Abnormal Psych Ch 2
D
1. Paradigms in the study of abnormal behavior a. increase objectivity. b. slow innovation. c. increase confidence in our conclusions regarding mental illness. d. enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.
D
10. A genotype is illustrated by which of the following? a. panic disorder b. depression c. schizophrenia d. None of these
A
11. A phenotype is illustrated by which of the following? a. Lisa's level of anxiety. b. Lisa's chromosomes. c. The genes that code for Lisa's eye color. d. Lisa's DNA structure.
A
12. The behavior genetic view suggests which of the following relationships between genes and abnormal behavior? a. Genetic predispositions increase the likelihood of abnormal behavior. b. It is possible and reasonable to manipulate an individual's genes. c. Twins are more likely to exhibit abnormal behavior. d. None of these describe the behavior genetic view.
B
13. Any measure of intelligence is best viewed as an index of a. genotype. b. phenotype. c. shared environment. d. unshared environment.
B
14. Turkheimer and colleagues confirmed that a. heritability for IQ is high. b. heritability depends upon the environment. c. achievement is highly heritable regardless of environment. d. linkage analysis is a sound research method.
A
15. Different forms of the same gene are called a. alleles. b. polymorphisms. c. chromosomes. d. genotypes.
D
16. A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called a. an allele. b. a genotype. c. a phenotype. d. a polymorphism.
C
17. "Knockout studies" a. are used to learn about mating behaviors in mice. b. are used to gain a better understanding of DNA sequences. c. manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by "removing" certain genes from mice DNA. d. manipulate specific genes by inserting artificial hormones into mice DNA.
D
18. Which of the following methods of molecular genetics has been used to identify specific genes on several chromosomes important in Alzheimer's disease? a. family studies b. adoption studies c. association studies d. linkage analyses
A
19. A good method for studying gene-environment interactions is a. adoption studies. b. "knockout studies." c. association studies. d. phenotype studies.
D
2. When one chooses a paradigm to understand abnormal behavior, it a. has little effect on clinical practice. b. leads to an overly narrow perspective. c. is generally too narrow in focus. d. specifies problems scientists will investigate and how they will go about investigating them.
B
20. Adoption studies are ideal studies for investigating a. polymorphism. b. gene-environment interactions. c. genotypes. d. alleles.
A
21. The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers provided support for the idea that a. environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology. b. adoption studies are a useful method for understanding genetic markers. c. environments do not play as important a role as genetics. d. LG-ABN behaviors in mothers are not related to the expression of certain genes in pups.
D
22. Nick was born with a predisposition for aggression and impulsivity which has resulted in frequent trouble with the law. As a result of time spent in jail, Nick has developed alcohol dependence. This is an example of a. linkage analysis. b. epigenetics. c. a gene-environment interaction. d. a reciprocal gene-environment interaction.
A
23. A reciprocal gene-environment interaction a. involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments. b. involves how adopted children take on the characteristics of their adopted parents. c. is a useful research method in adoption studies. d. suggests that individuals who spends a lot of time in bars are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who do not frequent bars.
B
24. A major current challenge for researchers within the genetic paradigm is to show the mechanism by which a. genes for pathology remain after many generations. b. genes and environments influence each other. c. genes exert effects on highly complex behaviors. d. drugs are able to effect genetic predispositions.
A
65. The Stroop task was developed for researchers to study a. attention. b. the role of neurotransmitters. c. emotion. d. Alzheimers's Disease.
C
25. The neuroscience paradigm a. suggests that genes are responsible for most types of psychopathology. b. suggests that dopamine is linked to most types of psychopathology. c. asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain. d. asserts that mental disorders are linked to environmental disturbances.
A
26. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that a. allow nerve impulses to reach the next neuron. b. enable neurons to fire. c. let neurons adjust their sensitivity to new inputs. d. adjust the speed of neural transmissions.
D
27. The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the a. neurotransmitter. b. axon. c. ganglion. d. synapse.
A
28. Neurotransmitters a. deliver nerve impulse information across the synapse. b. allow for the detection of brain activity through measures such as EEG. c. transmit genetic information from parents to offspring. d. block the flow of information and contribute to behavioral problems.
B
29. Neurotransmitters are pumped back into the presynaptic cell by a. reintroduction. b. reuptake. c. reinstitution. d. recall.
