Abnormal Psychology Test 1

What is the best no treatment control group in psychotherapy outcome research?

This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on

The diagnosis of many mental disorders has low levels of reliability. This means that:

Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder

Why does DSM-5 group pica (chewing nonnutritive substances, a problem typically found among very young children with intellectual disabilities) together with anorexia (typically found among high achieving young adult women)? a. Both problems involve eating/feeding b. Both problems are thought to stem from excessive serotonin re-uptake c. Both problems are thought to stem from difficulties in breastfeeding d. Both problems respond best to cognitive-behavior therapy treatments

a. Both problems involve eating/feeding

Which of the following relates to the concept of the reliability of a diagnosis? a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient b. A diagnosis reflects biological reality, not some social construction; the diagnosis "carves nature at its joints" c. The diagnosis accurately leads to a better treatment d. The diagnosis has a clear, theoretical definition, for example, "neurosis"

a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient

What research evidence supports the idea that it is important to "click" with your therapist? a. Findings that a positive therapist-client relationship predicts better outcomes across different approaches to therapy b. Evidence that Carl Rogers' humanistic therapy is more effective than other approaches c. Evidence that YAVIS therapists are preferred by their clients d. Evidence based on behavioral observations that therapy is more effective when clients openly tell their therapists how much they like him or her

a. Findings that a positive therapist-client relationship predicts better outcomes across different approaches to therapy

I conduct a study where I randomly assign 100 people with depression either to work with Albert Ellis doing Rational Emotive Therapy or Carl Rogers doing Humanistic Therapy. Half of the people drop out of the Ellis group, while everyone completes therapy in the Rogers group (a statistically significant difference). But when I compare people who completed Ellis with those who completed Rogers, the Ellis completers are less depressed (also statistically significant). What can I conclude? a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy b. Rational Emotive Therapy is more effective for depression than Humanistic Therapy c. Either Rational Emotive Therapy or Ellis as a therapist is more effective for depression than either Carl Rogers or Humanistic Therapy (you can't separate the therapy from the therapist) d. A and B only

a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy

"The total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time." a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Disease burden d. Epidemiology

a. Prevalence

According to Table 1-2, which profession among the following has the smallest number of clinically trained professionals providing mental health services? a. Psychiatry b. Clinical psychology c. Social work d. Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists

a. Psychiatry

The textbook indicated which of the following about psychotherapy and placebo effects? a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work b. Placebos (sugar pills) and placebo effects only occur for medications, so there is no need to worry about placebo effects in psychotherapy c. Placebo effects only "trick" people into feeling better. Real psychotherapy has nothing to do with placebo effects. d. Psychotherapy appears to be mostly a placebo. There is no reason to expect researchers to uncover "active ingredients" that are effective in treating different disorders.

a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work

I'm having shoulder problems. If getting a steroid injection reduces my pain beyond chance levels, but I still hurt a lot and can't play tennis, you would say that the treatment produces results that are: a. Statistically significant but not clinically significant b. Clinically significant but not statistically significant c. Both statistically and clinically significant d. Neither statistically nor clinically significant

a. Statistically significant but not clinically significant

DARE, Scared Straight, recovered memory therapy, and facilitated communication are treatments that all share: a. The potential to do harm b. The potential to prevent problems from developing in the first place c. Initial skepticism about their effectiveness until research proved they worked d. They were treatments developed based on psychodynamic principles

a. The potential to do harm

The "objects from Emery's desk drawer" demonstration was intended to illustrate: a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes b. Classification is an arbitrary creation of the human mind c. In the end, how you decide to classify things, including Pluto, comes down to politics d. In the end, there is one and only one way to classify things

a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes

Case studies can be useful for ______ hypotheses, but cases studies cannot be used to _____ hypotheses. a. generating; test b. operationalizing; define c. forming null; test null d. psychoanalytic; explore cognitive-behavioral

a. generating; test

I'm really mad at you, but I can't admit this to myself. So instead I think you're really mad at me. This is an example of: a. Projection b. Sublimation c. Displacement d. Reaction formation

