Abnormal Psych Exam 1
Which of the following best describes the reforms being driven by an emphasis on managed care? A. A greater focus on cost-effective treatment and scope of practice B. The inclusion of long-term care and follow-up services C. A shift away from aggressive treatment for mild to moderate syndromes D. The discouragement of overprescribing medications for disorders
A. A greater focus on cost-effective treatment and scope of practice
Bart's psychoanalyst raises her voice at him and threatens to end the session if he continues to speak to her in abusive terms. Which of the following elements of psychoanalysis does this demonstrate? A. Countertransference B. Therapeutic neutrality C. Transference D. Resistance
A. Countertransference
Select the statement that is TRUE of the DSM classification system. A. It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders. B. The system uses broad categories of underlying conflicts to explain the causes of maladaptive reactions. C. It continues to include important diagnostic information such as assumptions about the causes of each disorder. D. The number of diagnostic categories continues to decline as new research data emerges on disorders.
A. It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders.
The theorist who elevated the need for warm, close relationships to the status of a basic human need was A. John Bowlby. B. Sigmund Freud. C. Karen Horney. D. Erik Erikson.
A. John Bowlby.
Why is it especially difficult to separate the placebo effect from measures of the effectiveness of psychotherapy techniques? A. Mental health practitioners are always aware of their own approaches. B. In terms of mental health, there is no difference between a placebo and a treatment. C. Subjecting patients to knowingly ineffective therapies violates ethical standards. D. Patients are able to determine whether or not they are receiving genuine treatment.
A. Mental health practitioners are always aware of their own approaches.
________ is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to combine results from multiple studies in a standardized way. A. Meta-analysis B. Random assignment C. Experimental method D. Facilitated communication
A. Meta-analysis
Which of the following would be a legitimate summary of the role of genes in causing abnormal behavior? A. Scientists have found the gene or genes responsible for only a few, rare forms of mental disorder. B. Scientists have not yet been able to locate any gene responsible for a mental disorder. C. Single genes have been found for many mental disorders. D. The influence of genes is almost always greater than the influence of environment.
A. Scientists have found the gene or genes responsible for only a few, rare forms of mental disorder.
Joe comes to the counseling center with complaints of "overwhelming anxiety" in social situations. After an initial interview, the psychologist asks Joe to complete a homework assignment: identify the nature of the situations in which he is anxious. He is asked to recall what happens just before he becomes anxious and what happens immediately after he becomes anxious. What would the psychologist be trying to find out about Joe's anxiety attacks? A. The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it B. The classically conditioned extinction response that precedes the behavior C. The negative reinforcers present before the anxiety is experienced D. The internal, enduring states maintaining the emotional reaction
A. The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it
A patient is presented with a test that consists of a series of human figures in ambiguous situations. What test is being administered to the patient? A. Thematic Apperception Test B. Rorschach test C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging test
A. Thematic Apperception Test
Which of the following features does humanistic psychotherapy share with psychodynamic therapy? A. Unearthing hidden emotional states B. Establishing an empathetic client-patient relationship C. Taking concrete action to change behavior D. Role playing problematic social encounters
A. Unearthing hidden emotional states
DSM-5 diagnoses are grouped under 22 primary headings based on A. descriptive similarity. B. presumed causes. C. theoretical assumptions. D. biological factors.
A. descriptive similarity.
The innovation in Freudian theory that emphasizes the person's way of dealing with reality is known as A. ego analysis. B. behavior therapy. C. transference therapy. D. countertransference therapy.
A. ego analysis.
Charles has to give an oral presentation for one of his classes. In order to give this presentation, Charles must plan the presentation and then speak in front of his classmates. What lobe of the brain will he primarily use for these activities? A. frontal B. parietal C. occipital D. temporal
A. frontal
Modeling is learning based on A. imitation. B. self actualization. C. operant conditioning. D. classical conditioning.
A. imitation.
In Europe during the Middle Ages, the mentally ill and mentally retarded were often A. imprisoned or placed in almshouses for the poor. B. treated with respect and even worshipped. C. viewed as pretty much the same as everybody else. D. confined to large mental institutions or asylums.
