Abnormal Psychology Test 1 Review

Active Effect

One's tendency to build an environment that compliments one's genotype. Ex. Pursuing hobbies that one is good at.

Indications of Abnormality

Subjective distress Mal adaptivness Statistical Deviation or Rareness Violations of standards of society Social Discomfort Irrationality and Unpredictability Dangerousness Need for treatment

Most common objective intelligence tests

WISC-IV (children) WAIS (adults) Stanford Binet- administered 1:1 and typically take 2-3 hours to administer and score

The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders was published in _____________ by the _______________________________________.

-2013: The World Health Organization -2013; American *Psychiatric* Association -2013; American *Psychologcal* Association -1994: The American *Psychiatric* Association 2013; American *Psychiatric* Association

The "HPA" Axis is physiological system that involves which of the following? YOU MAY SELECT MULTIPLE ANSWERS FOR THIS QUESTION--SELECT ALL THAT ARE CORRECT.

-Adrenal Gland -Pituitary Gland -Epinephrine -Hypothalamus -Cortisol All answers are correct

In the first edition of the DSM (published in 1952), the following was listed for diagnosing "Depressive Reaction": The anxiety in this reaction is allayed, and hence partially relieved, by depression and self‐depreciation. The reaction is precipitated by a current situation, frequently by some loss sustained by the patient, and is often associated with a feeling of guilt for past failures of deeds. The reaction in such cases is dependent upon the intensity of the patient's ambivalent feeling toward his loss (love, possession) as well as upon the realistic circumstances of the loss. (American Psychiatric Association, 1952, pp. 33-34) Which of the following approaches to classification and diagnosis is being used in this example?

-Categorical approach -Dimensional approach -Prototypal approach -No answer text provided. Prototypal approach

Jesse has a tendency to interpret compliments as acts of kindness and pity from others, rather than evidence of personal accomplishment (e.g., "They didn't mean it, about my presentation; they complimented me out of pity and just wanted to be nice."). This is most clearly an example of which of the following terms?

-Classical conditioning -The unconsciousness -Accommodation -Attributional style Attributional style

____________________________________ is a term that refers to ongoing efforts to be informed about and to understand issues involved in multiculturally-informed assessment and treatment practices.

-Cultural expertise -Cultural competence -Woke -Cross-cultural research Cultural competence

Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha andJamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market DiscriminationMARIANNE BERTRAND & SENDHIL MULLAINATHAN THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW (SEPTEMBER 2004) We study race in the labor market by sending fictitious resumes to help-wanted ads in Boston and Chicago newspapers. To manipulate perceived race, resumes are randomly assigned African-American- or White-sounding names. White names receive 50 percent more callbacks for interviews. Callbacks are also more responsive to resume quality for White names than for African-American ones. The racial gap is uniform across occupation, industry, and employer size. We also find little evidence that employers are inferring social class from the names. Differential treatment by race still appears to still be prominent in the U.S. labor market. (JELJ71, J64). Which one of the following issues was directly tested by Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004)? (HINT: Be sure to go by the text/lecture terms and definitions. Think about it before answering.)

-Cultural idioms of distress -Treatment discrimination -Access discrimination -Bullying Access discrimination

Dr. Whatshisname is a child clinical psychologist who specializes in behavioral problems. A mother, who was born and raised in Honduras, has brought her 15 year-old son (a first generation U.S. citizen) into the clinic. She is concerned about her son's well-being. In the parent interview she states, "He spends a lot of time alone in his room, away from the family. Family is very important to us. I wonder if he is depressed." In the youth interview, the son states, "I'm fine. I just want to play video games with my friends." Using the information provided to you here, what is one critical consideration that Dr. Whatshisname should incorporate into his psychological assessment?

-Dangerousness of the youth's actions -Maladaptiveness of the youth's behavior -The social discomfort that the youth is causing his parents -Inter-generational cultural differences Inter-generational cultural differences

True or False? Unemployment (in addition to a lack of other financial resources) is reliably associated with an increased risk of psychopathology.

-False -True True

Which of the following listed below are questions that may be asked by a clinician to determine a patient's presenting problem?

-How long has this been an issue -How have you tried to address this problem in the past, and was it helpful or unhelpful? -Does your child's aggression occur only at school, or also at home and other situations? -How are your relationships with friends and family at the moment? All answers are correct

Dr. Whatshername is designing a study. She is interested in whether a school-based intervention is efficacious for reducing problematic classroom behaviors among children. She has an experimental group (the teachers who will be trained in these interventions for their classrooms), and a control group (deal with problematic behaviors, as usual). One of her dependent variables is childhood behavior, and research assistants sit in the room and code behaviors of students. Given that all assistants will be using the same coding system, which of the following is most important for Dr. Whatsername to pilot test first, before the study starts?