a. projection

An epidemiologist studies rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of the annual incidence will be based on the: a. the number of new cases that developed during that year b. the number of pre-existing and new cases of depression identified during that year c. the number of active cases on the last day of the year whether new or pre-existing d. the number of news cases that developed during the year in comparison to the prior year

a. the number of new cases that developed during that year

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Psychology has no accepted definition of "normal," which makes it tricky to define "abnormal" b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion c. In the former Soviet Union, some political dissidents were said to have a mental disorder d. All of the above are true

b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Even divorce is partially genetic b. Behavior genetic studies reveal nothing about the mechanism of genetic transmission c. Estimates of heritability increase as environmental variation increases d. All of the above are true

b. Behavior genetic studies reveal nothing about the mechanism of genetic transmission

Freud and Erikson's theories emphasize what essential feature that is overlooked by most other views of the cause of normal and abnormal behavior? a. Both highlight biological drives b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages c. Both emphasize that most of our impulses are unconscious d. Both identify the key role of cultural and historical values

b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages

How is information transmitted between nerve cells? a. By release of neurotransmitters at the synapse b. By release of neurotransmitters along the axon c. By changes in electrical potential along the axon d. By changes in electrical potential in the synapse

b. By release of neurotransmitters along the axon

"Active, directive, nonjudgmental, teacher" best describes which kind of therapist? a. Biological b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Humanistic

b. Cognitive-behavioral

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably: a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

b. Cognitive-behavioral

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. The cause of most mental disorders is unknown b. DSM-5 classifies mental disorders based on their cause c. The same DSM-5 diagnosis (e.g., depression) is likely to have many different causes d. Like cancer or heart disease, many mental disorders are thought to be "lifestyle diseases" e. All of the above are true

b. DSM-5 classifies mental disorders based on their cause

Behavior genetics focuses on _______ , while evolutionary psychology focuses on ________. a. Gene-environment interactions; gene-environment correlations b. How genes make people different from one another; how genes make people like one another c. Genetic contributions to abnormal behavior; genetic contributions to normal behavior d. Genetic influences at one point in time; genetic influences across development

b. How genes make people different from one another; how genes make people like one another

Using your new language, you tell your girlfriend. "You're all ____ (sex and aggression)!" Turns out she's taking psych too. She retorts, "You're all ____ (guilt)!" a. Id; ego b. Id; superego c. Ego; id d. Ego; superego

b. Id; superego

Communication between neurons occurs when are released from the of one neuron into the and received at the receptors of another neuron. a. Neurotransmitters; nucleus; dendrites b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse c. Neuromodulators; dendrites; synapse d. Neuromodulators; nucleus; dendrites

b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse

Emery has hope that scientists may discover single, identifiable causes for some mental disorders if: a. The biopsychosocial model is widely adopted and paradigms are abandoned b. New, narrow subtypes of current disorders are identified, as has occurred with intellectual disabilities c. Scientists recognize the importance of gene-environment interactions d. Human subject committees allow scientists to manipulate the human genome

b. New, narrow subtypes of current disorders are identified, as has occurred with intellectual disabilities

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect one of psychiatrist Allen Frances' concerns about the DSM-5 (as expressed on his blog in the extra reading assignment): a. DSM-5 contains changes that are scientifically unsound b. People involved in DSM-5 were influenced unduly by "Big Pharma" (drug companies) c. DSM-5 turns too many normal life problems into mental disorders d. The American Psychiatric Association is unduly influenced by profits generated by DSM-5 e. B and D

b. People involved in DSM-5 were influenced unduly by "Big Pharma" (drug companies)

Which of the following treatments is totally discredited and never practiced today? a. Electroconvulsive therapy b. Prefrontal lobotomy c. Psychoanalysis d. All of the above e. A and B only

b. Prefrontal lobotomy

"Your depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain." What "ism" is this statement an example of? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

b. Reductionism

The website of the American Psychological Association (wrongly) states "comparisons of different forms of psychotherapy most often result in relatively nonsignificant difference." The conclusion is an example of: a. The allegiance effect b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict" c. The placebo effect d. The "Barnum Effect"

b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict"

