Glucose determination

Since cells can't use glucose without the insulin hormone system working correctly, the cells of people with diabetes use _______ for energy (more than one answer possible).

- Fatty acids - Amino acids

The major three symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes that were listed in class are ______, _______, and _______.

- High blood sugar ​- Glucose in the urine ​- Large volumes of urine

The two other major symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes that we discussed in class were...(more than one correct answer)

- increased urination - glucose in the urine

The pancreas contain two kinds of hormone-secreting cells: Some cells release the hormone ________ and other cells release the hormone _________.

- insulin - glucagon

The pancreas releases the hormone _________ when there is _________, a term that means high blood sugar levels. The pancreas releases the hormone _________ when there is _________, a term that means low blood sugar levels.

- insulin - hyperglycemia - glucagon - hypoglycemia

Glucagon is released in response to low/high (circle one) glucose in the blood, and its major target is the _____ (an organ)

- low - liver

The biological macromolecules are all_____________, which means that they are chains of smaller molecules known as __________.

- polymers - monomers

Plants store glucose as a polysaccharide called _________. A very similar polysaccharide, called ____________, is the form that glucose is stored as in animal livers and muscles.

- starch - glycogen

If you ate a meal consisting of pasta and potatoes, the major polysaccharide you are consuming is _____________. This nutrient will be broken down in the digestive system into the monosaccharide ___________. The monosaccharide will travel in the blood to the ______________ (an organ), which will store it in the form of a polysaccharide known as ______________. When blood sugar levels are low (such as between meals) the liver breaks down the polysaccharide into the monomer __________ to keep your blood sugar levels from declining.

- starch - glucose - liver - glycogen - glucose

Beer's law states that the _______ of a solution is proportional to its __________.

-Absorbance ​- Solute concentration

A certain monosaccharide molecule consists of 7 carbon atoms. How many hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms does it contain?

14 hydrogen atoms and 7 oxygen atoms

How many major types of macromolecules are there in living things? ______

4

What is the normal range of blood glucose? _________. (Your answer must include the number range and the correct units).

70-100 mg glucose/ 100 mL blood

Blood glucose levels stay more or less constant (at around 70-100 mg/100 ml). This steady level of glucose is maintained mainly by two hormones with opposing effects. For the hormone that is secreted just after a carbohydrate-rich meal is eaten, answer the following questions: ​a) Hormone name: ​ ​b) Which organ secretes this hormone? ​ ​c) Name the cell type within this organ that secretes the hormone: ​ ​d) The hormone raises/lowers (circle one) blood sugar. ​e) What is the target organ/tissue of the hormone? ​ ​f) What is the response of the target organ/tissue to the hormone?

A) insulin B) pancreas C) beta cell D) lowers E) all cells of all organs F) take in glucose from the blood

cellular aerobic respiration is used to recharge the cell's supply of an energy-rich molecule inside the cell. Name that energy-rich molecule: _______ (hints: It is not glucose. The molecule this question is asking about is the direct energy source that powers the cell's proteins).

ATP

The cells within the pancreas that release insulin are called

Beta cells

In response to glucagon, the liver ____________, which increases the glucose concentration in the blood.

Breaks down glycogen

One of the major reasons we eat is to provide "fuel" molecules (such as glucose) for our cells. Our cells usually use a process called cellular aerobic respiration to convert the energy in fuel molecules into cellular energy. Write the complete chemical reaction of cellular aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose. Include all reactant and product molecules in the chemical reaction.

C6H12O6​+ 6O2 ​->​6H2O​+ 6CO2

A certain monosaccharide molecule has 9 carbons. Write its entire molecular formula: _______________

C9H18O9

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all members of which macromolecule group? _____

Carbohydrates

List all the atoms that carbohydrate molecules are made out of: ________

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms

The action of the hormone glucagon is to

Cause the liver to release glucose

The effect of insulin on glucose in the blood

Decrease blood glucose

Hyperglycemia is a characteristic of the disease ______________.

Diabetes mellitus

The major symptom of uncontrolled diabetes that we discussed in class was

Drowsiness or complete coma

The hormone from the pancreas that raises the plasma glucose concentrations, such as during periods of fasting between meals, or starving is called ______.

Glucagon

Large carbohydrates (such as starch) are called polysaccharides. They are polymers of the monosaccharide _____.

Glucose

The major monosaccharide in the blood

Glucose

Which carbohydrate is our blood sugar? Be as specific as possible and write its name and its molecular formula. ________

Glucose C6H12O6

The liver stores carbohydrate as a polymer of glucose called

Glycogen

The liver stores glucose in the form of a glucose polymer called __________.