-Inter-item reliability -Inter-rater reliability -Face validity -External validity Inter-rater reliability

IF a particular genetic mutation AND moderate to severe stress (but not low stress) are each necessary, but not sufficient, for a disorder to develop, THEN which type of Diathesis-Stress Model would accurately depict the course of risk for the disorder?

-Interactive Model -Additive Model Interactive Model

Dr. Joe Schmo is interested in studying how traumatic brain injury impacts cognitive performance for combat Veterans. Which assessment method would be the best option for his study?

-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -Neuropsychological testing -Blood draw and testing -Computerized tomography (CT) scan Neuropsychological testing

Which one of the following parenting styles is correlated with better psychological health and healthier coping strategies among children?

-Neglectful/Uninvolved -Authoritarian -Authoritative -Permissive/Indulgent Authoritative

What is an advantage of having a categorical classification system for mental disorders?

-Provides a language structure for when symptoms tend to cluster together -Helps to clarify insurance reimbursement -Provides a common language among health -providers and researchers -All of the answer options are correct All of the answer options are correct

______________________ is to objective personality assessment, whereas _____________________ is to projective personality assessment.

-Rorschach Inkblot Test; MMPI-2 -WAIS-IV; Sentence Completion Test -MMPI-2; Rorschach Inkblot Test -Thematic Apperception Test;Rorschach Inkblot Test MMPI-2; Rorschach Inkblot Test

As part of CBT for Insomnia (CBT-I), a psychologist asks his insomnia patient to log the following, every day, and to bring the log form to their next appointment: (1) time when got into bed; (2) apx duration to fall asleep; (3) time of final awakening; (4) number of times of awakening in the night; (5) level of sleepiness throughout the day. This is an example of which of the following assessment methods?

-Self-monitoring -Neuropsychological evaluation -Naturalistic observation -Rating scales Self-monitoring

A therapist is treating a patient with Major Depressive Disorder. This patient tells the therapist, "What's the point of getting out of bed? Nothing good will ever happen for me, and I always bring other people down." The therapist then assigns the patient homework for the week: every day, do five specific activities that once felt enjoyable or rewarding (identified by the patient), in order to reinforce the association between being active and reward/accomplishment. Which psychological perspective did the therapist use when he was creating homework for the patient?

-The Cognitive Perspective -The Psychodynamic Perspective -The Psychoanalytic Perspective -The Behavioral Perspective The Behavioral Perspective

Which of the following is most likely to strain the trust and rapport between a clinician and client?

-The clinician explains to the client why he is being asked to take psychological tests -The clinician tells the client about diagnostic impressions, and why -The clinician outlines the limitations to confidentiality, such as mandated reporting requirements of the clinician, at the start of the first appointment -The client is court-ordered to complete a psychological evaluation The client is court-ordered to complete a psychological evaluation

Of the perspectives of abnormal psychology that we address in this course, which one addresses the entire spectrum of abnormality?

-There is no single perspective that can fully explain abnormal psychology -Psychological perspective -Biological perspective -Social perspective There is no single perspective that can fully explain abnormal psychology

True or False? Psychologists (regardless of their specialization) should conduct intelligence testing for any and all new patients, in order to inform whether or not psychotherapy is a good option.

-True -False False

To date, there are no mental disorders with a 100% concordance rate--suggesting that one's environment plays an important role in the development of mental disorders. Of the following choices, what type of research had to be conducted to reach this specific conclusion about concordance rates?

-Twin studies -Linkage analyses -Association studies -Rat maze studies Twin studies

Which one statment of the following is TRUE?

-Unstructured interviews are more helpful than (semi)structured interviews for reaching a diagnostic conclusion -Semi-structured interviews require less training in administration than structured interviews -For semi-structured interviews, the interviewer can ask any questions and in any order. -Structured interviews are likely to have stronger inter-rater reliability than semi-structured or unstructured interviews Structured interviews are likely to have stronger inter-rater reliability than semi-structured or unstructured interviews

A researcher designed a lab experiment, with independent variable A and dependent variable B. She wants to make sure that she can make the argument that variable A (and not some third or confounding variable) indeed leads to changes in variable B. Thus, she controls for every non-A variable that could potentially be related to the dependent variable. Based on this information, you can infer that her study has:

-higher internal validity; lower external validity -internal and external validity are equally low -internal and external validity are equally high -lower internal validity; higher external validity higher internal validity; lower external validity

What 4 Perspectives do psychologists use to understand the causes of abnormal behavior?