__________ is especially important to recognize in psychotherapy outcome research because it is impossible to conduct ________. a. The gene-environment correlation; research that manipulates human genes b. The allegiance effect; double blind studies c. The difference between cause and correlation; true experiments d. Meta-analysis; clinically significant research

b. The allegiance effect; double blind studies

Here is a bullet point from one class slide: "One hope is that a single, specific cause will be discovered for more refined diagnoses." This refers to: a. The DSM-6 will classify disorders according to their cause. b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause. c. The biological paradigm, specifically the "medical model," has been very successful in identifying causes of mental disorders d. Unlike normal psychological experience, mental disorders are located in the brain and improved brain imaging techniques are showing us precisely where.

b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause.

In what way does the heat sensitive picture of earth from space (found in Chapter 4) teach us to appreciate basic limitations in brain imagining techniques? a. The image reminds us of the importance of appreciating different levels of analysis b. While cool, the picture reminds us of limitations in meaning and degree of resolution in these images c. The image reminds us that we need to take a systems approach in all sciences d. While fascinating, the image reminds us of the importance of theory and research; after all, we once thought the world was flat

b. While cool, the picture reminds us of limitations in meaning and degree of resolution in these images

In what way does the heat sensitive picture of earth from space (found in Chapter 4) teach us to appreciate basic limitations in brain imaging techniques? a. The image reminds us of the importance of appreciating different levels of analysis b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution c. The image reminds us that we need to take a systems approach in all sciences d. While fascinating, the image reminds us of the importance of theory and research; after all, we once thought the world was flat

b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution

Does the diagnosis tell me anything about the cause, course, or best treatment of this disorder? This question is a concern about: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Coverage d. Thresholds

b. validity

Around the same time that the emotional Jenny McCarthy video that we watched was made, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offered this statement, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." This contrast in tone illustrates an important idea: a. Even the federal government can be corrupt, or at least in denial b. Science can be unfeeling. We need advocates to humanize the suffering caused by mental illness c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones d. Case studies are valuable in addition to correlational studies and experiments

c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones

The humanistic paradigm assumes that normal and abnormal behavior are a matter of free will. In contrast, all three other major paradigms assume:

c. Both normal and abnormal behavior are determined by potentially knowable factors

Whether I think DSM includes too many disorders or does not include enough, my concern is one about the manual's: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Coverage d. Categorical approach

c. Coverage

Mental disorders are currently classified on the basis of a. Causes b. Most effective treatments c. Descriptive features d. All of the above e. A and B only

c. Descriptive features

You get angry over a low grade, but instead of getting mad at the professor, who intimidates you, you later pick a fight with your roommate for no apparent reason. This is an example of: a. Projection b. Sublimation c. Displacement d. Reaction formation

c. Displacement

On the radio this weekend, I heard someone arguing that human consciousness may exist apart from activity in the human brain. (This is true. The speaker was trying to explain near death experiences.) This speaker best represents which of the following "isms"? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

c. Dualism

True story. In a recent article from Virginia magazine, a UVA medical center professor explained that, he could study children's "past lives." Why? Because human consciousness exists apart from the activity of the brain. This statement best represents which of the following "isms" discussed in Chapter 2? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

c. Dualism

"You need to be careful about the effects of calling someone 'schizophrenic,' 'manic,' or 'LD.' That stigmatizes people and make others treat them differently." This concern is most closely associated with: a. The biopsychosocial model b. The DSM-5 c. Labeling theory d. Psychoanalytic theory

c. Labeling theory

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the shared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance

Mental disorders appear to be polygenic. This means that: a. Scientists surely will identify the gene responsible for various disorders one day b. The same gene contributes to multiple disorders, so identifying candidate genes should help to cure multiple disorders c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes d. All of the above e. B and C only

c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes

_______ characteristics are influenced by _______ genes and produce traits that vary _______. a. Autosomal; multiple; qualitatively b. Autosomal; single; quantitatively c. Polygenic; multiple; quantitatively d. Polygenic; single; qualitatively

c. Polygenic; multiple; quantitatively

Which of the following is NOT true about medications used in the treatment of mental disorders? a. Effective psychoactive medications offer only symptom relief b. Psychoactive medications often need to be taken for a very long time c. Psychiatrist prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications d. Psychoactive medications often have unpleasant side effects, and this can affect use e. All of the above

c. Psychiatrist prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client uses denial to protect herself from inner rage at family members." The theoretical orientation of this therapist is most likely: a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

c. Psychodynamic

Where do you draw the line between normal and abnormal? This question can become a problem with: a. Qualitative differences b. Differences in kind c. Quantitative differences d. Categorical differences

c. Quantitative differences

Skinner taught rats to press a lever for food. However, his rats taught Skinner to feed them when they pressed. This is an example of: a. Reverse causality b. Operant causality c. Reciprocal causality d. Circular thinking

c. Reciprocal causality

Which of the following is a mental disorder listed in DSM-5? a. Sexual addiction disorder b. Ego-dystonic homosexuality disorder c. Sexual masochism disorder d. All of the above e. A and C only

c. Sexual masochism disorder

Ten years ago, in the middle of the panic over vaccines and autism, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offered this cautiously worded statement despite several studies showing no link between vaccines and autism, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." The caution reflects the fact that: a. The science wing of the federal government is prohibited from taking strong positions. b. There was strong correlational evidence linking vaccines and autism. c. The burden of proof falls on those who disagree with a hypothesis d. You can never accept the null hypothesis.

c. The burden of proof falls on those who disagree with a hypothesis

A cognitive-behavior therapist and a humanistic therapist are arguing about the effectiveness of their respective treatments. The cognitive-behavior therapist says dozens of studies support her approach. The humanistic therapist says, while her approach hasn't been studied, research to date has always been conducted by true believers in cognitive behavior therapy. In terms of research issues, what legitimate arguments can the cognitive behavior therapist (first in choices below) and the humanistic therapist (second) offer against the other? a. The placebo effect (common factors) accounts for much of the benefit of psychotherapy; you can never prove the null hypothesis b. Process research is more relevant than outcome research; outcome research is more relevant than process research c. The burden of proof rests with the proponent of a hypothesis; the allegiance effect explains findings to date d. Some therapies are little more than a placebo; therapy effectiveness has been demonstrated but not therapy efficacy

c. The burden of proof rests with the proponent of a hypothesis; the allegiance effect explains findings to date

Reactivity refers to a. A defense mechanism where you attack others before being attacked yourself b. The prejudice that becomes apparent when people learn you have a mental disorder c. The fact that people tend to change their behavior when they know they're being observed d. The tendency to resist change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change

c. The fact that people tend to change their behavior when they know they're being observed

Why are braining imaging procedures not widely used for the diagnosis of mental disorders? a. The procedures are currently too expensive to be used in routine clinical work and instead are only used to diagnose mental disorders in research studies b. Brain imaging is routinely used by psychiatrists in making diagnoses, but other mental health professionals (who far outnumber psychiatrists) are not trained in using the technique c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders d. In fact, braining imaging procedures became the diagnostic standard with the publication of DSM-5

c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders

I urged you to appreciate both "common factors" and "active ingredients" in different psychotherapies. This means: a. A combination of medication and therapy often is most effective b. Sugar pills work, meaning they contain both placebos and active ingredients c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective d. Of course, the different therapy paradigms have different ideas about psychotherapy but they all involve some form of a "talking cure"

c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective

Which of the following is true? a. Different classification systems may have value for different purposes b. Psychology has well-accepted classification systems, but politics prevent their broad acceptance c. The DSM once classified mental disorders based on psychoanalytic theory d. A and C only e. None of the above is true

