Abnormal Psychology Chapters 4, 5 & 6

Agoraphobia

"fear of the marketplace" is a marked or intense fear or anxiety that occurs upon exposure to, or in anticipation of, a broad range of situations.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

"multiple personality disorder" The presence within a person of two or more distinct personality states, each with its own pattern of receiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self.

Social Anxiety Disorder

"social phobia" marked fear of social situations which may involve scrutiny by others. social situations that create distress including drinking, eating, speaking, or writing in the presence of others. (meeting and even parties)

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A chronic state of depression in which the symptoms are the same as those of major depression but are less severe.

Worry

A cognitive symptom, defined as apprehensive expectations about the future that are considered to be unreasonable in light of the actual situation.

Double Depression

A combination of episodic major depressions superimposed on chronic low mood.

Anxiety

A common emotion that is characterized by physical symptoms (faster heartbeat, feelings of tension) and thoughts or worries that something bad will happen.

Behavioral Inhibition

A concept first proposed by Jerome Kagan, is a temperamental feature that exists in approximately 20% of children. Caldrons with behavioral Inhibition withdraw from or fail to approach novel people, objects, or situations. they are clingy for their parents so cry a lot, and do not speak in the presence of strangers.

Cyclothymic Disorder

A condition characterized by fluctuations that alternates between hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms.

Suicidal Ideation

A condition characterized by thoughts of death.

Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder

A disorder for children age 6 to 18 years old who have severe recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation.

Dissociative Fugue

A disorder involving loss of personal identity and memory, often involving a flight from a person's usual place of residence.

Dissociative Disorders

A disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.

Fight or Flight

A general discharged of the sympathetic nervous system activated by stress or fear that includes accelerated heart rate, enhanced muscle activity, and increased respiration.

Antidepressants

A group of medications designed to alter mood-regulating chemicals in the brain and body that are highly effective in reducing symptoms of depression.

Selective Serotonin Reputake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A group of medications that selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic neuronal membrane, restoring the normal chemical balance; drugs thought to correct serotonin imbalances by increasing the time that the neurotransmitter remains in the synapse.

Hypomania

A mood elevation that is clearly abnormal yet not as extreme as frank mania.

Mania

A mood that is abnormally high.

Depression

A mood that is abnormally low.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A more severe form of premenstrual changes that afflict 3 to 8 % of women of reproductive age.

Lithium

A naturally occurring metallic element used to treat bipolar disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

A persistent sad and low mood that is severe enough to impair a person's interest in or ability to engage in normally enjoyable activities.

Panic Disorder

A person has had at least one panic attack and worries about having more attacks.

Malingering

A person intentionally produces physical symptoms to avoid military service, criminal prosecution, or work or to obtain financial compensation or drugs, symptom production in factitious disorders is not associated with any external incentives.

Trait Anxiety

A personality trait that exists along a dimension; those individuals high on this dimension are more "reactive" to stressful events and therefore more likely , given the right circumstances, to develop a disorder; also called anxiety proneness.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance, which individuals believe make them look unattractive, ugly or deformed. (e.g: a very small acne scar is described as a "huge crater on my face").

Bipolar Disorder

A state of both episodic depressed mood and episodic mania.

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A subtype of major depression that is characterized by depressive episodes that vary by season.

Pseudoseizures

A sudden change in behavior that mimics epileptic seizures but has no organic basis.

Learned Helplessness

A term meaning that externally uncontrollable environments and presumably internally uncontrollable environments are inescapable stimuli that can lead to depression.

Panic Attack

Abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and is accompanied by four or more physical symptoms.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Affecting preadolescent children, this is a developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from someone to whom the child is emotional attached. The child worries about being harmed or about a caregiver being harmed.

Psychological Autopsy

An attempt to identify psychological causes of suicide by interviewing family, friends, coworkers, and health care providers.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not and lasting at least 6 months. People with GAD work about future events, past transgressions, financial matters, and their own health and that of loved ones.

Dissociative Amnesia

An inability to recall important information, usually of a personal nature.

Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Are thought to correct serotonin imbalances in this manner by increasing the time that serotonin remains in the synapse.

Trichotillomania

As repetitive hair pulling that results in noticeable hair loss. pull hair from scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows, and even pubic areas. Hair pulling often produces feelings of pleasure.People can do it without paying attention to what they doing. they want to stop pulling but feel powerless to do so.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Begins with a traumatic event such as military combat, assault, rape, or observation of the serious injury or violent death of another person. (Ex: dark alley similar to the one where an assault accused , the person may then suffer from an intense psychological and physiological reaction.)

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self

Engage in deceptive practices to produce signs of illness. Faking elevated body temperature , putting blood in urine to stimulate kidney/urinary tract infections, or taking blood thinning medications to produce symptoms of hemophilia. They also fake chest pain or abdominal pain. they will do harmful things to convince the physicians that they are physically ill, they manipulate the laboratory results to substantiate their illness claims.

Bipolar I

Full-blown mania that alternates with episodes of major depression.

Bipolar II

Hypomania that alternates with episodes of major depression.

Iatrogenic

Is an disease that is inadvertently caused by a physician, by a medical or surgical treatment, or by a diagnostic procedure.

Depersonalization/derealization Disorder

Periods of dissociation are frequent and severe, the person may be suffering from this disorder, described as feelings of being detached from one's body or mind or unreality or detachment with respect to one's surroundings. State of feeling as if one is an external observer of one's own behavior.

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with obsessions, regardless of their actual value. Harmful effect on person and family.

Bipolar and Depressive Disorders

Syndromes whose predominant feature is a disturbance in mood.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

The condition of experiencing fears or concerns about having an illness that persists despite medical reassurance.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

The controlled delivery of electrical impulses, which cause brief seizures in the brain and reduce depressed mood.

Exposure

The crucial ingredient in behavior therapy in which a person learns to overcome fears by actual or imagined contact with the feared object or event.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body for the fight-or-flight response. When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and respiration, allowing the body to perform at peak efficiency.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that counteracts the effects of system activation by slowing down heart rate and respiration, returning the body to a resting state.

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another

When one person induces illness symptoms in someone else. Occurs mainly on children then adults.

Mixed State

a state characterized by symptoms of mania and depression that occurs at the same time.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

are characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to somatic symptoms.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

consists of obsessions often combined with compulsions that are extensive, time consuming, and distressful. (Ex: i will contact HIV if i touch a chair, to jump off a high place, stabbing a loved one and etc.)

Conversion Disorder

consists of symptoms of altered motor or sensory dysfunction. can be such as paralysis or blindness.

Vasovagal Syncope

defined as "bradycardia" and "hypotension" that can lead to fainting.

Anxiety Disorders

have in common the physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms described earlier.

Specific Phobias

marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that leads to significant disruption in daily functioning. being afraid of something like snakes, heights, flying or elevators.

Excoriation (skin picking) Disorder

recurrent skin-picking resulting in skin lesions. harming oneself in non suicidal self-injury.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

the condition is defined as the presence of one or more somatic symptoms plus abnormal/excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the symptoms.

Amnesia

the inability to remember personal information or significant periods of time. Ex: forgetting name, what you had for dinner Thursday night, or where you put your keys.

Heritability

the proportion of variance in liability to the disorder accounted for by genetic factors.