Biological, Psychological, Social, Cultural

A research group submits to a research journal for publication. They conducted a treatment study of Drug Galactica for major depressive disorder and found that patients' symptom severity (per the BDI-II) decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment. While every study has limitations, what critical study limitation will peer-reviewers likely insist on the authors including in their "limitations" section?

-major depressive disorder is comorbid with many other disorders -the drug's name is too silly -there was no control or comparison group -they only used one assessment measure there was no control or comparison group

If one risk factor creates a 100% probability that a certain disorder will develop, it is ____________________. However, most known risk factors for mental health disorders are ________________________.

-necessary; contributary -sufficient; necessary -necessary; sufficient -sufficient; contributary sufficient; contributary

In the context of epidemiology, prevalence is to _____________________, whereas incidence is to _____________________.

-number of new cases; percentage of cases -percentage of healthy people; number of healthy people -percentage of cases; number of new cases percentage of cases; number of new cases

The probability that a test statistic occurred by chance is indicated by the _____________; whereas the strength of a test statistic regardless of sample size is indicated by ______________________.

-p-value; significance level -effect size; p-value -internal validity; external validity -p-value; effect size p-value; effect size

What is a major limitation to studies that rely exclusively on self-report methods?

-participants do not know they are being assessed -it is much more difficult to collect self-report data than it is to do a case study or experimental study -the researcher might introduce bias into observations -self-reported information may be intentionally or unintentionally erroneous self-reported information may be intentionally or unintentionally erroneous

Researchers design a study evaluating risk of suicidal ideation among college students with a history of depression. They will assess suicidal ideation in the same sample of incoming freshmen, every 3 months for 4 academic years (and connect students with resources if ideation is reported). Using the options below, this is a(n) ________________________study.

-retrospective -experimental -prospective -cross-sectional prospective

Which of the following is the best example of maladaptiveness, regarding different approaches for defining abnormal behavior?

-telling a friend that you have felt miserable for months -turning down a great job opportunity to avoid anxiety associated with public speaking -performing in the lowest 25th percentile of a cognitive assessment -frequent anger outbursts that are extreme for the situation turning down a great job opportunity to avoid anxiety associated with public speaking

Why are correlational research designs valuable?

Because researchers are able to observe factors as they currently are and make assumptions about correlations between them although it is important to note that correlation does not equal causation.

What are the three approaches to gather information about mental disorders?

Case Studies, Self- Report data, and Observational Approaches

What are the approaches used to classify abnormal behavior?

Categorical Approach Dimensional Approach Prototypal Approach

How is Abnormality currently classified by the DSM-5?

Categorically

What are the most common procedures used in Psychosocial assessment?

Clinical Interviews, Clinical observation of behavior, Psychological tests

What are the 4 most prominent perspectives on abnormal psychology?

Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Psychological, Cognitive-Behavioral

What is inter-rater reliability?

Comparing the ratings of two or more observers to check for agreement in their measurements.

What are three sources of influence that can impact the assessment process?

Cultural Factors, Professional Orientation, Trust and Rapport

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of categorical classification

Disadvantages include- loss of information due to simplification, stigma associated with diagnosis, self concept impacted by diagnosis, comorbidity can be messy with categorical system Advantages include- ease of communication, focuses on differences between disorders,

What are the types of neurological examinations?

EEG- wear the cap, graphical record of brains electrical activity (tumor, lesson, electrical dysmyrithmia) CAT scan and MRI- X-ray technology to provide pictured of the brain structures that may be damaged or diseased PET scan- tracks metabolic activity of specific compounds fMRI- tracks changes in oxygenated blood flow while patients perform a task

What are social factors known to contribute to abnormal behavior?

Early deprivation or trauma Problems in parenting style Marital discord and divorce Low socio-economic status and unemployment Maladaptive peer relationships Prejudice and discrimination

What is the Cognitive perspective?

Examines how people understand and think about the world. Based in our internal schema

Three most common types of assessment

General physical Examination Neurological Examination Neurophysical examination (how is the brain functioning)

What is the Psychological perspective?

Generalization and Discrimination, Shortcuts are created in the mind

What are the four main categories of the biological perspective?

Genetic Vulnerabilities, Passive effect, Active Effect, Evocative Effect

What is the interactive model of diathesis?

Graph: stress is positively related to the probability of depression, but only for people with a biological probability. However, if stress is low, no level of biological vulnerability will cause depression

What is the additive model of diathesis?