d. A and C only

Girls who reach menarche at a younger age attract boys who are older and more interested in their physical appearance/sexuality compared to girls who reach menarche at an older age. Age at menarche is strongly influenced by genes. This is an example of: a. Polygenic attraction b. Genetic predestination c. A gene-environment interaction d. A gene-environment correlation

d. A gene-environment correlation

Based on the videos we watched in class, which of the following was NOT a part of the therapy of Albert Ellis: a. Challenging "irrational" beliefs b. Urging Gloria to accept his point of view c. Talking frequently d. Adopting a Socratic, "Columbo" style of teaching

d. Adopting a Socratic, "Columbo" style of teaching

Scientists are now convinced that vaccines do not cause autism, but it is important to revisit this controversy because: a. People are desperate for answers to mental disorders, and this makes them susceptible to false promises b. Bad information is readily available and easily spread, especially in the Internet Age c. You need to understand that the burden of proof falls on the proponent of any hypothesis. You need to prove that your idea is true - I don't need to prove that you are wrong d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

When people hear, "It's genetic," we tend to think there's a gene for the condition. I suggested, however, that this conclusion is wrong headed when it comes to psychological disorders. Something can be genetic and still: a. Involve quantitative differences. You can be a "little bit" depressed, ADHD, eating disordered etc b. Be affected by genes indirectly. We don't necessarily have a gene "for" a given disorder. Genes may contribute indirectly to risk by influencing personality, body type, appearance, age at menstruation, etc. c. Be influenced by the environment. As with PKU, the environment can influence whether or not a genetic predisposition is expressed. d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above

Which of the following analogies between science and the law is accurate? a. The burden of proof lies on the proponent of a hypothesis (as it does on the prosecution: you are innocent until proven guilty) b. You never prove the null hypothesis, you just fail to reject it (as you never prove innocence but instead may be found "not guilty") c. False "proof" is viewed as a worse error than the failure to prove something that is, in fact, true (it is better to let 10 guilty people go free than to imprison one innocent person) d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following analogies is accurate? a. The burden of proof lies with the proponent of a hypothesis (as it does on the prosecution: you are innocent until proven guilty) b. You never prove the null hypothesis, you just fail to reject it (as you never prove innocence but instead may be found "not guilty") c. False "proof" is viewed as a worse error than failure to prove something that is, in fact, true (it is better to let 10 guilty people go free than to imprison one innocent person) d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following contemporary circumstances complicates the definition of abnormal behavior? a. There is no agreed upon definition of normal behavior b. There is no agreed upon theory of what constitutes abnormal behavior c. Beliefs and values influence what people consider to be abnormal d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? a. Personality inventory; MMPI b. Projective test; Rorschach inkblot c. Brain imaging; MRI d. All of the above are correct pairings

d. All of the above are correct pairings

I randomly assign students worried about "what are you going to do after graduation" either to talk with Mom or talk to a humanistic therapist. My hypothesis is that the objectivity of the humanistic therapist will make students more relaxed and help them to make better post-graduation choices. Which of the following is NOT true of this study? a. This is an experiment b. Talking with Mom is an attempt to control for placebo effects c. If humanistic therapy proves more successful, I cannot be sure that is due to the therapists' objectivity d. All of the above are true e. B and C only

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Homosexuality once was listed in the DSM as a mental disorder, but it was removed in the 1970s b. Hyper-sexual disorder was considered for inclusion in DSM-5 but was not included in the final version c. Sexual masochism is listed as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but only is a disorder if it causes significant personal distress or impairment in functioning d. All of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

