Acids and Bases Review
Acids
pH of 0-6.9 produce hydronium ions (H+) reacts with metals tastes sour
Bases
pH of 7.1-14 produces hydroxide ions (OH-) doesn't react with metals (good for cleaning) tastes bitter
Saturated
:when a solvent is 'full' of solute and cannot dissolve anymore
What is the relationship between the pH lf a solution and the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+?)
As the pH of a solution increases, the concentration of H+ ions decreases. AN increase of 1 pH unit decreases the concentration 10 times. As the pH of a solution decreases, the concentration of H+ ions increases. A decrease of pH unit increases the concentration 10 times.
What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) when an acid and a base are reacted?
When an acid and a base react, H+ ions and OH- ions react to produce water and decrease the concentration of H+ ions.
What is neutralization? What does it produce?
Putting an acid and a base together to get back to 7 on the pH scale. Produces a salt and water. HCl + NaOH = H2O + NaCl
What increases solubility?
Shaking/stirring, increasing temperature and pressure, decreasing particle size (increasing surface area), increasing solvent amount.
What is the relationship between the concentration of H+ ions in a solution and the chemical activity of strong and weak acids?
Stronger acids are able to release more H+ ions when mixed with water resulting in a higher concentration of H+ ions. Weaker acids release fewer H+ ions resulting in a lower concentration of H+ ions.
What is the relationship between the concentration of H+ ions in a solution and the chemical activity lf strong and weak bases?
Stronger bases are able to remove more H+ ions when mixed with water resulting in a lower concentration of H+ ions. Weaker bases remove fewer H+ ions resulting in a higher concentration of H+ ions.
How are acids and bases organized on the pH scale?
Strongest acids and bases ar eon the outsides (0 for acids and 14 for bases), weakest closest to neutral (7) in the middle. The more hydrogen ions produced, the closer to 0 (strong acid) and the more hydroxide ions produced the closer to 14 (strong base). If produces equal amounts then neutral (7)
Solute
The substance that changes state when a solution is prepared or is present in the smallest amount
Hydroxide Ion
When a base is mixed with water, it dissociates into a positively charged ion and a hydroxide ion, OH-. A hydroxide ion is a water molecule that has lost a hydrogen ion, H+, leaving its electron.
Hydrogen Ion
When an acid is mixed with water, it dissociates into a negatively charged ion and a hydrogen ion, H+. A hydrogen ion is a hydrogen atom that has lost 1 electron, so only the nucleus and its single proton remain.
Acid
a chemical compound that dissociates into a hydrogen ion(s) and a negatively charged ion when mixed with water
Base
a chemical compound that dissociates into hydroxide ion(s) and a positively charged ion when mixed with water
Ion
a chemical compound that has a negative or a positive charge - A cation is positively charged and an anion is negatively charged.
pH Scale
a linear scale from 0 to 14 that is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration
Solution
a mixture of two or more substances that is homogeneous or the same throughout
Soluble
able to be dissolved by a particular solvent
What properties make acids and bases chemically reactive?
acids release H+ ions when they are mixed with water and bases remove H+ ions when they are mixed with water.
Give examples of acids.
any citrus juice, vinegar, hydrochloric acid, milk
Give examples of bases.
any soaps or cleaners, baking soda, blood, antacids
Precipitate
forms when a solvent is saturated and more solute is added. The extra solute 'precipitates' to the bottom.
Acids - when dissolved in water produce ___________ ions (H+)
more hydronium
Bases - when dissolved in water produce ____________ ions (OH-)
more hydroxide
Insoluble
not able to be dissolved by a particular solvent. Some things can be dissolved by water and some cannot (insoluble)
Heterogeneous Mixture
not the same through (each scoop has different amounts of each solute compared to each other and to the solvent). Trail mix, chocolate chip cookies, salad...
A Shirley Temple (cherry juice mixed into ginger ale)
solute: cherry juice solvent: ginger ale
Air
solute: oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide solvent: nitrogen
Salt Water
solute: salt solvent: water
Kool Ade
solute: sugar and other flavorings in packet solvent: water
The more hydronium ions produced, the ____________ the acid.
stronger
The more hydroxide ions produced, the _____________ the base.
stronger
Concentration
the ratio of the amount of solute to the volume of solvent - Concentration is usually expressed as a certain mass or volume of solute that is dissolved in 1 milliliter, 100 milliliters or in 1 liter.
Homogenous Mixture
the same throughout (each scoop has the same amount of each solute and solvent). Sal water, koolade, cake mix without swirls and such...
Solvent
the substance that does not change state when a solution is prepared or is present in the largest amount - In the context of these Investigations, the solvent is water.
Dissociate
when a chemical compound is dissolved in a solvent, usually water, and separates into two or more ions
Dilution
when a less concentrated solution is prepared by adding additional solvent.
Neutralization
when an acid and a base react to form a water molecule(s0s) and reduce the hydrogen ion concentration.