A. imprisoned or placed in almshouses for the poor.
The _____ process allows patients to describe their own problems. A. interview B. diagnostic C. Assessment D. observation
A. interview
For an assignment you are asked to create a poster that shows the similarities and differences between psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. When you are finished, your poster shows that psychodynamic therapy is A. more directive. B. likely to take longer to complete treatment. C. likely to focus on original Freudian theory. D. more focused on the id.
A. more directive.
Chemicals that may be released from neurons or from endocrine glands and that affect the functioning of neurotransmitters are known as A. neuromodulators. B. adrenotransmitters. C. reuptake inhibitors. D. reuptake facilitators.
A. neuromodulators.
What is the emphasis of the definition of abnormal behavior in the DSM-5? A. personal distress or impairment in social functioning B. biological etiology C. biological disadvantage in terms of reproduction D. statistical rarity
A. personal distress or impairment in social functioning
A psychologist is interested in studying cases of schizophrenia. He is particularly interested in studying outcomes of cases over time. What type of validity does this represent? A. predictive B. interrater C. concurrent D. etiological
A. predictive
On a talk show last night Don described some symptoms of anxiety he has experienced during the past year. He said his therapist prescribed an anti-anxiety medication, which seems to be effective. Based on Don's description, you conclude that the therapist is a A. psychiatrist. B. podiatrist. C. social worker. D. clinical psychologist.
A. psychiatrist
Identify the profession that was created because of the establishment of large institutions for the treatment of mental patients. A. psychiatry B. medical doctors C. nursing D. prostitution
A. psychiatry
When someone is out of touch with reality, he is exhibiting ______ behavior. A. psychotic B. maladaptive C. dysfunctional D. emotional
A. psychotic
The two principal criteria used to evaluate a classification system like DSM-5 are A. reliability and validity. B. reactivity and sensitivity. C. inclusiveness and disclusiveness. D. cultural specificity and cultural universality.
A. reliability and validity.
Research suggests that one reason why many children facing troubled family circumstances are protected against the development of psychopathology is A. social support from adults outside the family. B. their ability to learn to repress negative feelings. C. their agreeable temperament. D. that their parents still love them.
A. social support from adults outside the family.
In DSM-5, clinical disorders are defined largely in terms of A. symptomatic behaviors. B. compulsive behaviors C. necessity of inpatient therapy. D. comorbidity.
A. symptomatic behaviors.
Emily is participating in a study for pain management. She is taking a pill that has no active ingredients and her brain is decreasing its response to experienced pain. What is Emily experiencing? A. the placebo effect B. psychotherapy C. psychotropic medications D. a double-blind experiment
A. the placebo effect
The severe treatments of the 1920s and 1930s for mental illness, such as induced fevers, lobotomies, and insulin comas, were at best inconclusive in efficacy because ______. A. the procedures were not followed up with scientific testing to provide evidence of effectiveness B. they were only tested on men C. they were illegal in most states D. their effects were only temporary
A. the procedures were not followed up with scientific testing to provide evidence of effectiveness
Although Dr. Johnson has been trained in Exner's comprehensive system for scoring and interpreting the Rorschach Inkblot Test, he does not use the test as part of his clinical test battery. Having reviewed the literature, Dr. Johnson found that A. the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity. B. the projective nature of the test makes it useful for screening severe pathology, but it results in false negatives when used with normal individuals. C. the test has significant test reliability and validity but the normative data are outdated. D. the test has appropriate validity properties, but its projective nature limits its use for scientist-practitioners.
