ACIDS

How many codons encode the initiation of translation in triplet combinations?

1

Order the following steps in the correct sequence of influenza virus infection:1. Influenza viruses becomes attached to a target epithelial cell.2. Viral contents are released. Viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase.3. The cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis.4. New viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid. The cell, which is not killed in the process, continues to make a new virus.5. Viral mRNA is used to make viral proteins.

1→3→2→5→4

Using the four bases, A, C, G, and U, in the mRNA, how many codons can possibly be formed?

64

Protein synthesis begins with the formation of

An initiation complex

In DNA, the base thymine pairs with the base adenine via two hydrogen bonds. Which of the following describes the correct groups engaged in those hydrogen bonds?

An oxygen from a carbonyl group hydrogen bonds to a hydrogen on a substituent amine group, and a hydrogen on a ring nitrogen hydrogen bonds to a ring nitrogen.

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

It is an antiparallel double helix.

Which of the following statements are true about frameshift mutations?

Frameshift mutations can result from the insertion of a new base into the sequence. Frameshift mutations can result from the deletion of a base from the sequence.

Which of the following three-base sequences is NOT a codon in mRNA

GTU

Which type of virus can perform reverse transcription

retrovirus

What enzyme catalyzes the reverse transcription process

reverse transcriptase

What is the name of the process when DNA is made from an RNA template

reverse transcription

What is the name of the process when DNA is made from an RNA template?

reverse transcription

What is the site for translation of mRNA into protein

ribosomes

Use the genetic code to determine what type (or types) of mutation results if a section of DNA changes from GTT-GCG-TTA-CCC (copied to mRNA as GUU-GCG-UUA-CCC) to GTT-GCG-CTG-CCC (copied to mRNA as GUU-GCG-CUG-CCC).

silent

Identify the type of mutation illustrated in the image above.

silent mutation

When mutations are not expressed, then they are known as __________.

silent mutations

A mutation occurring without any exposure to an environmental agent is called a

spontaneous mutation

What is the name of the rod-shaped virus that was first seen under a microscope

tobacco mosaic virus

Which type of mutation indicates that a purine, such as adenine, is replaced by the same type of base (in this case guanine)

transition mutation

Protein synthesis involves __________ an mRNA molecule

translating

Protein synthesis involves __________ an mRNA molecule.

translating

The process of __________ involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product

translation or protein synthesis

If a piece of DNA from one chromosome gets moved to another chromosome or to another region of the same chromosome, it is known as

translocation

Viruses adhere to the surface of host cells in a variety of ways. Which of the following choices gives a list of correct viral attachment components?

HIV-glycoproteins; T4- tail fibers; adenovirus-spikes from capsid

How do retroviruses differ from so-called ordinary viruses

A retrovirus injects RNA into a host cell and directs that cell to make DNA from an RNA template.

If an analysis of the base composition of a DNA molecule shows that it contains 21% adenine, what is the percent of guanine that it must contain?

29

How many triplet combinations of A, U, G, and C specify the termination of protein synthesis

3

Protein synthesis can be divided into how many phases

3

A virion is a single virus particle outside of a cell. It contains genetic material in the form of RNA or DNA encased in a protein capsid. How many genes might a given virion contain?

5 150

Which of the following codons would you most likely expect to find at the beginning of a sequence?

AUG

Which of the following is one of the base pairs the can be found in DNA

CG

Which of the following is the process in which each strand of DNA is copied, resulting in a daughter DNA double helix containing one parental DNA strand and a newly synthesized strand?

DNA replication

Which of the following functional groups does NOT participate in hydrogen bonding in DNA base pairing?

OH

Name the enzyme that synthesizes RNA during the transcription process.

RNA polymerase

A small part of a DNA sequence is "ATGCTTA." Identify the sequence that is complementary to it.

TACGAAT

What are the ways in which a virus may hijack a cell or even kill a cell

The host cell releases the new virions. Sometimes they kill the host cells, and sometimes the host cells stay alive, continuing to produce more of the virus. The virus either injects its viral genetic material or is completely engulfed by the cell so that the genetic material is released from the virus in the cell. The virus uses the host cell's machinery and materials to replicate the viral genetic material and synthesize viral protein.

In the translation process, different types of RNA have different functions. The individual codons are interpreted by tRNA molecules. What is the function of mRNA in the translation process?

The mRNA contains an RNA version of the DNA code and moves the copy from the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes).

Which of the following occurs when a nonsense codon is encountered?

Translation is terminated.

