Abnormal Psychology Unit 1 Book Review
A person who goes to a therapist and describes themselves as being depressed would most likely be from which culture?
European American (Native Americans, Southeast Asians, and Native Alaskans tend to not do these)
Imagine you want to design a study to better understand whether students in your class skim the assigned textbook chapters or read them in full. What experimental method would likely lead to biased results?
administering a survey asking students if they read the assigned chapters in detail
Which of the following would most likely reduce stigma toward people with mental illness?
an assignment completed by a group of students, some of whom have mental illness and some of whom do not
A(n) __________ study uses an approximation of a given topic as the central focus of the research. This might involve using animals and then generalizing from their behaviors to those that may be seen in human beings.
analogue
Because some clinical issues often cannot be observed in the real world, clinicians often use __________ situations. These can involve role-playing, reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures.
analogue
According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which category of psychological disorders is the most common?
anxiety disorders (not major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse disorder, or mood disorders)
The study of __________ has traditionally used three primary methods to examine the heritability of mental disorders: (1) the family history method, (2) the twin method, and (3) the adoption method.
behavior genetics
Behavioral scientists that investigate and explain how factors such as genetics, neurobiology, and hormonal responses can influence psychopathology are using a __________ perspective.
biological
Julia's friend explains that she struggles with alcoholism because of "bad genes." This explanation represents the __________ perspective of abnormal behavior.
biological
Dr. Austin takes an approach to understanding psychopathology that considers the way in which multiple types of influences affect one's mental functioning. He also pays attention to the cultural context in which behaviors occur to determine what is and is not considered to be abnormal. Dr. Austin adheres to the __________ model.
biopsychosocial
Four-year-old Amber's parents are concerned that she still wets the bed at night, and they want to know if there is a problem that needs intervention. From a __________ perspective, the best way to answer this question would be to research other 4-year-olds to determine if Amber's bedwetting is abnormal.
developmental psychopathology
Dr. Yang studies psychopathology by investigating how dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can contribute to abnormal behavior. Dr. Yang is looking at behavior from a __________ perspective.
psychological
Janelle is writing a paper about the surgical techniques used by Walter Freeman in the United States in the mid-1900s. What would be the best title for her paper?
"The Clinical Utility of the Lobotomy"
While the divorce rate around the world is about __________ percent, the United States has the highest such rate of about __________ percent.
20; 40
Neuropsychological tests are performance based and standardized. Which of the following scenarios describes what this means?
A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Even though the fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, they received the same overall IQ score.
Courtney recently learned about a correlational study that revealed that 40 percent of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are also left-handed. What can be assumed about schizophrenia and left-handedness on the basis of this information?
A positive correlational relationship exists between being diagnosed with schizophrenia and being left-handed.
Which of the following is an assumption of the categorical approach to classification?
All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "disordered."
Joanna was referred to an emergency room for evaluation because of a severe episode of depression. Which of the following scenarios represents how clinicians would reach a best estimate diagnosis for Joanna?
An interdisciplinary treatment team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations.
According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which person would be most likely to suffer from more than one diagnosable psychiatric condition?
Annabelle, who has been diagnosed with severe panic disorder (not mild-moderate/undiagnosed conditions)
Which early influential Greek maintained that by "thinking as directed," one could eliminate pain and better attain pleasure?
Aristotle
Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
As alcoholic drinks consumed increases, coordination decreases.
How has the effort to educate the public to the fact that mental illness is a neurological disorder impacted the amount of stigma associated with the diagnosis?
Being more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness.
How did early Chinese medicine differ from some other cultures—Hebrews and Egyptians, for example—in their understanding of mental illnesses?
Chinese medicine was based on a belief in natural rather than supernatural causes of illnesses.
After being fired from their job and a recent fight with their spouse, they reported fatigue, weakness, and other physical complaints. In which country is this a common reaction to these types of events?
China
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in an assessment providing inaccurate or insufficient information?
Cora feels uncomfortable during her assessment because she is not sure whether her responses will be shared with her mom.
Which of the following statements describes what correlational research is?
Correlational research compares groups on a variety of measures and does not involve the manipulation of variables.
What section was added to the newest version of the DSM to take into account the role of culture in the experience and expression of mental illness?