I find that people in unhappy close relationships are more likely to be depressed. I conclude that troubled relationships cause depression. Which of the follow is true about my conclusion? a. My conclusion might be right b. Depression might cause unhappy relationships c. Bad living circumstances might cause both depression and troubled relationships d. All of the above true e. B and C only

d. All of the above true

Regulates the functions of various bodily organs with little or no conscious control. This is the: a. Endocrine system b. Psychophysiology c. Somatic nervous system d. Autonomic nervous system

d. Autonomic nervous system

Roger's client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of a. Interpretation b. Countertransference c. Directiveness d. Empathy

d. Empathy

While psychologists disagree about human nature, two qualities that evolutionary psychologists are very likely to include (and are listed in your text) are: a. Classical and operant conditioning b. Positive and negative emotions c. Extraversion and neuroticism d. Forming attachments and striving for dominance

d. Forming attachments and striving for dominance

"I believe in people's basic goodness. Unless society distorts this natural impulse, humans will exercise their free will toward positive ends." This statement is most likely to be made by someone who is: a. Biological b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Humanistic e. Too little information to tell f. A and B only

d. Humanistic

Though easily confused, negative reinforcement and punishment are quite different; with negative reinforcement, behavior ___________when the aversive stimulus is _____________, and with punishment, behavior _______________ when the aversive stimulus is _______________. a. Decreases; removed; increases; introduced b. Decreases; introduced; increases; removed c. Increases; removed; increases; introduced d. Increases; removed; decreases; introduced

d. Increases; removed; decreases; introduced

_______ is akin to "working the refs" in pursuit of answers. ______ is like official review. a. Psychology; biology b. Paradigms; the biopsychosocial model c. Social science; natural science d. Law and politics; science

d. Law and politics; science

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the non-shared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

Two psychologists agree on the diagnosis of personality disorder 82% of the time. Is this adequate? a. Yes. Anything above 70% agreement is considered adequate. b. Yes. This is much higher than usual levels of agreement for personality disorder. c. Maybe. Personality disorder is a stigmatizing label. Agreement really should be higher. d. Maybe. Chance agreement needs to be taken into account in evaluating the rate.

d. Maybe. Chance agreement needs to be taken into account in evaluating the rate.

Which of the following is NOT true of psychotropic medications used to treat mental disorders? a. Medication often is a safe and effective alternative b. Medication typically offers only symptom relief c. Medication typically needs to be taken for a long time d. Medication is prescribed mostly by psychiatrists e. All of the above are true

d. Medication is prescribed mostly by psychiatrists

Based on lecture, the text, and outside readings, which of the following is most accurate? a. Mental health professionals agree about the best treatments for different disorders b. Mental health professionals agree that medication is only a superficial treatment for problems like depression, while therapy produces long-term change c. Mental health professionals agree that most of the effectiveness of psychotherapy is due to common factors, not active ingredients d. Mental health professionals disagree about the most effective treatments, whether they produce lasting change, and whether the success of psychotherapy is due to common factors or active ingredients

d. Mental health professionals disagree about the most effective treatments, whether they produce lasting change, and whether the success of psychotherapy is due to common factors or active ingredients

Converting the cost of a gallon of gasoline in different countries into dollar terms and then computing the average cost of a gallon of gas throughout the world is a lot like the logic of: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Dependent variables d. Meta-analysis

d. Meta-analysis

Interpretation is a psychoanalyst's main tool for: a. Encouraging free association b. Overcoming resistance c. Maintaining therapeutic neutrality d. Promoting insight

d. Promoting insight

Two clinical psychologists each interview and diagnose a group of patients. The extent to which they agree on the diagnosis of each patient is a measure of the a. Validity b. Coverage c. Inclusiveness d. Reliability

d. Reliability

In lecture, I suggested that future classification systems might include diagnoses like "fight or flight" disorder. I raised this possibility to suggest: a. Current mental disorders include problems with excessive anxiety and sadness but not excessive anger b. Catchy phrases like "fight or flight" are easy to remember and advocate for, illustrating how politics comes into the process of creating the DSM c. The statistical model of classification must consider that extremes at both ends of a distribution often are abnormal, for example, mania or depression, fight or flight d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

What is the theoretical basis for defining a mental disorder in DSM-5? a. The problem is a harmful dysfunction b. The problem causes personal distress c. The problem is not culturally sanctioned d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

