Abeka Biology Chapter 8-9

Neurobiologist

A biologist who studies the nervous system

Cerebrospinal fluid

A clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of arachnoid mater, serving to cushion the brain when you bump your head

Longitudinal fissure

A deep grove that splits the cerebrum at the hemisphere

Nerve center

A group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

Neurologist

A physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system

Dendrite

A short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body

Coma

A state of prolonged uncosciousness

Neuromuscular junction

A synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber

Meninges

A triple layer of protective tissues that cover the spinal cord and brain

Neurons

Actual nerve cells

Synapse

An enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cells; axon of a neuron ends

Parietal lobes

Analyze senses on their respective side to allow temperature, pressure, and pain and to make judgment about shape and texture

Temporal lobes

Associated with taste, hearing, and smell

Behaviorism

Behavior of a person is determined by his environment, not by his mind; actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli

Spinal cord

Brain communicates with most of the body with a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity

Brain waves

Brain's waves of electrical activity

Sensory nerve fibers

Carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of body to spinal cord and brain for analysis

Motor nerve fibers

Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs

Nervous system

Communication, coordinates physical activities for control of your body, and tells information about your surroundings

Limbic system

Complex brain structures lie clustered around the brain stem at the core of the brain, surrounded by cerebrum; coordinate emotions

Peripheral nervous system

Consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord

Cell body

Contains a nucleus (which controls its metabolic activities) and most of the nerve cell's cytoplasm

Medulla oblongata

Control breathing

Hypothalamus

Control the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in the brain

Hypothalamus

Control unit for your body's automatic system; controls autonomic and endocrine; regulates temperature, pressure, and blood compisition

Lobes

Convolutions of each cerebral hemisphere are divided by groves in various regions that correspond to the major bones of the cranium

Sleep

Critical factor to neurological health

Cerebral palsy

Damage to cerebral motor that causes inability to move or control his body

Convoluted

Deeply grooved

Neuritis

Degeneration and inflammation of nerves; caused by alcohol

Parasympathetic division

Detects the need to slow down your body's metabolic activities and transmit impulses to our heart that block the action of sympathetic fibers, causing the heart to slow down

Multiple sclerosis

Disease of the brain and spinal cord when body's immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for nerve cell axons

Frontal lobes

Forward portion associated with personality, judgment, self-control

Gray matter

Found within the brain and spinal cord consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons and is lacks myelin

Plexus

Ganglia grouped together to form a large nerve mass

Brachial plexus

Group of ganglia from which branch the median nerve and other arm nerves

Hemispheres

Halves of the cerebrum are called

Amygdala

Helps generate emotions and processes emotional memories

Paralysis

Inability of the muscles to move

Central nervous system

Includes the brain and the spinal cord, which are both encased in bone for protection

Reticular formation

Intricate network of neurons where the brain stem lies and the "master switch" of the cerebrum

Cerebrum

Largest and upper part of the brain, coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviors

Brain

Largest, most important part of the nervous system with the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

Pons

Links the cerebrum with the cerebellum

Acetaldehyde

Liver removes alcohol by transforming it into this, responsible for hangovers

Cerebellum

Lower part of the brain, helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity; divided into two halves

Medulla oblongata

Lowest part of the brain that monitors and regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and other vital body functions

Ganglia

Masses of cell bodies

Cerebellum

Most complex muscle coordination is handled by

Mixed nerves

Most of the nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers thus known as

Clostridium botulinum

Most toxic substance known to man and found in spoiled or improperly canned foods

Midbrain

Nerve centers in this help coordinate the movements of both eyes, adjust pupil size from light, and operate lens muscles for focus

Motor neurons

Neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to other parts of the body

Sensory neurons

Neurons that transmit information to their to the central nervous system from the sense of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as pain

White matter

Of the brain and spinal cord is composed of axons and glial cells that have myelin content

Alcohol(ethanol)

One of the most commonly abused drugs that kills 100,000 Americans a year; depresses control centers, motor areas, and emotional stability

Liver

Only organ able to break down alcohol in the body

Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of the cerebrum where the brain's gray matter is located

Dopamine

Parkinson's disease appears to result from a lack of this in the motor-control areas in the brain

Nerves

Part of the peripheral nervous system of these bundles of nerve fibers (axons) branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous stem to the extremities of the body

Autonomic nervous system

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs

Brain stem

Part that connects brain to the spinal cord, controls the involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system; medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

REM sleep

Periods of a sleeping(dreaming) person's eyes showing rapid eye movement

Botulinum toxin

Powerful poison that is responsible for botulism(food poisoning) in the motor nerves

Hippocampus

Processes factual memories for storge

Microglia

Protect brain from infection

Motor area

Rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles

Sensorineural deafness

Repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds results in a form of partial or complete hearing loss; exceed 90-100 decibels

Sympathetic division

Responds to your body's needs during increased activity and in emergency situations by causing heartbeat and breathing rates to increase for more blood

Occipital lobes

Sense of vision is interpreted by this

Parkinson's disease

Serious disease of the nervous system that affects the patient's control of posture and movement; tremors and stiffness of limbs

Poliomyelitis

Serious disease that attacks the spinal cord

Reflex

Simplest act of the nervous system, a quick, automatic response

Reflex arc

Simplest nerve pathway with two or three nerves used

Glial cells

Support and insulate nerve tissue of the brain and spinal cord

Schwann cells

Surrounds the axons of the PN nerves by these special glial cells that produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like the insuation on an electrical wire

Thalamus

Switchboard, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses from various parts of the body to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex; upper end

Right, left

The _____ brain specializes in the "big picture," creativity, and intuitive approaches to problems. The _____ brain specializes in details, known procedures, and formal logic

Interneurons

The central nervous system that relays signals between neurons or groups of neurons and process information

Physical effects of emotions

The hypothalamus is also responsible for the _____ _____ _____ _____

Dura (strongest), arachnoid, pia

The layers of the meninges in order

Are not

The mind and the physical brain are or are not the same

Left, right

The right hemisphere is connected with the _____ side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the _____ side

Sensory, motor, interneurons

The three types of neurons

Spinal nerves

Thirty-one pairs of nerves that transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body

Blood-brain barrier

Tightly sealed capillary walls that protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick

Nerve impulses

Travel in one direction in a nerve fiber-from the dendrites toward the cell body and from the cell body toward the axon

Cranial nerves

Twelve pairs of nerves that branch directly from the brain stem and transmit nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth, face, and scalp

Central, peripheral

Two divisions of the nervous system

Corpus Callosum

Two hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate with each other through a mass of nerve fibers

Glial cells, neurons

Two kinds of cells in of brain and spinal cord

Action potential

Wave of electrical activity that happens when a neuron is triggered and sends this positive charge through the neuron and axon

Internal(smoking/drinking), external (loud sounds)

What factors can affect the nervous system

Meningitis

When invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges; nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache

Neruotransmitter

When the action potential reaches the synapse, ti causes this to be released into the synapse

Sensory, interneuron, motor

When your finger touches a harmful object, _____ neurons in the skin transmit the sensation of pain to _____, in the spinal cord, which transmit an emergency signal to the appropriate _____ neurons, which cause the muscle to jerk the finger away

Brain

Which is protected by the cranium, is the principal organ of the nervous system

Myelin

White, specialized covering

No

Yes or no: dead cells can regenerate and existing nerve cells can reproduce

Sciatic nerve

one of the longest nerves connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back