Cultural Formulation
The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, _______, was published in 2013.
DSM-5
The psychiatric classification system presently used in the United States is __________.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
__________ involves integration of assessment information and the formation of hypotheses about what drives someone to behave in problematic ways. It also involves identifying the thoughts and behaviors that should form treatment targets to result in the most robust improvements.
Dynamic formulation
An __________ is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity.
EEG
__________ developed a system of classification of mental disorders, which became the forerunner of today's DSM classification system.
Emil Kraepelin
Which of the following misconceptions regarding genetic influences on behavior, traits, and psychopathology is negated by the fact that one's capacity for developing ability can change if there is a change in their environment?
Genes provide a limit to one's potential.
Why does Johann Weyer have the reputation as the founder of modern psychopathology even though he was a German physician and writer from the early 1500s?
He specialized in the study and attempted treatment of people with mental illness.
Emil is a psychiatrist in the early 1800s. What will his role be in the treatment of the patients of the asylum where he works?
He will be relatively inconsequential in the care of the insane who are housed at the facility.
Nina lived in an orphanage that provided her with minimal attention and care for the first two years of her life before being adopted into a loving and well-resourced home. Building on research discussed in the chapter, which of the following would likely represent her brain development later in childhood?
Her white matter volume would be similar to same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage, but her gray matter volume would be lower.
For which of the following reasons would it be accurate to say that the work of Freud, for all of its shortcomings, has been particularly important and influential?
His theory emphasized that many of the same psychological principles apply to both normal and abnormal behaviors.
Which classification system is widely used in Europe and other countries to assist with the assessment and diagnosis of a mental disorder?
ICD-11
Although many early societies believed that mental illness was a sign of spiritual possession, people with such conditions were often treated with considerable awe and respect. Why?
It was believed they had supernatural powers
Which child is most likely to be rejected by his or her peers?
Kenna, an unassertive girl who is submissive with her peers
Which of the following arguments would psychiatrists like Albrecht von Haller and Wilhelm Griesinger make regarding the origins of mental disorders?
Mental disorders are caused by brain abnormalities.
Which of the following best describes the beliefs of psychiatrists in the early nineteenth century?
Mental disorders arise from nervous exhaustion, or the depletion of bodily energies after excesses in living.
Which of the following statements best reflects Hippocrates's position on the cause of mental illness?
Mental disorders, like other diseases, have natural causes and appropriate treatments.
Which neuroimaging technique provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds, such as glucose, as they are metabolized by the brain or other organisms?
PET scan
Why are neuropsychological assessments insufficient for diagnosis of mental disorders?
Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests.
Which of the following examples best demonstrates how cultural variations impact people's beliefs?
People from Christian countries often believe that the number 13 is unlucky, while Japanese people are more likely to avoid the number 4.
Which physician, placed in charge of La Bicêtre hospital in Paris, began the humanitarian reform by unchaining patients and treating them with kindness and consideration?
Philippe Pinel
What distinguishes scientific hypotheses from everyday vague speculation?
Scientists attempt to test their hypotheses with appropriate methodologies.
Which of the following statements best reflects Kazdin's quote about about research methodology?
Research methodology is an approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge.
Which experiences led Dorothea Dix to undertake a rigorous campaign to reform policies that resulted in the inhumane treatment of mentally ill persons?
She taught in a women's prison and became familiar with the deplorable conditions in jails, almshouses, and asylums.
Intelligence testing, though a source of important information about cognitive functioning, suffers from a number of potential limitations. Which of the following is one of those issues?
Some clinical settings might not provide the time or funding to use these tests.
How did physicians in the late nineteenth century come to identify a relationship between mental illnesses and physical conditions?
They injected people who suffered from general paresis with material from syphilis sores and found that these patients did not subsequently develop syphilis.
Why is it necessary to consider the effects of distal risk factors in the development of psychopathology?
Sometimes, events that occur in the present may not show their impact until far into the future.
__________ is a process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or uniform manner.
Standardization
Consider the criterion of subjective distress in the determination of mental disorder. Which statement best describes its usefulness in deciding whether a given situation is "abnormal"?
Subjective distress is not a sufficient or necessary condition for us to consider something as abnormal.