C
3. Contemporary views on genetic and environmental factors in behavior emphasize that a. genes are important for only some behaviors. b. a good environment can overcome genetic limitations. c. both factors influence each other. d. the percentage of genetic influence on a behavior can be measured.
D
30. According to the neuroscience paradigm, mental disorders are likely the result of a. an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. b. excesses of different neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. c. deficiencies in different neurotransmitters, such as serotonin. d. All of the above are possibilities.
C
31. Second messengers play an important role in a. moderating agonists. b. moderating antagonists. c. helping neurons adjust receptor sensitivity. d. adjusting sensitivity of the thalamus.
A
32. Which of the following mechanisms adjust the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to dopamine, norepinephrine or serotonin? a. second messengers b. antagonists c. neurotransmitters d. nerve impulses
B
33. Dr. Arthur and his colleagues are investigating a new drug that stimulates serotonin's sensitivity. Dr. Arthur is most likely investigating which kind of drug? a. antagonists b. agonists c. second messengers d. dopamine
A
34. Fred is schizophrenic and is taking a medication that works by blocking dopamine receptors. Fred is most likely taking which kind of drug? a. antagonists b. agonists c. second messengers d. antidepressants
D
35. The major connection between the two hemispheres in the brain is called a. gray matter. b. the parietal lobe. c. the brain stem. d. the corpus callosum.
A
36. The gray matter in the brain is made up of a. neurons. b. fissures. c. sulci. d. meninges.
B
37. In right-handed individuals, speech is controlled in this area of the brain. a. corpus collosum b. left hemisphere of the cortex c. right hemisphere of the cortex d. diencephalon
D
38. The part of your brain closest to your ears is the lobe. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal
D
39. The thalamus is the part of the brain which a. recognizes spatial relations. b. regulates body temperature and blood pressure. c. controls movement. d. relays sensory pathways for hearing and vision.
B
4. Psychopathology is polygenic which means that a. there are several different paradigms to explain abnormal behavior. b. there are several different paradigms operating at different times during development that influence genetic vulnerability. c. the human genome consists of around 30,000 genes. d. if a person had a gene for x, they will most likely get x.
C
40. It was found through a brain scan that a man had higher than normal levels of activity in his limbic system. This man probably was having difficulty with a. physical movement of the body. b. regulation of sleep and arousal. c. regulation of emotion. d. language formation.
A
41. The cerebellum is crucial for a. balance. b. speech c. sight d. hearing
C
42. The cerebellum is involved in regulating a. reasoning, problem solving, and memory. b. speech and spatial relationships. c. balance, posture, and equilibrium. d. metabolism, alertness, and appetite.
B
43. In early adulthood, a process known as _______ occurs in which cell connections in the brain are eliminated. a. honing b. pruning c. linkage analysis d. a gene-environment interaction
A
44. Which of the following statements are true? a. Starting in early adulthood, synaptic connections begin to be eliminated. b. Connections in the brain become greater as an individual moves through adulthood. c. Brain development begins in the second trimester. d. All of the above statements are true.
B
45. The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts: a. the somatic nervous system and the involuntary nervous system. b. sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. c. sympathetic system and the somatic nervous system. d. the somatic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.
A
46. The autonomic nervous system a. is involuntary. b. is also know as the somatic nervous system. c. is voluntary. d. regulates emotions.
B
47. This part of the ANS accelerates the heart, dilates the pupils and initiates smooth muscle and glandular responses that prepare an organism for sudden activity and stress. a. parasympathetic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. HPA axis
D
48. Doris is receiving a relaxing massage. She feels her heartbeat decelerate and her pupils constrict. Doris' ___________ is at work. a. HPA axis b. somatic nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system
A
49. Which of the following is central to the body's response to stress? a. HPA axis b. serotonin c. dopamine d. nerve impulses
D
5. If the heritability of ADHD is around .70 then a.70% of Liam's ADHD is due to genes. b.30% of Liam's ADHD is due to genes. c. Liam's individual heritability for ADHD is .70. d. In a given population, variation in ADHD is attributed approximately 70% to genes and 30% to environment.