Describe the format of the typical double-blind study of psychotherapy. a. Neither the patient nor the therapist knows which treatment is being delivered b. A placebo control group is used, but the treatment appears to be "real" to the patient and the therapist c. Neither patients nor therapists know a study's hypothesis d. Trick question! You cannot conduct a double-blind study of psychotherapy

d. Trick question! You cannot conduct a double-blind study of psychotherapy

Compared with physical illnesses, mental disorders rank where in terms of disease burden? a. Mental disorders create more disease burden than all physical illnesses put together. b. #2 following cardiovascular disease and ahead of cancer. c. Last, all major physical disorders create a greater burden. d. Trick question. Only physical illnesses are assessed for disease burden, although advocates want mental disorders included in future assessments

d. Trick question. Only physical illnesses are assessed for disease burden, although advocates want mental disorders included in future assessments

In lecture, I argued that Freud was wrong in the details, but you should still know about his psychoanalytic theory because: a. His ideas have had a major influence on Western culture b. When viewed as broad metaphors, there is much that may be right about Freudian theory c. He offered a very specific, testable theory that generated scientific research d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

The increase in the diagnosis of autism in the last two decades corresponded with the introduction and growing use of GMOs. But your extra outside reading (and lecture) pointed out that: a. Correlation does not mean causation b. The increased diagnosis is largely or fully attributable to looser diagnostic criteria c. Scientists are not interested in exploring untested questions d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

You are using an experimental design to study the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy versus humanistic therapy in the treatment of depression among first year students adjusting to college. Which of the following is a dependent variable you may well want to include in your study? a. Whether students still meet the criteria for a depression diagnosis after treatment b. Whether students still show various symptoms of depression after treatment c. Whether GPA changes after treatment d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

According to your text, which of the following is a disadvantage of the clinical interview? a. Some people may be unwilling or unable to provide rational accounts b. People may be reluctant to discuss embarrassing or frightening experiences c. Information is subjective and potentially distorted d. Interviewers can influence their client's accounts e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Professors turn test averages into letter grades. Some set stricter cutoffs; some are more lenient. This is analogous to what important point(s) about the diagnosis of mental disorders: a. Mental disorders are qualitatively different from normal behavior b. Abnormal behavior differs from normal behavior only by a matter of degree c. The cutoff for diagnosing a mental disorder can be rather arbitrary d. All of the above e. B and C only

e. B and C only

One theory (that you will soon learn about) is that anxiety is maintained by avoidance. You get anxious about doing something, avoid it, and avoidance lowers your anxiety. In operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

negative reinforcement

DSM-5 takes a approach to classification, treating disorders as if they are from normal behavior.

Categorical; qualitatively

One straightforward difference between cognitive-behavior therapy and humanistic therapy is:

Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists

Research on the cause of mental disorders almost always must use the because:

Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically

DSM-5 classifies mental disorders on the basis of:

Description (symptoms)

I shared results from my own studies: Mediation had far more positive benefits for families than the litigation of child custody disputes. But rural courts with few resources might not experience the same level of benefits from mediation. In terms of psychotherapy outcome research, this is an issue of:

Efficacy versus effectiveness

What term best captures the concept that the same disorder can have multiple causes?

Equifinality

In his blog (extra reading assignment), Allen Frances (who directed the DSM-IV) criticized DSM-5 primarily for:

Including too many "fads" in its list of diagnoses

Intellectual disabilities (formerly mental retardation) are some of the best diagnosed and understood mental disorders. Still, the terms for the disorder often are changed, as old terms come to carry a stigma. Which concept best describes this phenomenon?

Labeling theory

I conduct a study where I randomly assign 100 people with depression either to work with Albert Ellis doing Rational Emotive Therapy or Carl Rogers doing Humanistic Therapy. Half of the people drop out of the Ellis group, while everyone completes therapy in the Rogers group (a statistically significant difference). But when I compare people who completed Ellis with those who completed Rogers, the Ellis completers are less depressed (also statistically significant). What can I conclude?

People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy