abnormal psych finals study guide
social anxiety disorder
-have severe, persistent and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which they may face scrutiny. -Leading explanation for this disorder features cognitive and behavioral factors -Group of social-realm dysfunctional beliefs and expectations held -Anticipation of social disasters and dread of social situations -Avoidance and safety behaviors performed to reduce or prevent these disasters
Sociocultural Model-
GAD is most likely to develop in people faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions
the most common cognitive disturbance seen in individuals w/ anorexia nervosa is a: not on final a) distorted body image b) revulsion toward food c) major clinical depression d) distorted view of others
a) distorted body image
Flawed interconnectivity among the structures of a circuit results in
abnormal functioning
Genetics Inheritance can lead to
abnormalities in brain anatomy or chemistry.
Mutations, inherited after a mutation in the family line and results of normal evolutionary principles can also lead to
abnormalities.
Bipolar Depression-
an individual experience both mania and depression
rogers humanistic theory
believes dysfunction begins at infancy when individuals do not receive positive regard unconditionally.
Ainsley has a drink in the morning on rising and cocktail with breakfast. she usually sneaks a short during the morning "just to get through they day" and drinks during lunch. later she has a small dinner and sits in front of the TV drinking wine, often an entire bottle. somehow she still manages to get to work the next morning. she is displaying: a) withdrawal b) substance abuse disorder c) binge drinking d) delirium tremens
b substance abuse disorder
which is NOT a projective test? a) rorschach test b) Minnesota multiphase personality inventory (MMPI) c) draw a person test d) thematic apperception test
b) (MMPI) Minnesota multiphase personality inventory - IT IS A PERSONALITY INVENTORY!
deviant behavior is behavior that: a) laws b) violates societies norms c) is dangerous to self and others d) causes dysfunction in the individuals life
b) violates societies norms
if one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors strengthened? this question would most likely be asked by what type of theorist? a) a biological theorist b) a cognitive behavioral therapist c) a psychodynamic theorist d) a sociocultural theorist
b)a cognitive behavioral therapist
what percentage of all adults experience an episode of sever depression at some point in their lives? a) 5% b) 10% c) 20% d) 40%
c) 20%
a society's ___ are compromised of that society's history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts a) laws b) norms c) culture d) conventions
c) culture
when dealing with a new client, the clinical practitioners majors focus is to gather which type of information? a) diagnostic info b) nomothetic info c) idiographic info d) objective info
c) idiographic information
which statement is not true about anorexia nervosa? not on final a) usually follows a diet in someone who is normal weight or slightly overweight b) it can follow a stressful event such as divorce, move from home, personal failure c) fatalities occur by suicide or serious medial probs due 2 starvation d) about 35% of people who experience anorexia nervosa are male
d) about 35% of people who experience anorexia nervosa are male
which person is the greatest risk for an eating disorder? not on final a) college age women who is not an athlete b) women who is lower on the socioeconomic scale c) african american woman d) female gymnast
d) female gymnast
a clinical interviewer asks, "how do you feel about yourself today? how do you feel about whats going on in your life?" most likely the clinical interviewers orientation is: a) biological b) cognitive-behavioral c) psychodynamic d) humanistic
d) humanistic
unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all the following except: a) problematic emotional extremes b) periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes c) significant distress or impairment d) inappropriate rises in mood
d) inappropriate rises in mood
which is not a risk for young people abusing cocaine? a) heart attacks b) respiratory failure c) miscarriage d) macular degeneration
d) macular degeneration
which statement about schizophrenia is true? a) people with schizophrenia are often misdiagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder b) people with schizophrenia hide their symptoms and can generally function well in a variety of contexts c) men are most likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than woman d) psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other diagnosis
d) psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other diagnosis
the treatment has been most popular for restoring weight among persons with anorexia is: not on final a) drug therapy b) intravenous feedings c) supportive psychotherapy d) supportive nursing care and high cal diet
d) supportive nursing care & high cal diet
If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active? a) parasympathetic nervous system b) cortisol system c) conservation system d) sympathetic nervous system
d) sympathetic nervous system
Psychotropic medications are
drugs that mainly affected emotions and thought processes invented in the 1950's. Became overused and does not always help everyone.
Information is communicated throughout the brain in the form of _______ that travel from one neuron to one or more others.
electrical impulses
Symptoms of depression(5)
emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, physical symptoms
Thomas Szasz
emphasizes that societal involvement may invalidate the concept of mental illness and that deviations in society called "abnormal society" are "problems of living."
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities.
emotional symptoms
feeling miserable, empty, sad, humiliates, a loss of one's sense of humor, loss in interest in activities they used to enjoy and anhedonia, complete loss of pleasure.
bipolar depression is high in ________
heritability
cognitive symptoms
holding extremely negative views of themselves, considering themselves inadequate, undesirable and inferior, feeling helpless and hopeless, are easily distracted and unable to problem solve.
Object Relations Theory
how an individual views themselves in relation to the relationships they have with others. Severe problems in the relationships between caregivers and children lead to abnormal development.
behavioral evolutionary model
human beings have a predisposition to develop certain fears.
standardization
involves setting up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered One must standardize administration, scoring, and interpretation
specific phobia
is a persistent fear of a specific object or situation.
agoraphobia
is the fear of being in public places or situations in which escape might be difficult.
Dorthea Dix
made humane care a public and political concern in the United States. Each state had to develop effective public mental hospitals or state hospitals that had to offer moral treatment.
superego
morality principle, sense of what is right or wrong, learned from parents, develops a conscience.
biochemical factors:
neurotransmitters, hormones an HPA pathway, brain circuit dysfunction
which is an anxiety disorder? a) schizophrenia b) bipolar disorder c) major depression d) obsessive compulsive disorder
obsessive compulsive disorder
free assocation
patient starts and leads discussion in hopes of uncovering unconscious events.
panic disorder
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass.
phobias
persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation.
fear
physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being. Reaction to more specific threats with obvious root causes.
anxiety
physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.
types of clinical tests
projective tests, personality inventories, clinical observation, self monitoring
Dysfunctional brain circuitry leads to
psychological disorder rather than a single brain structure or by a single brain chemical.
existential theories and therapy
psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception in which individuals hide from their responsibilities. Therapy involves acceptance and places special emphasis on the relationship between therapist and client in order to create an honest environment where shared learning and growth occurs.
Family- Social Therapy-
psychological problems emerge and are best treated in family and social settings
Emil Kraepelin
published a textbook that argues that physical factors such as fatigue are responsible for mental dysfunction. Developed the first modern system for classifying abnormal behaviors, listing their physical causes and their expected course.
ego
rational thinking, seeks gratification however does it to control id.
an impulse is
received by a neuron's dendrites and travels down the axon and transmitted through the nerve ending at the end of the axon to the dendrites of other neurons.
projective tests
require client interpretation of vague or ambiguous stimuli or open-ended instruction; psychodynamic orientation, 1 Rorschach test 2 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 3 Sentence-completion test 4 Drawings Limitations: Reliability and validity not consistently shown May be biased against minority ethnic groups Lack empirical support
Psychodynamic Therapy
seek to uncover past traumas and the inner conflicts that have resulted from them. Usually functional in the long term. Therapists use free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis and working through.
abnormal activity in certain neurotransmitters can lead to ______ as well as the endocrine system
specific mental disorders and in the endocrine system (hormones) is also reacted to metal disorders
When an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neuron, the nerve ending is stimulated to release neurotransmitters that travel across the _____ ___to the receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron.
synaptic gap
two types of reliability
test-retest reliability and interrater reliability
validity
the accuracy of the tool's results An assessment tool must accurately measure what it is supposed to measure
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertisements are
used to appeal and inform consumers on new medication. However it raises drug costs, lead to patient misinformation and pts pressure on doctors to prescribe inappropriate DTC-advertised drugs.
prevalence of substance abuse disorder
-8% of adults in the US suffer from severe depression while 5% suffer from mild depression in any given year -20% of all adults in the US suffer from depression at some point in their lives. -26% in women- 12% in men
cognitive model
-Bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signs of medical catastrophe and controlled by avoidance and safety behaviors Anxiety sensitivity may exist Therapy: -Seeks to correct people's misinterpretations of their bodily sensations -Educate about the nature of panic attacks -Teach applications of more accurate interpretations
bio model for panic disorder & therapy
-Caused by a hyperactive panic circuit treatment: Drug Therapy -Various antidepressants bring some improvement to more than two-thirds of patients -Function in norepinephrine receptors in the panic brain circuit -Improvements require maintenance of drug therapy -Some benzodiazepines have proved helpful
treatment for social anxiety disorder
-Overwhelming social fears: Addressed behaviorally with exposure -Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Exposure therapy and systemic therapy discussions -Medications: Benzodiazepine or antidepressant drugs -Social skills and assertiveness training
central perspective principles (equifinality and multifinality)
1 Equifinality: Similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways 2 Multifinality: Various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
treatment for phobia
1 Exposure therapy 2 Systematic desensitization- Since relaxation is incompatible with fear, the relaxation response is thought to substitute for the fear response. Pair relaxation with the feared objects or situations
Clinical Observation: naturalistic and analogue observation
1 Naturalistic observation occurs in everyday environments 2 Observations are generally made by "participant observers" and reported to a clinician 3 Reliability and validity are a concern 4 If naturalistic observation is impractical, analogue observations are used and conducted in artificial settings
self monitoring
1 People observe themselves and carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitions as they occur over time 2 Useful in assessing infrequent or overly frequent behaviors 3 Provides a means of measuring private thoughts or perceptions 4 Validity is often a problem
biological treatment for depression: SSRI's
1 Structurally different from MAO inhibitors and tricyclics 2 Increase serotonin activity without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters 3 Few undesired, but still some, side effects 4 Failure rate may be 40 percent or higher
CBT therapy for anxiety
1) Changing maladaptive assumptions ----Rational-emotive therapy (RET)- points out irrational assumptions held by clients, suggest more appropriate assumptions and assign homework that challenges clients though processes. 2) Breaking down worrying- helps clients change and recognize their dysfunctional behaviour. ----Mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy ----Acceptance and commitment therapy
brain circuit dysfunction
A circuit responsible for unipolar depression has begun to emerge. The prefrontal cortex either has unusually low or high activity, hippocampus is undersized, activity in the amygdala is high, and Brodmann Area 25 is small. Generally the interconnectivity is problematic.
which is the most accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the US? a) there is no single def of abnormality or theoretical understanding of mental illness causes b) we don't know what mental illness is, but we do not understand the best way to treat it c) we have returned back to the demonology era d) today, we understand what causes mental illness and how to best treat it but we can also define it
A) there is no single definition of abnormality or theoretical understanding of mental illness causes
multicultural treatments
All behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures in that context such that prejudice and discrimination may impact abnormal functioning
sociocultural model
Abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an individual by addressing norms and roles in society
pinel and tuke
Advocated moral treatment! that emphasizes humane and respectful techniques
exposure therapy
An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
Four major drug groups used in therapy
Antianxiety drugs- Valium, ativan Antidepressant drugs- SSRI's Antibipolar drugs Antipsychotic drugs
Freud and the Psychodynamic Model
Believed that there are three central forces shape personality and that they operate on an unconscious level. If the id, ego and superego are in excessive conflict it may result in dysfunction. Throughout development adjustments are made to the id, ego and superego that lead to personal growth, if not an individual may become fixated leading to abnormal functioning.