A
50. Which of the following would be considered an implication of the neuroscience paradigm? a. Using an antidepressant to inhibit the uptake of serotonin. b. Changing one's schema by identifying false cognitions. c. Studying gene-environment interactions to better understand how depression runs in families. d. Studying the heritability of schizophrenia.
C
51. Which of the following statements is false? a. A person could hold a neuroscientific view about the nature of a psychological disorder, yet still recommend psychological intervention b. Reductionism refers to the view that whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its more basic elements. c. In recent decades, neuroscience research on causes and treatment of psychopathology has been proceeding quite slowly. d. Most neurobiological interventions have not been derived from knowledge of what causes a given disorder.
B
52. The primary argument against reductionism is that a. using multiple levels of analysis makes understanding needlessly complex. b. phenomena may only be understandable at specific levels of analysis. c. it is impossible to identify the best level of analysis for some phenomena. d. theoretical biases make it difficult to adjust levels of analysis.
C
53. Psychoanalysis was developed by a. Joseph Breuer. b. Carl Jung. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Karen Horney.
C
54. The psychoanalytic paradigm a. has empirically linked the role of fantasies with abnormal behavior. b. involves adherence to ego analytic principles. c. does not lend itself easily to empirical scrutiny. d. is based on the observations of very diverse populations.
B
55. Ego analysts a. emphasize the importance of fantasies. b. focus on the individuals current environment more so than the historical causes of one's behavior. c. derive therapies based on classical conditioning techniques. d. frequently use exposure as a therapeutic technique.
A
56. Which approach emphasizes each person's ability to manage their current environment in order to select the best way of satisfying basic needs? a. ego analysis. b. psychoanalysis. c. rational-emotive behavior therapy. d. reciprocal gene-environment approach.
A
57. Dr. Gregor is a psychologist who believes that ego functions are primarily conscious and are capable of controlling id urges and the external environment. Futhermore, Dr. Gregor contends that ego functions do not depend on the id for energy. Most likely, Dr. Gregor subscribes to a. ego analysis. b. psychoanalysis. c. brief psychodynamic therapy. d. genetic paradigm.
A
58. Dr. Timber has just received her Ph.D and plans to make her career by conducting psychological research. Most likely, the population she will use in her research will be a. U.S. college students. b. affluent Viennese. c. U.S. high school students. d. European adults and children.
D
59. Despite criticisms, the psychoanalytic paradigm continues to exert influence on the field of psychopathology through all of the following assumptions EXCEPT: a. Childhood experiences help shape adult personality. b. There are unconscious influences on behavior. c. The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious. d. Dreams are very important in understanding psychopathology.
B
6. Which of the following statements is false? a. Heritability is a population statistic ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. b. Heritability is the extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by environmental factors. c. Heritability is a measure of what varies in a population. d. The higher the heritability statistic, the greater the particular behavior can be accounted for by genetic factors.
C
60. Jane is afraid of elevators. Her psychologist, Dr. Phil, teaches her how to relax deeply. Then Dr. Phil helps her develop a list of situations with elevators that vary in how frightening or anxiety- producing they are. Finally, while relaxed, Jane imagines the series of situations with elevators. Eventually Jane is able to tolerate imagining increasingly more difficult situations in elevators such as riding an elevator 100 floors alone. By the end of the 16th therapy session, Jane states that her fear of elevators has disappeared. Dr. Phil used a. brief psychodynamic therapy. b. token economy. c. systematic desensitization. d. ego analysis.
A
61. Behavioral and cognitive theorists differ in their emphasis on a. events versus interpretations of events. b. feelings versus thoughts. c. reinforcement versus free-will. d. childhood experiences versus current events.
A
62. Joan tends to see everything on the 'bright side.' That is, she rarely feels that negative events occur in her life. According to the cognitive perspective, Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her a. schema. b. discriminative stimulus. c. fixation. d. conditioned response.
B
63. After the first day of class, Jill (who is always an optimist) decides the class will be fun while Jan (who struggles over grades) decides the class will be hard. Their different reactions illustrate the role of a. non-shared environment. b. cognitive set. c. exposure. d. childhood experiences.