A. the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity.
Which of the following best describes an experimental hypothesis? A. An explanation for a date or behaviors that are recorded by a researcher B. A prediction that a certain change will produce a certain outcome C. A proof that an experiment's results were not a result of pure chance D. A body of evidence that establishes a correlation between factors
B. A prediction that a certain change will produce a certain outcome
Which publication contains the official criteria for diagnosing mental disorders? A. Physicians' Desk Reference B. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders C. American Psychiatric Association Guidelines for Diagnosis D. Syndromes of Mental Disorders
B. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which publication contains the official criteria for diagnosing mental disorders? A. Syndromes of Mental Disorders B. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders C. American Psychiatric Association Guidelines for Diagnosis D. Physicians' Desk Reference
B. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which statement best illustrates the major advantage of a case study? A. It provides research statistics on interesting personality issues. B. It provides an in-depth account of an individual's experience with a mental disorder. C. It provides generalities about psychological symptoms. D. It provides summaries on a large number of individuals who share unusual mental conditions.
B. It provides an in-depth account of an individual's experience with a mental disorder
What is a diathesis? A. a form of stress B. a predisposition C. an observable symptom of mental illness D. a biological cause of mental illness
B. a predisposition
Which model integrates factors as a way to identify the cause of mental disorders? A. cognitive behavior model B. biopsychosocial model C. psychoanalytic model D. evolutionary model
B. biopsychosocial model
PET and fMRI scans have found valuable information about the biological components of OCD including over-activity in A. Broca's area. B. caudate and the orbital prefontal cortex. C. occipital lobe. D. cerebellum.
B. caudate and the orbital prefontal cortex.
What approach to classification focuses on a specific characteristic and how much of that characteristic is displayed? A. labeling B. dimensional C. categorical D. subjective
B. dimensional
Identify which of the following is recognized as a reliable and required component for abnormal behavior to be classified as a mental disorder. A. statistically rare behaviors B. harm to the individual or others C. biological dysfunction D. Not fitting in with others
B. harm to the individual or others
In a nearby town, two people had anxiety disorders in the past but not now. Three people developed anxiety disorders four or five years ago, and continue to have an anxiety disorder now. Six people developed anxiety disorders this year and continue to be so diagnosed. Which of the following might an epidemiologist write in her report concerning the rate of mental disorders in this community? A. lifetime prevalence = 5; lifetime prevalence = 3 B. incidence (this year) = 6; lifetime prevalence = 11 C. incidence (this year) = 5; lifetime prevalence = 6 D. lifetime prevalence = 5; incidence (this year) = 11
B. incidence (this year) = 6; lifetime prevalence = 11
Two psychologists diagnosed a patient and both arrived at the same disorder and same diagnosis. This is an example of _____. A. concurrent validity B. interrater reliability C. multiaxial classification D. comorbidity
B. interrater reliability
Race and poverty are closely linked to A. families headed by women. B. marital status. C. families headed by men. D. social history.
B. marital status.
A correlation study examines the relationship between social media usage and self-image, and it finds that the more hours an individual spends on social media, the poorer the self-image. This study has identified a A. reverse causality. B. negative correlation. C. third variable. D. positive correlation.
B. negative correlation.
An epidemiologist studies rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of incidence will be based on the A. total number of active cases on the day of calculation. B. number of new cases that developed during that year. C. proportion of people who had ever been depressed. D. average time between diagnosis and cure.
B. number of new cases that developed during that year.
People who seek help for mental disorders are most likely to receive help from which of the following? A. social workers B. primary care physicians C. psychologists D. psychiatrists
B. primary care physicians
During electroconvulsive therapy, electric current is passed through the brain in order to _______. A. hypnotize the patient B. produce a convulsion C. induce a form of amnesia D. create a new consciousness
B. produce a convulsion
Jason is attending a group in which he is learning specific information and skills that are designed to improve his psychological well-being. Jason is probably attending a(n) A. self-help group. B. psychoeducational group. C. encounter group. D. Gestalt therapy group.
B. psychoeducational group.
What is the process by which some neurotransmitters in the synapse return to the axon terminals of the neuron that released them? A. neuromodulation B. reuptake C. regeneration D. neuroregeneration
B. reuptake
What is the most likely cause of a disorder if both monozygotic and dizygotic twins show a high concordance rate? A. dominant genes B. shared environmental experiences C. different environmental experiences D. recessive genes
B. shared environmental experiences
A group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder is referred to as a A. psychosis. B. syndrome. C. disease. D. sign.