__________ refers to the way that a child reacts and self-regulates. Starting during infancy, the following five dimensions of this construct can be identified: fearlessness, irritability/ frustration, __________, and attentional persistence.
Temperament; positive affect
Computed tomography (CT) scans have been increasingly replaced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for several reasons, including which of the following?
The MRI produces sharper images of the interior of the brain.
What is the difference between a comparison group and a criterion group in abnormal psychology research?
The comparison group consists of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied, while the people in the criterion group do.
Dr. Williamson believes that the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can help determine the exact neurological functions that underlie various psychiatric conditions. He has often said "soon fMRI will replace all other diagnostic methods for determining psychopathology." What does this chapter state about this claim?
The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation.
Why are there no comprehensive lifetime prevalence data regarding diagnosis of disorders as spelled out in the DSM-5?
The manual has not been used enough to gather those data.
Why is a meta-analysis a better way to summarize research findings than a standard literature review?
The meta-analysis uses effect sizes from many different research studies.
What is a main reason why our understanding of mental disorders has grown so much over time?
The methodologies used to study these conditions are constantly expanding and improving.
Paracelsus, a Swiss physician in the early 1500s, was critical of beliefs that demonology caused abnormal behavior. Ironically, however, he also held which of the following beliefs?
The moon exerts a supernatural influence on the brain.
Which of the following can help explain why treatment techniques within asylums tended to be aggressive and cruel?
The philosophy of treatment at the time held that patients could choose rationality over mental illness.
What is meant by the statement that the development of the most recent version of the DSM was based on some contradictory themes?
The process sought to maintain continuity with the previous edition while also placing no limits on the changes that were needed.
What is the central feature of a single-case research design that employs the experimental method?
The same individual is studied over time, perhaps before and after a specific treatment has been applied.
When someone says that the findings of a given study are statistically significant, what are you being told?
The study's findings were rather unlikely to have occurred by chance.
For various reasons, people taking the MMPI-2 might go into a testing situation planning on answering in a specific way to make themselves look extra bad or extra good. How does the MMPI-2 deal with this possibility?
The tool has validity scales that assess whether a person is answering in a straightforward manner.
Why are case studies subject to the effects of bias?
The writer of the case study selects what information to include and omit.
Why does experimental research allow for conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables?
There is manipulation of one variable and then observation of how another variable is affected.
What is meant by data indicating that anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and substance use disorders together account for 184 million DALYs?
These disorders result in the loss of 184 million years of otherwise "healthy" life
In psychiatric diagnosis, the term symptoms refers to __________; the term signs refers to __________.
the patient's subjective description of the problem; the diagnostician's objective observations
__________ is a method for studying the brain that involves generating a magnetic field on the surface of the head and stimulating underlying brain tissue.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A native Mexican, who speaks Spanish and has limited English skills, reports feeling suicidal. He has been admitted to the psychiatric unit of a community hospital where the treatment team has ordered a psychological evaluation. Which psychologist would be the best choice for assessing this man?
Vanessa, who is fluent in Spanish, French, and English and is the daughter of Mexican immigrant parents.
Why are high rates of comorbidity among mental illnesses used as evidence that the categorical approach to classification may be flawed?
We may be giving multiple labels to the same underlying difficulties.
Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory, which influenced many researchers in the empirical study of abnormal behavior?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following would be the best use of language to describe a person who has been diagnosed with a psychiatric condition?
a 23-year-old person with schizophrenia (not giving the person a label, but a diagnosis)
Which of the following descriptions best reflects the characteristics of a securely attached child in Japanese culture?
a child who is dependent, emotionally restrained, and can express his feelings only in an indirect manner
Research suggests that childhood abuse is associated with the risk of developing depression later in life. However, not everyone who experiences childhood abuse develops depression, and many people who develop depression did not experience childhood abuse. Childhood abuse is thus which of the following?
a contributory cause of depression
The strength of a correlation is measured by __________.
a correlation coefficient, which is denoted by the symbol r
Analiese is a child being raised by her grandmother who did not want to have to take on this responsibility. As a result, the grandmother often behaves in an abusive fashion, and Analiese is regularly mistreated. Which type of attachment is she likely to demonstrate?