C
64. Nellie sees a set of words printed in different colors on a computer and she must name the color of each word as rapidly as possible. Which of the following best describes the task that Nellie is doing? a. negative priming b. schema c. Stroop d. in vivo
B
66. The Stroop task has been modified to focus on emotion. Research findings from this modified Stroop have been used a. to show that people with anxiety disorders are more attentive to primary colors than normal controls. b. as evidence of an attention bias towards threatening information in people with anxiety disorders. c. to show that individuals with schizophrenia are able to hold their attention for longer periods of time than normal controls. d. as evidence of an attention bias towards emotional information in people with schizophrenia.
D
67. Rational-emotive therapy primarily focuses on a. changing irrational behavior. b. changing behavior associated with irrational ideas. c. changing the ability to relax. d. changing irrational beliefs.
C
68. What paradigm was used by this therapist? Joan was fired from her job, and her therapist attempts to help her see that this is not terrible, and that being fired may not mean she is a bad person. a. learning paradigm b. psychoanalytic paradigm c. cognitive paradigm d. gestalt paradigm
B
69. Ted is a "workaholic;" he works 15 hours a day and never has time to spend with his family or on things he enjoys. Which of the following is a cognitive explanation of Ted's behavior? a. Ted is imitating the behavior of his hard-working father. b. Ted believes he must excel in everything he does. c. Ted is actually afraid of getting close to others. d. Ted lacks the assertiveness to stand up to his boss' demands.
C
7. Research suggests that a. shared environmental factors is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings. b. heritability is what determines a behavior in a population. c. the effect of nonshared environmental events on siblings is what matters most for understanding genetic variability among siblings. d. specific types of events determine genetic variability among siblings.
C
70. What would a cognitive behavior therapist most likely say to Joe who comes in for therapy reporting that, "I'm a terrible student. I flunked another test today."? a. "How did you study to get ready for the test?" b. "What does your family say about this?" c. "What did you say to yourself after the test?" d. "How long have you felt this way?"
D
71. The difference between emotions and moods are a. emotions involve feelings, while moods involve behaviors. b. emotions have been linked to psychological disorders, while moods have not. c. emotions are long-lived experiences, while moods tend to be short-lasting. d. emotions are fairly short-lived states, while moods tend to last for longer periods of time.
A
72. Lindsey opened a letter saying that she got into her top choice medical school. She felt a rush of joy and began to jump up and down with excitement. Which of the following best describes Lindsey's state in the moment after opening the letter? a. Lindsey is experiencing happy emotions. b. Lindsey is in a happy mood. c. Lindsey has a happy schema. d. Lindsey has sad affect.
B
73. Generally speaking, cultural and ethnic factors in psychopathology need to be examined more closely. Which of the following areas have been fairly well studied? a. the role of ethnicity in psychopathology b. whether disorders diagnosed and treated in the U.S. are observed in other parts of the world c. eating disorders in Eskimo populations d. nicotine addictions in Yoruba populations
B
74. The diathesis-stress paradigm emphasizes that abnormality results from a. biology and the unconscious. b. biology and stress. c. physiology and biochemistry. d. attachment and gestalt problems.
D
75. Which of the following is not an example of a diathesis? a. Chronic feelings of hopelessness found in people with depression. b. The ability to be hypnotized often seen in people with dissociative identity disorder. c. Intense fear of becoming fat often found in people with eating disorders. d. Delusions often found in people with schizophrenia.
A
76. According to the diathesis-stress model, if Linda inherited a predisposition that places her at high risk for schizophrenia, a. given a certain amount of stress, it is likely she will develop schizophrenia. b. Linda will most definitely develop schizophrenia. c. Linda will only develop schizophrenia if she has also inherited a predisposition to be paranoid. d. Linda also inherited a schema that predisposes her to experience stress more easily than most people.
A
77. Generally all diatheses are a. predispositions. b. causes. c. physiological. d. theoretical.
A
78. Which of the following statements are TRUE about paradigms? a. Data gathered by researchers subscribing to different paradigms are not necessarily incompatible with one another. b. The genetic paradigm offers a "complete" conceptualization of psychopathology. c. The diathesis stress model is not considered a paradigm. d. Clinical cases are seldom conceptualized using more than one paradigm.
B
8. One's inherited genes are referred to as a. phenotypes. b. genotypes. c. somatotypes. d. allele types.
D
9. One's observable characteristics are called a. fistulas. b. genotypes. c. genetic types. d. phenotypes.