B. syndrome
group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder is referred to as a A. disease. B. syndrome. C. sign. D. psychosis.
B. syndrome.
A unique technique that Carl Rogers suggested for humanistic psychotherapists was A. client self-disclosure. B. therapist self-disclosure. C. the use of positive reinforcement. D. the use of thought analysis.
B. therapist self-disclosure.
Which of the following is related to positive outcomes across different approaches to therapy? A. discouragement of the therapeutic alliance B. therapist supportiveness C. a well-developed theoretical perspective D. not limiting goals to just a few areas
B. therapist supportiveness
Which of the following best describes the criteria of the harmful dysfunction view of mental disorder? A. Multiple diagnostic conclusions that are ignored or refused by an individual flagged as disordered B. A mood or behavioral control fault that interferes with the development of healthy relationships C. An objective difference in perceptual regulation that prevents normal operations D. The requirement of professional or institutional intervention as a result of a self-harming action
C. An objective difference in perceptual regulation that prevents normal operations
A research study produces a negative correlation between hours of sleep and test performance. Given this, what do we know about the relationship of the variables? A. There is a causal relationship between the variables. B. As hours of sleep increase, test performance increases. C. As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases. D. There is no relationship between the variables.
C. As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases.
Which of the following is NOT a clinical scale for the MMPI? A. depression B. masculinity-femininity C. Axis II D. hysteria
C. Axis II
The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association is also called the A. DSM-TR B. DSM-IV-TR C. DSM-5 D. DSM-APA
C. DSM-5
________ is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to combine results from multiple studies in a standardized way. A. Facilitated communication B. Experimental method C. Meta-analysis D. Random assignment
C. Meta-analysis
How does the practice of psychiatry differ from that of clinical psychology? A. Psychiatrists focus on the treatment of disorder with therapy while clinical psychologists treat disorders with medication. B. Psychiatrists treat mentally ill patients directly, while clinical psychologists study disorders in a lab setting. C. Psychiatrists are oriented toward the application of medical training, while clinical psychologists apply psychological science. D. Psychiatrists treat individuals with the most severe disorders, while clinical psychologists treat individuals with less advanced symptoms.
C. Psychiatrists are oriented toward the application of medical training, while clinical psychologists apply psychological science
Rebecca hears strange noises that don't have a source and stops showering on a regular basis. In which of the following scenarios is she unlikely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder? A. Rebecca's personal relationships are not impacted. B. Rebecca adjusts her lifestyle to accommodate her issues. C. Rebecca's symptoms stop after several weeks. D. Rebecca begins taking medication to adjust her behavior.
C. Rebecca's symptoms stop after several weeks
In the term "harmful dysfunction," the word "dysfunction" refers to A. a set of distinguishing symptoms. B. a mental disorder. C. a disruption of thought, feeling, or perception. D. the inability of the person to function at work or school.
C. a disruption of thought, feeling, or perception
Meta-analysis of outcome research suggests that psychotherapy has A. no statistically significant effect on improving mental health. B. either no effect or a small negative effect on mental health. C. a strong effect on improving mental health. D. a small effect on improving mental health.
C. a strong effect on improving mental health.
According to Ivan Pavlov's ideas on classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer presented with A. a negative reinforcer. B. an unconditioned response. C. an unconditioned stimulus. D. a conditioned response.
C. an unconditioned stimulus.
In order to compare the disability associated with different conditions, epidemiologists had to assume that the burden associated with certain mental disorders was equivalent to that associated with diseases and injuries. Which of the following is a correct association of a mental disorder with a medical condition? A. schizophrenia: diabetes B. panic disorder: cancer C. depression: blindness D. mania: heart disease
C. depression: blindness
You are part of a team designing a study to see if a given DSM category tends to run in families. Concerned with contributing factors to the onset of a disorder, your team is looking for evidence of __________ validity. A. test-retest B. genetic C. etiological D. reliable
C. etiological
Epidemiology is the scientific study of the A. biological treatment of diseases. B. effects of diets. C. frequency and distribution of disorders. D. classification systems for mental disorders.