Glycogen

Explain, at a cellular and molecular level, why diabetes leads to increased urine volume

High blood sugar levels lead to glucose in the urine (because the urine is formed from substances in the blood). Glucose in the urine leads to large volumes of urine because the large glucose concentration in the urine draws water into the urine by osmosis

The term meaning high blood sugar is

Hyperglycemia

The effect of glucagon on glucose in the blood

Increase blood glucose

The action of the hormone insulin is to

Increase cellular uptake of glucose

In diabetes, glucose level in the blood is ______ and glucose use by the cells is ______

Increased, decreased

Diabetes mellitus results from the inadequate secretion or action of the hormone _____

Insulin

Hyperglycemia may be caused by a deficiency of the hormone ________.

Insulin

Most cells respond to insulin by taking in blood glucose for energy, but the cells of one major organ respond to insulin by storing the blood glucose as glycogen. This organ is the _____

Liver

Glucose levels in the blood are controlled by hormones released from the _______ (an organ)

Pancreas

When glucose levels in the blood are high (such as after a carbohydrate-rich meal) the _________ (an organ) stores the glucose.

Pandcreas

The major source of glucose for the body is _______ in our diet.

Proteins

Insulin causes cells to do what? _______________.

Take in glucose from the plasma

What does the blank tube contain, and what is its function when using the spectrophotometer?

The blank tube contains only the solvent (with none of the glucose). Its purpose is to calibrate the spectrophotometer for zero absorbance

Which statement about uncontrolled diabetes is false?

The disease causes hypoglycemia

Why do you draw a linear (straight line) graph of absorbance versus solute concentration even though your experimental values deviated slightly from a straight line? Why must your line intersect the origin of the graph (zero concentration equals zero absorbance)?

The graph of absorbance versus solute concentration is supposed to be an perfect straight line because, according to Beer's law, absorbance is proportional to solute concentration, and proportional things should always graph to a perfect straight line. On the real graph, however, your data points do not form an perfect straight line due to small errors in pipetting the solutions and small errors in reading the absorbance of the solutions. To account for these errors, you draw a best-fit straight line through the points. This best fit line "averages out" the small errors in the individual graph points. The best fit line always goes through zero zero because Beers law states that absorbance is proportional to solute concentration. If solute concentration is zero the absorbance must be zero also.

Diabetes is caused by

The insulin system not working

The main function of carbohydrates in the body is ______________

To provide energy for cells

Name 3 foods, listed in class, that are rich in starch:

Wheat products (pasta, bread cereal), potatoes, rice.

Explain how the liver helps maintain a constant blood glucose concentration

When blood glucose levels are high (such as after a carbohydrate-rich meal) the liver takes in glucose from the blood and stores it. When blood glucose levels are low (such as between meals) the liver releases its stored glucose into the blood.

In animals, the primary form of carbohydrate storage is

glycogen

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

starch

Write the names of the four macromolecule types. Following the name of each one, also write the name of its monomer(s) in parenthesis.

​Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) ​Proteins (Amino acids) ​Lipids (Fatty acids and Glycerol) ​Nucleic acids (Nucleotides)

In each sentence below, circle the correct word in the parenthesis ​Table sugar is a (mono/di/poly)saccharide. ​Table sugar molecules contain (fructose/glycogen/starch) ​Table sugar molecules also contain (ribose/glucose/starch) ​Sugars are (carbohydrates/fats/lipids/proteins)

​Disaccharide ​Fructose ​Glucose ​Carbohydrates

List all monosaccharides that are part of... ​a) Sucrose____________________________________ ​b) Starch ____________________________________ ​c) Maltose____________________________________ ​d) Lactose: ___________________________________ ​e) Glycogen: ___________________________

​Fructose and Glucose ​Glucose ​Glucose ​Galactose and Glucose ​Glucose

Blood glucose levels stay more or less constant (at around 70-100 mg/100 ml). This steady level of glucose is maintained mainly by two hormones with opposing effects. For the hormone that is secreted between meals (many hours after the last meal is eaten) answer the following questions: ​a) Hormone name: ​ ​b) Which organ secretes this hormone? ​ ​c) Name the cell type within this organ that secretes the hormone: ​ ​d) This hormone raises/lowers (circle one) blood sugar. ​e) What is the target organ/tissue of the hormone? ​ ​f) What is the response of the target organ/tissue to the hormone?

​a) Glucagon ​b) Pancreas ​c) Alpha cell ​d) Raises ​e) The liver ​f) Release glucose into the blood