depending on the amount or urine they contain

which of the following renal cystic diseases presents monographically as smooth thick-walled cyst with internal debris?

infected renal cyst

which intrarena arteries course alongside the renal pyramids

interlobar

what feature below is consistent with a malignant adrenal tumor originating from the adrenal cortex?

invasion of adrenal vein and ivc

a patient presents with hypotension, weakness, hyperkalemia, and hyperpigmenttion. which adrenal disorder is most likely?

Addison's disease

the posts and quadrates lumborum muscles appear sonographically ____

as the low- gray structures posterior to the kidneys

what renal disorder presents with decreased renal function in the 3rd or 4th decades of life, and bilaterally enlarged kidneys contain multiple cortical cysts?

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

you have been asked to identify ureteral jets. where are the ureteral orifices in the urinary bladder

base of trigone along posterior aspect

you are performing an ultrasound exam on a patient who has been on dialysis for 4 years. which of the following describes the typical appearance of the kidney in these cases?

bilateral small, echogenic kidneys with multiple cysts of varying sizes

what is the most common finding of the prostate

bph

a patient presents with obesity, hirsutism, and a buffalo hump. sonography identified a mass in the rt adrenal gland. what is the most likely diagnosis?

bushings syndrome

what sonographic feature gives an adrenal cyst concern for malignancy?

calcified cyst wall

what is the purpose of scanning the urinary bladder to identify ureteral jets?

determine if a ureter is obstructed

what is described as a localized budge on the lateral border of the kidney?

dromedary hump

a 65 year old male patient presents with nocturne, increased urinary frequency, constant feeling of bladder fullness, elevated PSA. what is most likely demonstrated on ultrasound?

enlarged diffusely heterogenous gland with calcifications and cystic changes

what symptoms are typically associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?

gross. hematuria and passing blood clots

what area of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

medulla

which of the following renal disorders presents sonographically with echogenic renal pyramids due to accumulation of calcium collecting ducts

medullary sponge kidney

which patient population is most likely to demonstrate an adrenal hemorrhage?

neonates

you have detected compensatory hypertrophy of the right kidney in a 35 year old male. this finding is associated with which of the follwoing?

nephrectomy, renal genesis, and renal hypoplasia

A 2-year-old male presents with a palpable abdominal mass with abdominal and back pain. A 10-cm heterogeneous ill-defined mass with calcifications is identified in the RT abdomen. Mets were identified in the liver. What is the most likely diagnosis?

neuroblastoma

a patient has been referred to you ultrasound lab with a history if acute pylenephritis. what is the most common ultrasound appearance of the condition?

normal appearance

which of the following is hyper functioning adrenal mass that results in uncontrollable hypertension and excessive perspiration?

pheochromocytoma

A 60-year-old male patient presents with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), macroscopic hematuria, and a decrease in the amount of ejaculated fluid. Sonogram demonstrates a hypervascular enlarged prostate gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?

prostate cancer

what signals the adrenal gland to release hormones?

release of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

the primary function/s of the kidney is

remove waste from blood and produce urine

a patient is referred for ultrasound evaluation to rule out the presence of renal malignancy. what is the most common solid renal mass in the adult?

renal cell carcinoma