a disorganized and disoriented attachment
If a child is born with the genes to develop an illness called PKU, his or her parents will be instructed to monitor the amount of a specific amino acid in that child's diet. If the child is prevented from taking in too much of that chemical, the effects of the condition can be significantly reduced. What does this demonstrate?
a genotype-environment interaction
In cases where physical symptoms are part of the presenting clinical picture, a referral for __________ is recommended.
a medical examination
Which symptom represents the irrationality and unpredictability criterion of abnormality?
a person who begins to speak in rhymes instead of coherent sentences
Which of the following would you want to use if you were interested in administering an objective personality test to a client?
a rating scale
While an _________ condition is somewhat short in duration, a ______ condition lasts for a longer period of time.
acute; chronic
Starting in the sixteenth century, people considered to be "insane" were housed in __________.
asylums
Jose's father, Bastian, immigrated to America from the Caribbean ten years ago. Two months ago, Bastian's wife died after a lengthy battle with cancer. Bastian has recently been displaying crying fits, seizure-like episodes and, at times, aggressive behaviors. Medical professionals have been unable to identify a physical cause for Bastian's stress. Caribbean family members suspect that Bastian is suffering from _______________.
ataque de nervios
Parents that are warm and set clear limits, but allow a degree of freedom within the limits are described as having a(n) __________ parenting style.
authoritative
During the Middle Ages in Europe, management and care of persons with mental illness was taken on by __________.
clergy
Having an agreed-upon __________ allows professionals to be confident that they are communicating clearly with each other and with laypersons.
classification system
In an experiment, every time a participant sees the color red, they are given an electric shock. Over time, participants flinch as soon as they see the color red. Later in the experiment, the experimenter repeatedly shows the color red without pairing it with a shock. Eventually, participants stop flinching when they see the color red. In this experiment, red is the __________ and __________ is the process that happens when the color red is shown repeatedly without a shock.
conditioned stimulus; extinction
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in secretion of __________, a hormone, in response to __________.
cortisol; stress
With twin method research, the concordance rate reflects __________.
the percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait
Dr. Ratzinger has hypothesized that thimerosal vaccines cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He compares a group of children who received the thimerosal vaccine and have been diagnosed with ASD to a group of children who received the thimerosal but do not have a diagnosis of ASD. The group of children with diagnosis of ASD is referred to as the __________ group; the group of children that does not have the diagnosis is referred to as the __________ group.
criterion; comparison
Dr. Summerly is working with Bo, a Korean boy, age 15. She decides to give him an intelligence test to assess his cognitive skills. She will need to remember to select a test that has been adapted and validated for a person from Korea. This sort of understanding of and attention to these factors is called __________.
cultural competence
During the latter half of the twentieth century, what movement caused a large number of psychiatric, state, and county mental hospitals to close?
deinstitutionalization
Research finds that when a father suffers from mental illness or is minimally involved in caretaking during a child's infancy, it is related to a greater child and adolescent psychopathology. Which of the following conditions is particularly related to these factors?
delinquency
The rationale for providing a return to baseline during the second A phase of an ABAB research design is to __________.
demonstrate that the behavior observed during the first B phase is attainable once again during the second B phase
In experimental research, a phenomenon that is observed—the outcome variable of interest—is called the __________ variable.
dependent
Which of the following types of psychological difficulties has posed major problems to all societies, with historical evidence of the disorder within Western civilization for over 2,000 years and even some evidence within writings from ancient Egypt?
depression
Theresa, a developmental psychologist is studying nurturing play among preschool girls. She has been trained in observing certain nurturing behaviors in young girls. Theresa observes girls playing on their preschool playground an records the number of times the girls, hug, hold hands and wave at each other. This type of observation is called:
direct observation
Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker found that chlorpromazine incidentally reduced symptoms of psychosis and mania. Later on, researchers discovered that this drug targeted which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been associated with pleasurable experiences and cognitive processes, and implicated in schizophrenia and drug addiction?
dopamine
Professor Gonzalez studied the relationship between breast milk versus formula feeding during infancy to children's IQ at age 7 using a population of 100 children. Professor Gonzalez found that children who had been breastfed during infancy had significantly higher IQ scores compared to those who had been formula fed. Professor Patel repeated Gonzalez's research using 200 children in his study and found no significant differences in IQ scores between those children who had been breast versus formula fed during infancy. What concept could explain the marked differences in results of the two researchers?