Use the following table to write the codon for the given amino acid sequence: tryptophan-glutamic acid-threonine (Trp-Glu-Thr).

UGG-GAG-ACG

Identify the complex virions among the following

all of the above

Which of the following statements is true about virions

all of the above

Which of the following lie in the outside part of the helix in DNA?

a and b

When the pyrimidine, cytosine, is replaced by a purine, such as adenine, it is known as __________.

a transversion mutation

Identify the stop codons from the list below.

a, b, and c

Identify the name given to a virus that infects bacteria

bacteriophage

All virions have a nucleic acid genome covered by a protective layer of proteins. What is the name of this protein layer?

capsid

The genetic material within any particular virus is

either A or B

Use the genetic code to determine what type of mutation results if a section of DNA changes from TAC-CTA-CTA-GCT (copied to mRNA as UAC-CUA-CUA-GCU) to TAC-GCT-ACT-AGC (copied to mRNA as UAC-GCU-ACU-AGC).

frameshift

Which type of mutation is most likely to be detrimental to the organism

frameshift mutation

Identify the type of mutation illustrated in the image above

frameshift mutations

Base pairs in DNA are bound together by __________ bonds.

hydrogen

A portion of a strand of mRNA is CUA-AUA-CGA. Identify the corresponding sequence of amino acids.

leucine-isoleucine-arginine (Leu-Ile-Arg)

The mRNA strand has CUC UAC AGC. Identify the corresponding sequence of amino acids.

leucine-tyrosine-serine

During translation, or protein synthesis, which molecule provides the template

mRNA

In translation, the polypeptide chain is formed when __________ move(s) relative to the ribosome.

mRNA

Which of the following nucleic acid structures contains the codons along which a protein is assembled

mRNA

Which of the following nucleic acid structures contains the codons along which a protein is assembled?

mRNA

Use the genetic code to determine what type (or types) of mutation results if a section of DNA changes from GGA-AAT-CAC-ACT (copied to mRNA as GGA-AAU-CAC-ACU) to GGA-AAA-CAC-ACT (copied to mRNA as GGA-AAA-CAC-ACU). There may be more than one correct answer, so select all that apply.

missense

Use the genetic code to determine what type (or types) of mutation results if a section of DNA changes from AGT-GTT-CCA-GCC (copied to mRNA as AGU-GUU-CCA-GCC) to AGC-GTT-CCC-GTC (copied to mRNA as AGC-GUU-CCC-GUC). There may be more than one correct answer, so select all that apply.

missense silent

If a base substitution results in a coding for a different amino acid, it is called a __________.

missense mutation

Which of the following is true for base pairing

none of the above

Use the genetic code to determine what type of mutation results if a section of DNA changes from AGC-TAC-GCA-TTT (copied to mRNA as AGC-UAC-GCA-UUU) to AGC-TAG-GCA-TTT (copied to mRNA as AGC-UAG-GCA-UUU).

nonsense

Use the genetic code to determine what type of mutation results if a section of DNA changes from TGG-CGG-TAT-AGG-GGT (copied to mRNA as UGG-CGG-UAU-AGG-GGU) to TGG-CGG-TAA-AGG-GGT (copied to mRNA as UGG-CGG-UAA-AGG-GGU)

nonsense

Identify the corresponding sequence of amino acids for UUU GAA UGU.

phenylalanine-glutamic acid-cysteine

Which term below is used to describe a mutation that affects a single base-pair as opposed to range of base-pairs?

point mutation

The complete mRNA/poly-ribosome structure is called a

polysome

Viral capsids come in many shapes. A capsid is made of which of the following

protein

Which of the following are components of viruses

proteins genetic material

Which of the following nucleic acid structures is part of both the large and small ribosomal subunits?

rRNA

Ribosomes are made up of a combination of

rRNA, proteins

During translation, which of the following nucleic acid structures binds to a specific base sequence on one end and attaches to a corresponding amino acid on the other end

tRNA

During translation, which of the following nucleic acid structures binds to a specific base sequence on one end and attaches to a corresponding amino acid on the other end?

tRNA

Which molecule carries an anticodon

tRNA

Which molecule carries an anticodon?

tRNA

Which molecule recognizes a codon on one end and attaches to a specific amino acid on the other

tRNA

Which of the following nucleic acid structures contains the anticodons used in assembling amino acids into proteins?

tRNA

In DNA, only C and G will pair, and only A and T will pair. What is the phrase that refers to this specific pairing

the base complementary rule

Identify the name given to a single virus particle outside of a cell

virion