C. frequency and distribution of disorders.
Which paradigm views human nature as basically good, attributes abnormal behavior to frustrations of society, and uses nondirective therapy to treat abnormal behavior? A. cognitive behavioral B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. biomedical
C. humanistic
In an experiment, a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy, gives others medication, and puts others on a waiting list. The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six months. What is the independent variable in this experiment? A. time span of six months B. number of patients C. kind of treatment received D. improvement in depression
C. kind of treatment received
One empirical finding about the MMPI-2 scales is that an individual's scores change over time. This finding could indicate a(n) A. individual's temperament. B. high validity concerning the scales. C. lack of reliability to the scales. D. high level of statistical significance to the scales.
C. lack of reliability to the scales.
Some forms of psychopathology are associated with errors in attribution. Such errors involve A. modeling. B. attachment processes. C. perceived causes. D. the identification process.
C. perceived causes.
People who seek help for mental disorders are most likely to receive help from which of the following? A. psychiatrists B. psychologists C. primary care physicians D. social workers
C. primary care physicians
On a talk show last night Don described some symptoms of anxiety he has experienced during the past year. He said his therapist prescribed an anti-anxiety medication, which seems to be effective. Based on Don's description, you conclude that the therapist is a A. podiatrist. B. clinical psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. social worker.
C. psychiatrist.
A psychologist administers a series of projective tests to a client. Which major theoretical orientation is most consistent with this psychologist's preference in assessment methods? A. behavioral B. humanistic C. psychodynamic D. biological
C. psychodynamic
The variation of psychoanalytic theory in which therapists are more active and emotionally supportive are collectively referred to as _______. A. Freudian psychoanalysis B. biological psychotherapy C. psychodynamic psychotherapy D. humanistic psychotherapy
C. psychodynamic psychotherapy
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest association between two variables? A. +0.62 B. +0.26 C. -0.15 D. -0.74
D. -0.74
Which of the following mental health professionals is authorized to prescribe medication to clients? A professional counselor B. A clinical psychologist C. A social worker D. A psychiatrist
D. A Psychiatrist
Which organization publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)? A. American Psychological Association B. National Institute of Mental Health C. World Health Organization D. American Psychiatric Association
D. American Psychiatric Association
Your friend is considering seeking psychotherapy and asks your advice on the type of therapist she should consider. Based on the results of the Consumer Reports survey, what would you tell her? A. Social workers who emphasize family dynamics were generally viewed as the most effective. B. Psychiatrists were viewed as most effective due to their ability to prescribe medication. C. Clinical psychologists were viewed as most effective because of their broad training. D. Consumer satisfaction was equal with the three major types of mental health professionals.
D. Consumer satisfaction was equal with the three major types of mental health professionals.
Which of the following best characterizes the role of self-esteem in developing a healthy perspective? A. Instilling a strong sense of self-esteem in individuals helps them overcome challenges. B. Tempering expectations in people of all levels of success improves satisfaction with all outcomes. C. Self-esteem is less integral to a productive sense of self than is a strong sense of self-control. D. Individuals should have a sense of self-concept correlated with their objective achievements.
D. Individuals should have a sense of self-concept correlated with their objective achievements.
Vladimir describes to his therapist his belief that if he can successfully become the CEO of a large corporation, his father will stop withholding affection. Vladimir's therapist challenges him about the unrealistic nature of this idea. Which of the following cognitive techniques is Vladimir's therapist demonstrating? A. Attribution retraining B. Beck's cognitive therapy C. Self-instruction training D. Rational-emotive therapy
D. Rational-emotive therapy
Which of the following describes a key component of couple therapy? A. Helping couples to successfully intuit each other's needs B. Separating out problems unrelated to the relationship C. Laying out changes that are required in the relationship D. Teaching partners to directly express wishes to each other
D. Teaching partners to directly express wishes to each other
What is the benefit of personality tests in psychological assessment? A. They do not have to be administered and interpreted by trained clinicians. B. People are generally unable to describe their own personalities. C. It is more useful to assess personality than specific behaviors. D. The same stimuli are used every time the test is given.