effect size
In addition to identifying patients' presenting problems, behavioral histories, intellectual functioning, and environmental pressures, clinical assessments can help to determine which of the following?
effectiveness of therapy
The term catharsis is loosely synonymous with which of the following phrases?
emotional release
Dante is interested in understanding the causes of autism spectrum disorder. In other words, he is interested in studying the __________ of autism spectrum disorder.
etiology
Which of the following perspectives shares some overlap with the humanistic perspective but takes on a less optimistic view of human beings?
existentialist
__________ refers to the extent to which one can generalize the research results obtained from the sample population to other populations.
external validity
Ingrid works with a psychotherapist who encourages her to talk about whatever comes to mind during her sessions. Her psychotherapist feels that this strategy will bring unconscious issues to the level of awareness so that the issues may be analyzed. This method is called __________.
free association
One of the problems with case study research is the issue of _______, or the extent to which findings in that one study can be used to draw conclusions about other, similar cases.
generalizability
Joelle has a genetic predisposition toward being shy. As a result, she tends to keep to herself, avoid eye contact with others, and not talk much in class. Her peers assume she's aloof because she does not start conversations with or try to hang out with them. As a result, they do not invite her to sit with them at lunch or to their birthday parties. This leads Joelle to think that her peers do not like her, and she becomes even less likely to start conversations with her peers. Which of the following is this an example of?
genotype-environment correlation
Prior to 1974, homosexuality was included in the DSM and classified as a mental disorder. The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of __________.
how social or cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality
The MMPI contains validity scales that measure __________ and clinical scales that measure __________.
how truthful the client is in answering the questions; the client's tendency to answer questions in psychologically deviant ways
The techniques first made famous by Franz Anton Mesmer, where he claimed to treat a variety of diseases using "animal magnetism," were the precursors to modern __________.
hypnosis
Which of the following is likely to compromise external validity?
if the sample includes only college males
Clients who receive appropriate test feedback after an assessment tend to __________.
improve
In epidemiological work, the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time is called __________.
incidence
Asylums, by Erving Goffman, The Snake Pit, by Jane Ward, and A Mind That Found Itself, by Clifford Beers were each influential in drawing attention to __________.
inhumane aspects of institutionalized mental health care in the U.S.
Jordan was seen simultaneously by two different psychologists who each complete the same standardized assessment to determine his presenting problem. Both psychologists determine that Jordan is suffering from Major Depressive Disorder. This consistency across psychologists suggests that the standardized assessment demonstrates strong __________.
inter-rater reliability
Dr. Ray has just conducted a study examining suicidal thoughts and behaviors among non-heterosexual teenagers. He is very confident that the results of his study are accurate. Dr. Ray would thus say that his study has high _______________.
internal validity
During his abnormal psychology class exam, Peter began to pound the desk and make loud quacking noises. His classmates cast worried glances at the professor as Peter continued to quack and pound the desk. Which of the indicators of abnormality presented in your text best represents Peter's behaviors?
irrationality and unpredictability
In a client assessment, clinicians must integrate client personal details and create a meaningful picture of the client from an array of information including the client's personality traits, behavior patterns, and environmental demands. Clinicians refer to this initial assessment as a dynamic formulation because __________.
it encompasses information about the client's current situation and provides hypotheses about what may be driving the client's behavior
Although deinstitutionalization has allowed many former patients to develop living skills and to have a better overall quality of life, a particularly prevalent issue for some former patients is that deinstitutionalization has __________.
left them homeless and subject to a harsh existence
In the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the __________, which is the basic emotional and psychic energy of life, is believed to be constituted by life instincts.
libido
What are the two parental dimensions that distinguish the different parenting styles, including authoritative, authoritarian, permissive/indulgent, and neglectful/uninvolved?
warmth and control
In a study of the effects of early-life deprivation, children in a Romanian orphanage demonstrated which of the following neurological patterns?
lower total gray matter volume
Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, classified all mental disorders into three categories. What were they?
mania, melancholia, and phrenitis
Benjamin Rush, considered the founder of American psychiatry, is most likely to have recommended a treatment similar to which of the following?