The Psychodynamic Model-
Believes that a person's behaviour is determined largely by underlying psychological forces that they are not consciously aware of. Psychodynamic theorists believe that all behaviour is determined by past experiences such as childhood trauma.
psychosurgery
Brain surgery for mental disorders The biological model can be reductionist and therapy can cause undesirable effects however the approach is very popular.
CBT therapy
CBT helps you become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking, so you can view challenging situations more clearly and develop healthy coping systems.
diff between projective tests, clinical tests, clinical interviews (for final)
Clinical interviews are mainly used to gather a general understanding of the client through for example a mental status exam. They can be structured or unstructured. They are low in validity, reliability and can be affected by interviewer bias. Clinical Tests gathers more information based upon an individual's psychological functioning. Specifically through the use of projective tests such as rorschach test or TAT or personal inventories (MMPI). Projective tests are not high in validity or reliability, lack empirical support and can be biased against minorities specifically whereas personal inventories such as the MMPI are more valid and reliable compared to projective tests and are generally more standardized.
assessment
Collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion called idiographic information.
personality inventories
Designed to measure broad personality characteristics -Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings -Usually based on self-reported responses -Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Limitations: Objectively scored and therefore standardized, have higher test-retest reliability, more validity compared to projective tests.
interater reliability
Different judges independently agree on how to score and interpret a particular tool
Biological Treatments- Drug Therapy
Early 1950s: Barbiturates (sedative-hypnotics) Late 1950s: Benzodiazepines More recently: Antidepressant and antipsychotic medication
brain stimulation types
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Deep brain stimulation
symptoms of mania (use the 5 types)
Emotional symptoms- experiences euphoric joy or irritable and angry. Motivational symptoms- constant excitement, involvement, and companionship. Behavioral symptoms- talking rapidly, moving rapidly, engaging in dangerous activities Cognitive symptoms- show poor judgment and planning, may have inflated opinion of themselves and sometimes display grandiosity. Physical symptoms- people with mania feel remarkably energetic even though they have not been sleeping for consecutive days.
three types of validity (face, predictive and concurrent)
Face validity- when a given assessment tool may appear to be valid because it is reasonable and makes sense. Predictive validity- ability to predict future characteristics or behaviours. Concurrent validity- the degree to which measures from one tool agree with measures gather from other tools.
clinical interviews
Face-to-face encounter Basic background data gathered with specific theoretical focus Unstructured or structured Mental status exam- set of questions that systematically evaluates the client's awareness and orientation Limitations Lack of validity or accuracy Interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment Lack of reliability
hormones and HPA pathway for depression
HPA pathway- releases hormones at various locations in the body causing temporary state of heightened arousal Individuals with depression have overactive HPA pathways that result in an excessive increase in cortisol
The psychodynamic model is hard to research, not supported empirically, and rely on case studies and only effective in the ______
LONG TERM
humanistic model
Lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood leads to conditions of worth (i.e., harsh self-standards). Threatening self-judgments break through and cause anxiety, setting the stage for GAD to develop
neurotransmitters for depression
Low activity of serotonin and norepinephrine can lead to depression. Early studies on high blood pressure found that they lowered norepinephrine and serotonin Discovery of effective antidepressant drugs found that an increase in norepinephrine and serotonin led to less depressive symptoms Later neurotransmitter interaction research found that it is more complicated than just low or high levels of neurotransmitters and that the activity of neurotransmitters may reflect or help produce dysfunction.
treatment of biopolar disorder
Mood stabilizers- chronotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder. Use of individual, group and family therapy to focus on problem solving skills and the importance of taking medication.