D. The same stimuli are used every time the test is given.
What is the primary concept in operant conditioning? A. conditioned response leads to extinction B. a conditioned stimulus is neutral C. negative reinforcement is the same as punishment D. behavior is determined by its consequences
D. behavior is determined by its consequences
In order to draw causal conclusions about a research finding, a researcher must use a A. correlational design. B. random case study design. C. multiple groups correlational design. D. controlled groups design.
D. controlled groups design.
Dr. Chin is interested in determining the relationship between a student's attending class and the final grade received by the student. What type of research should he conduct? A. survey B. observational C. case study D. correlational
D. correlational
According to Freudian theory, the reality principle is the framework of operation for the A. id. B. conscience. C. superego. D. ego.
D. ego.
A research finding that does not generalize to circumstances different from those of the experiment is lacking. A. statistical significance. B. random assignment. C. internal validity. D. external validity.
D. external validity.
The technique of flooding in the treatment of phobia uses what learning principle? A. relaxation B. contingency management C. gradual exposure D. extinction
D. extinction
A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine, not being himself." The therapist encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings. What is the therapist's most likely theoretical framework? A. biological B. cognitive-behavioral C. psychodynamic D. humanistic
D. humanistic
Over the course of the 1800s the number of mental hospitals in the United States and the number of patients in those hospitals A. remained mostly constant. B. decreased dramatically. C. cannot be determined because no statistics were collected. D. increased dramatically.
D. increased dramatically
Many psychologists in the United States are pursuing the right to A. finance their own services. B. perform brain surgery. C. practice in hospitals. D. prescribe medications.
D. prescribe medications
The lifetime prevalence of a mental disorder is the A. rate of remission of its active symptoms following its diagnosis. B. likelihood that any given member of a population will develop symptoms. C. rate of mortality associated with its effects on general health. D. proportion of a population that is affected at some point.
D. proportion of a population that is affected at some point
The observations of attachment theory and ethology suggest that ______________ has survival value. A. imitation B. social support C. affiliation D. proximity
D. proximity
The symptoms and signs of mental illness are known as A. the treatment of mental disorders. B. the analysis of the mind. C. the ancient philosophy of the interaction of mind and body. D. psychopathology.
D. psychopathology
When someone is out of touch with reality, he is exhibiting ______ behavior. A. maladaptive B. dysfunctional C. emotional D. psychotic
D. psychotic
Which of the following treatments is most consistent with the view that bodily fluids cause mental disorders? A. fever therapy B. exorcism C. electroconvulsive therapy D. purging
D. purging
Socialization is a process that leads a child to develop A. self-schema. B. self-concept. C. identity. D. self-control.
D. self-control.
What is one of the major uses of case studies? A. verifying the effectiveness of therapies B. validating correlations established in the laboratory C. establishing the borderline between normal and abnormal behaviors D. studying unusual conditions
D. studying unusual conditions
Determining the presence of disorder is based on several criteria, including A. a person's culture. B. the presence of a specific symptom in isolation. C. the outcome of laboratory tests. D. the duration of a person's symptoms.
D. the duration of a person's symptoms
Recent advances in the scoring of projective tests focus on A. an objective score of the frequency of categories of responses. B. the content of the client's answers rather than the form. C. the clinical experience of the clinician scoring the test. D. the form of the client's answers rather than the content.
D. the form of the client's answers rather than the content.
fMRI is a new and exciting method of imaging brains that is based on the physiological observation that A. the magnetic resonance of brain regions changes with age and experience. B. blood flow can be measured directly by the magnetic properties of the vessels containing the blood. C. the magnetic properties of neurons change as they release neurotransmitters. D. the magnetic properties of blood changes as a function of the level of oxygen it is carrying.
D. the magnetic properties of blood changes as a function of the level of oxygen it is carrying.