High diathesis + high stress = high probability of disorder Low diathesis + low stress = low probability of disorder

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Incidence is the number of new cases over a given amount of time, prevalence is the number of existing cases. Incidence will often be lower

Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment

Increase a behavior?- Reinforcement- Positive (giving a reward), Negative (taking away dinging noise when you put seatbelt on) Decrease a behavior?- Punishment- Positive (adding a punishment like jail), Negative (taking away tv time)

What are the two categories of psychological tests?

Intelligence and Personality (projective and objective)

What are the key features of an experimental design?

Must have in independent and dependent variable. One variable must be manipulated (Independent variable)

Most common objective personality tests

NEO-PI, MMPI-2; 10 scales measuring psychopathology and validity scales Advantage- cost, disadvantage, mechanistic

What are the 5 most studied neurotransmitters?

Norepinephrine- fight/flight, attention, orientation (Anxiety disorders/PTSD) Dopamine- pleasure receptors, cognitive processing, movement (Addiction, Movement disorders, Schizophrenia) Serotonin- thinking, processing information, behaviors, mood (Emotional disorders -depression) Glutamate- excitatory (Schizofrenia) Gamma Aminobutyric Acid- inhibitory (anxiety/arousal reduction)

Evocative Effect

One's genotype may present in a way that evokes responses from others. EX. A child with behavioral problems may evoke abuse or rejection from peers.

What is standardization?

Process by which a psychological test is administered and interpreted in a consistent or standard manner. More fair because they are applied consistently and in same manner to all persons taking them.

Most common projective personality tests

Rorschach Inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test Sentence Completion test

What are the basic elements used in an assessment?

Situational or Pervasive? Duration Prior attempts to help or treat Self defeating or resourceful How does the problem impact social roles Does the problem meet DSM- 5 Disorder criteria

How does culture effect what is considered to be abnormal, name 2 culture specific disorders

Something may be considered normal in one place but abnormal in another. Examples include Taijin kyofusho, Ataque de nervios

How can cultural differences influence perceptions of abnormal behavior?

Symptoms may present differently, may be described differently, be "normal" in some areas EX. Hallucination mystical in some places, concerning in others Cultural syndromes- symptoms that occur in some places but not others (panic attacks including dropping to floor and shaking in central america) Cultural idioms of distress- how described (Backwards- shyness)

What is temperament? What are the 5 dimensions?

Temperament is emotional reactivity and ways of self regulation. 5 dimensions are 1. fearfulness 2. irritability 3. positive affect 4. activity level 5. attentional persistence and effortful control these can be observed as early as 2-3 mo.

Passive Effect

The way that the environment interacts with one's genotype. Ex. A child with the genotype for high intelligence but has to deal with food insecurity.

Cognitive + Behavioral Perspective

Thoughts- what we think affects how we feel and act Behaviors- what we do affects how we think and feel Emotions- what we feel affects how we think and act

How do practitioner integrate assessment data and optimize decision making in treatment planning

Working model, staff conferences attended by members of interdisciplinary team and make a better picture along with recommendations.

What is the prototypal approach?

a conceptual entity depicts an idealized combination of characteristics, some of which patients may not have. (How close does it match our prototype of this disorder)

What is sufficient cause?

a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder

What is necessary cause?

a condition that must exist for a disorder to occur

What is a proximal causal factor?

an event or factor that is close in time to the disorder occurring (Ex. death of a loved one is proximal cause for grief)

What is a distal causal factor?

an event or factor that is distant in time from the disorder occurring

clinical observation

can be in natural environments (school or home), therapeutic or medical settings, Self monitoring (ie a fitbit)

What is reliability?

degree to which an assessment measure produces the same result each time it is used to evaluate the same thing.

What is validity?

extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

What is the HPA axis?

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

How does the HPA axis work?

hypothalamus sends signals to pituitary gland (master gland), pituitary gland sends another hormone to the adrenal gland to release epinephrine, adrenaline, or cortisol, cortisol then tells hypothalamus to stop producing the hormones it sent to the pituitary gland in first place

What is a contributory cause?

one that increases the probability of a disorder developing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur

What are some ethical factors in treatment planning?

potential cultural bias, theoretical orientation of clinicians, external situation, validation of the measure, inaccurate data or premature evaluation

What are the types of interviews?

structured, semi-structured, unstructured Structured- no variance in order of questions, no followups, structured specifically to receive a clear response Semi Structured- no variance in order of questions, clinician can ask followup questions Unstructured- more open ended, clinician can change order of questions, ask followups, etc.

What is neural plasticity?

the ability of the brain's neural structure or function to be changed by experience throughout the lifespan

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control

What is test-retest reliability?

the consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice.

Neuropsychological Examinations

uses an expanding array of testing devices, standardized and measures cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance. Provides behavioral clues to extent and location of brain damage.