is psychotic features apart of bipolar
NO
Obessions (for final)
PERSISTANT THOUGHTS, IDEAS, IMPULSES, images that seem to invade a person's consciousness -thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign
CBT perspective for anxiety
Problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking often cause psychological disorders early approaches: 1 maladaptive or basic irrational assumptions 2 silent assumptions newer explanations 1 metacognitve theory and meta worries 2 intolerance of uncertainty theory 3 avoidance theory
family social perspective
Proponents argue that theorists should concentrate on forces that operate directly on an individual Social labels and roles; diagnostic labels- when individuals deviate from social norms they are labeled as "crazy" and gradually learn to accept and play the role they are assigned. Social connections and supports- individuals who lack lack social support systems, intimacy or are isolated are more likely to develop psychological dysfunction. Family structure and communication Family systems theory- that a family is a system of interacting parts who interact in a consistent and unique way. Structure and communication of some families can lead to abnormal functioning. Enmeshed structures- members are grossly overinvolved in one anothers activities, thoughts and feelings. Disengaged structures- family structure is very rigid causing children from this family to be dysfunctional in a group.
compulsions
REPETITIVE AND RIGID BEHAVIORS or mental acts that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety -Various forms of voluntary behaviors or mental acts -Feel mandatory/unstoppable -Most people recognize that their behaviors are unreasonable
biological perspective for anxiety
Supported by family pedigree studies and brain researchers Challenged by competing explanation of shared environment ---GAD results from a hyperactive fear circuit GABA, an important neurotransmitter, must be in deficit in people with GAD ----Involves several brain structures Prefrontal cortex, Anterior cingulate cortex, Insula, Amygdala
DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
Targets specific thoughts and behaviours and is used especially with borderline personality disorder.
the brain is made up of ____ and supporting cells called ___. large groups of ____ make up brain structures.
The brain is made up of neurons and supporting cells called glia. Large groups of neurons make up brain structures.
Multicultural Treatments-
Therapist effectiveness enhanced Greater sensitivity to cultural issues Inclusion of cultural morals and models Culture-sensitive therapies, gender-sensitive therapies
*Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies
Therapists seek to help replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate behaviors and help clients recognize, challenge, and change problematic thinking
Biological Model and Treatment of Unipolar Depression
Unipolar Depression can be attributed to genetic factors, biochemical factors and brain circuits
clinical tests
Used to gather information about psychological functioning from which broader information is inferred
Beck's cognitive therapy-
Used to guide clients in four phases to recognize and change negative cognitive processes Increasing activities and elevating mood Challenging automatic thoughts Identifying negative thinking and biases Changing primary attitudes
combined model- the developmental psychopathology perspective
Uses an integrative framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models may collectively account for adaptive and maladaptive human functioning
Test-retest reliability:
Yields the same results every time it is given to the same people
cerebrum
a cluster of structures towards the top of the brain. Includes: cortex, corpus callosom, basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala.
sentence completion test
a projective technique where subjects are given a set of incomplete sentences and asked to complete them in their own words
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
a projective test that uses inkblots as the ambiguous stimulus
a friend who has unipolar depression says "i cant do anything right. nobody will ever love me again" this statement reflects a: a) cognitive symptom b) behavioral symptom c) emotional symptom d) motivational symptom
a) cognitive symptom
common accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and: a) danger b) damage c) delusions d) deference
a) danger
how does fear differ from anxiety? a) fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general b) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than fear c) fear is a response to an inanimate threat, whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat d) anxiety is an immediate response, whereas fear is more vague
a) fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general
which is an example of a specific social anxiety? a) fear of public speaking b) fear of heights c) fear of tornado warning is in effect d) fear of generally functioning poorly in front
a) fear of public speaking
the link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that: a) lowering dopamine activity helps remove the schizophrenic symptoms b) the use of L-dopa can rude schizophrenic symptoms c) anti-psychotic drugs can block parkinsonian symptoms d) dopamine-receiving synapses in persons with schizophrenia are apparently inactive
a) lowering dopamine activity helps remove the schizophrenic symptoms
which of these is a depressant? a) opioids b) cocaine c) LSD d) amphetamines
a) opioids cocaine, amphetamines, and LSD (type of hallucinogen) are all STIMULANTS! alcohol, sedative hypnotic, opioids are depressants
what kind of clinician would be most likely to say "tell me ab your early losses you experienced" to a client? a) psychodynamic clinician b) biological clinician c) cognitive behavioral clinician d) sociocultural clinician
a) psychodynamic clinician
the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that: a) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than non-relatives are b) distant relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives are c) relatives share not only biological characteristics but also similar environments d) identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins
a) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have than non-relatives are
which statements is true regarding dissociative disorders a) they involve major changes in memory b) they usually have a precise physical cause c) they are a type of anxiety disorder d) they involve multiple personalities by def
a) they involve major changes in memory
bulimia is always characterized by: not on final a) uncontrollable overeating b) obsessive compulsive disorder c) fasting and frantic exercise d) being underweight
a) uncontrollable overeating
A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called: a) hysteria b) acute stress disorder c) generalized stress disorder d) post traumatic stress disorder
b) acute stress disorder
according to the DSM-5, a pattern diagnosed as a personality disorder must deviate substantially from the norms and expectations of the individuals: a)family b)culture c)community d)racial group
b) culture
Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of: a) avoidant personality disorder b) paranoid personality disorder c) narcissistic personality disorder d) Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
b) paranoid personality disorder
nick has intense fear of dogs that won't go away. he avoids looking at pictures of dogs, and sometimes he cant even leave the house when neighbors are walking their dogs. this kind of fear would be classified as which kind of disorder? a) panic disorder b) phobic disorder c) OCD d) generalized anxiety
b) phobic disorder
according to Thomas Szaz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really: a) mental illness b) probs in living c) caused by one's early childhood experiences d) eccentric behaviors with a biological cause
b) probs in living
andy is not affected when others criticize him or when others praise him. what does he most likely suffer from? a) avoidant personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) paranoid personality disorder d) obsessive compulsive disorder
b) schizoid personality disorder
downward drift theory is best reflected in which statement? a) poverty and social disruption cause schizophrenia b) schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruptions c) genetic factors cause both schizophrenia d) schizophrenia causes marital disruption, which causes poverty
b) schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruptions
a clinician follows predetermined steps while administering a clinical assessment tool, then measures the results against a norm. this is a example of: a) reliability b) standardization c) validity d) screening
b) standardization
poor health is defined as: a) stress b) stressor c) stress response d) stress method
b) stressor
many researchers believe that one reason for higher rates of PTSD in women is a) the age at the time of trauma b) the types of trauma they experience c) their willingness to seek treatment d) their lower self esteem prior to the trauma
b) the types of trauma they experience
Humanistic Model
based on mindefulness
behavioral symptoms
becoming less active and less productive, spending time alone.
cognitive therapy for depression- behavioral
behavioral: teaches clients to start engaging in and enjoying more activities. Behavioral action- work to increase the number of constructive and rewarding activities and events in a client's life. Reintroduce pleasurable events and activities Appropriately reward non depressive and depressive behaviors Help improve social skills
a therapist treating a client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder came up with the following analysis: the parents prob did not want children in the first place; as a result, the child just was not accepted; the child then developed low self esteem, dependent, and an inability to cope with separation. the therapists theoretical orientation is most likely: a) existential b) biological c) object relational theory d) cognitive behavioral theory
c) object relational theory
what is considered the first line of treatment for schizophrenia? a) cognitive behavioral therapy b) social therapy c) second-generation antipsychotic medications d) conventional antipsychotic medications
c) second-generation antipsychotic medications
a clinician who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would most likely subscribe to which theoretical orientation? a) the cognitive-behavioral theoretical orientation b) the humanistic theoretical orientation c) sociocultural theoretical orientation d) psychodynamic theoretical orientation
c) sociocultural theoretical orientation
which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process? a) its high validity b) that it asks only open ended questions c) the chance to get a general sense of the client d) the reliability of the technique
c) the chance to get a general sense of the client
drug dependence may develop bc one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension. a person with which view of substance abuse would most likely agree w/ this statement? a) the biological view b) the sociocultural view c) the cognitive behavioral view d) the psychodynamic view
c) the cognitive behavioral view
the MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that: a) disorders of thought, perception, and attention are present b) the personality traits are limited to discrete periods of illness c) they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress d) they are social in that they involve an inability to form long lasting relationships with other people
c) they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress
CBT model for phobia
classical conditioning and modeling behaviour leads to the development of phobias.
ego defense mechanisms
controls unacceptable id impulses and avoid or reduce anxiety they produce.
Andy, who is dependent on alcohol, is experiencing delirium tremens this reaction is: a) common, starting about a week after an individual stops drinking b) common, starting within three days after an individual stops drinking c) uncommon, starting ab a week after one stops drinking d) uncommon, starting w/in 3 days after one stops drinking
d) uncommon, starting w/in 3 days after one stops drinking
The Cognitive Dimension
focuses on maladaptive thinking processes 1) Inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes 2) Illogical thinking 3) understands abnormal functioning by looking at cognitive processes—the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.
cognitive behavioral model
focuses on the behaviors people display and the thoughts they have. maladaptive behaviors, empirical studies, action oriented, present focused, more short term
therapy CBT- cognitively
guides clients to think in more adaptive, less negative ways.
physical symptoms
headaches, ingestion, constipation, dizzy spells, loss of appetite, excessive eating, no sleep or excessive sleep.
Biological practitioners attempt to
identify the physical source of dysfunction to determine the course of treatment.
the Behavioral Dimension-
individuals cope with daily challenges through learned behaviour. Classical Conditioning- individuals learn to respond to one stimulus the same way they respond to another as a result of the two stimuli repeatedly occurring together. Modeling- individuals learn responses by observing other individuals and then repeating their behaviour. Operant conditioning- individuals learn how to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences such as reinforcements or punishments.
id
instinctual needs, drives and impulses, seeks gratification, pleasure principle
dynamic
internal forces that interact with one another resulting in behaviour, thoughts and emotions. When in conflict lead to abnormal functioning.
multicultural factors of depression(for final)
multicultural factors: A strong link exists between gender and depression Across various cultures, women are twice as likely as men to receive a diagnosis of unipolar depression Women with depression appear to be younger, have more frequent and longer-lasting bouts, and respond less successfully to treatment Depressed people in non-Western countries are more likely to be troubled by physical symptoms of depression than by cognitive ones
A brain circuit is a
network of particular brain structures working together that trigger specific behavioral, cognitive or emotional reactions.
psychological disorders can be related to probs in transmission of messages from _________.
neuron to neuron
sociocultural factors and unipolar depression:(for final)
social support: A decline in social rewards impacts depression Depressed people often demonstrate social deficits that may cause avoidance by others, thereby decreasing their social contacts and rewards Depression is tied to weak or unavailable social support, isolation, and lack of intimacy.
reliability
the consistency of an assessment measure A good tool will always yield the same results in the same situation
Motivaltional symtoms
the loss of desire to pursue their usual activities and report a lack of drive, initiative and spontaneity.
Working through
the patient and therapist examines the same issues over and over again in the course of many times in order to resolve abnormal functioning. This must be done over the years.
catharis
theorists believe that a patient must experience a reliving of their past repressed feelings to settle internal problems and overcome their problems.
group therapy
therapist meets with a group of clients or in the form of self help therapy when individuals meet to discuss and develop important insights. Can also be educational.
family therapy
therapist meets with all members of the family to point out problematic behaviour and interactions.
Therapist interpretation
therapists listen and share interpretations when they think the patient is ready to hear them. Interpretations are important when a patient shows resistance, transference and their dreams.
unipolar depression
when an individual suffers from a low sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming. There are different types of unipolar depression. Compared to a non depressive disorder, the symptoms of depression are specifically split into 5 categories.
multiple perspectives
when therapists ask individuals close to the client about the behaviour that they are reporting. Increases validity