moral management
During the early period of humanitarian reform, the use of __________ became relatively widespread. This involved focusing on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs and also emphasized rehabilitating a patient's "character" as part of their treatment.
moral management
__________ was a treatment model used in asylums that emphasized the patients' moral and spiritual development and the rehabilitation of their "character." Less focus was placed on their physical or mental disorders.
moral management
A __________ cause is one that must exist in order for a disorder to occur.
necessary
Alessandra was experiencing low mood and lack of energy. Stemming from beliefs that Victorian morality was important for good mental health, alienists (or psychiatrists) at the time believed that her condition was due to "lifestyle" problems and gave her which of the following diagnoses?
neurasthenia
The temperament dimension of fearfulness and irritability in infants has been found to correspond to the adult personality dimension of __________.
neuroticism
At its most fundamental level, the classification of mental disorders gives us a ______, which provides clinicians with a common language and shorthand terms for complex clinical situations.
nomenclature
Which psychodynamic theory or perspective focuses on the impact of relationships with others during childhood and the introjection or symbolic incorporation of important people into a child's personality?
object-relations theory
The concept of reinforcement, which is the delivery of a reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus, is essential to the theory of __________.
operant conditioning
Aaron tends to be very shy and laid back, and is generally inhibited in social situations. As a result, his boss does not see him as a leader and Aaron is repeatedly overlooked for promotions; this has caused Aaron to be very anxious and somewhat depressed. In this case Aaron has a __________ factor that is influencing his mental health.
personality
Which one of the following categories of assessment procedures is least likely to have problems with validity?
personality scales
Kleinman found that Chinese people and Westerners experience stress very differently. Chinese people are most likely to report __________ in response to stress; Westerners typically report __________ in response to stress.
physical problems such as fatigue or weakness; feeling depressed
Dr. Lopez wants to study the prevalence of schizophrenia with the population living in the south side of Chicago. He plans to count the number of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia that are living there on February 1. Individuals diagnosed before or after February 1 will not be included in the count. This method of evaluating the prevalence of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in the south side population is called a __________.
point prevalence
Single genes tend to confer only very small influence on mental illness. Instead, risk for mental illness is determined by multiple genes and/or polymorphisms of those genes. Thus, vulnerability to mental illness is almost always __________.
polygenic
The major symptoms or behaviors that a client is experiencing are called the __________.
presenting problem
The term _______ refers to the number of active cases of a given condition or disorder that occurs during a given period of time.
prevalence
Whereas a psychodynamic therapist might rely on the information from a projective test (e.g., Rorschach inkblots or Thematic Apperception Test), a humanistic therapist might rely more on the data gathered from an unstructured interview. This demonstrates the importance of __________ on the process of assessment and evaluation.
professional orientation
Brittany's mother was a heroin addict who spent many years in prison. Brittany was raised in an impoverished, crime-ridden neighborhood by her maternal grandmother who adored Brittany and involved her in church and enrichment activities. Brittany is now a successful clinical social worker who is happily married. Some researchers would attribute her successful outcome to what is called a __________ of her grandmother.
protective factor
A(n) __________ is a conceptual entity depicting an idealized combination of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together in a less-than-perfect or standard way at the level of actual observation.
prototype
Goodwin (2014) analyzed 55 horror movies made between 2000 and 2012, and found that murderers are most often people who are depicted as suffering from _________.
psychosis
An experimenter wants to make sure that all of her participant groups are as similar as possible before the intervention being researched is applied. She takes her pool of participants and divides them into four different groups, making sure that each person has the same chance of being placed in any of those groups. What is the name for the procedure used to keep these groups approximately equivalent?
random assignment
James is very disappointed that his wife has been less interested in having sex with him lately. One evening after his advances are declined, he has a childish temper tantrum about never getting his way in the bedroom. This demonstrates the ego-defense mechanism of __________.
regression
Dr. Beggs wanted to determine if her patient was depressed. To assess this, she administered a test where her patient did as many jumping jacks as she could within a minute on four different occasions. Her patient completed almost the exact same number of jumping jacks each time. However, this test was not associated with her patient's depressive symptoms. Dr. Beggs's test showed good __________ but poor __________.
reliability; validity
Jordan lives in the time of Hippocrates and has been demonstrating the symptoms of a mental illness. If he is to be treated by the famed physician, which of the following would be recommended as part of his recovery?
removing Jordan from his family during his treatment
The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances is called __________.
resilience
Nina is in seventh grade and currently refuses to go to school. She says she feels extreme anxiety at the thought of going to school, talking to her peers, and making it through the day. During the assessment, Nina reveals that she experiences a lot of bullying at school because of her lisp. This information highlights the importance of __________ in conceptualization of Nina's psychological functioning.
social factors
Whereas the prevalence of depression in Japan is only 3 percent, in the United States the prevalence is almost six times that, at 17 percent. Which of the following factors likely impacts this discrepancy?
sociocultural factors
The vast majority of people have no climbed to the peak of Mount Everest. Those who have represent a very small portion of the total population, but they would not be labeled as abnormal for having done so. This demonstrates the pitfall of using ______ as a lone criterion of abnormality.
statistical deviancy
Automatic beliefs concerning other people that we learn as we grow up in a given culture are called ____________.
stereotypes
According to research data, which type of assessment interview provides the most reliable results?
structured
Research has supported the position that __________ assessment interviews yield more reliable results than do __________ assessment interviews.
structured; unstructured
Some forms of psychopathology are culture-bound. For example, in Japan, an anxiety disorder called __________ involves a marked fear that one's body, body parts, or body functions may offend or embarrass others.
taijin kyofusho
Dr. Wang wants to administer an assessment with a new client who recently emigrated from Brazil and speaks only minimal English. After consulting with her colleagues, she finds a Portuguese version of the assessment that has been used a few times before. Before using the assessment, Dr. Wang should ensure __________.
that the measure has been tested and validated for use with Brazilians
Which of the following pieces of legislation was a program that funded community mental health hospitals, passed in the mid-1900s?
the Hill-Burton Act
The primary reason for establishing a deinstitutionalization policy was __________.
the belief that treating disturbed people outside of large mental hospitals was considered more humane and likely to prevent patients from acquiring negative adaptations to hospital confinement
Some researchers believe that individuals who develop schizophrenia are born with a vulnerability that can predispose the person to develop schizophrenia. If the person is exposed to certain life events, the likelihood that he or she will develop schizophrenia is increased. If these particular life events do not occur, the person most likely would not develop schizophrenia. This model for looking at the development of schizophrenia is called __________.
the diathesis-stress model
The humanistic perspective places a strong emphasis on __________.
the individual's capacity for purposeful self-direction
Patients institutionalized with mental illness during the late nineteenth century were typically given treatment that focused almost exclusively on their physical well-being. Although patients were physically comfortable and cared for, the social environment and their psychological needs were not addressed. This approach to addressing mental illness was called __________.
the mental hygiene movement
Dr. Swinburn has just finished an intake appointment with a new client, and she feels ready to make a diagnosis based on that one-hour conversation. She does not know that this client was not yet comfortable enough with the counseling process to share some important information with the therapist. Which factor is Dr. Swinburn forgetting to consider when she makes this diagnosis?
the risk of premature evaluation
One of the criticisms of the norms of the Rorschach Inkblot Test is that __________.
the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are
Although asylums tended to involve cruel and dirty treatment conditions, they were originally created with which of the following intentions?
to provide refuge and treatment specifically for people with mental illness
Anna was hospitalized for depression after the death of her husband. According to the nursing staff, Anna has a passive-aggressive personality because she is slow to participate in activities. The nursing staff feels that treatment should focus on eradicating the alleged passive-aggressive personality characteristics. Which of the following factors affecting ethical assessment is being overlooked in this plan?
underemphasis on the external situation
In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of ________.
validity
In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of __________.
validity
Compared to structured interviews, semi-structured interviews tend to produce diagnoses with greater __________. However, a downside of semi-structured interviews is that they require extensive __________.
validity; training
Ben received a diagnosis of ADHD when referred for diagnostic testing after chronically misbehaving in class. His teacher recently noticed that his classmates were making fun of him. Which of the following events most likely led Ben's peers to make fun of him?
watching him fidget in his seat and call out in class
Which groups are least likely to seek out mental health treatment as the result of perceived stigma?
younger people, men, and ethnic minorities
