Activity and Exercise

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)

A listing of research-based nursing intervention labels that provides standardization of expected nursing interventions.

slump

A type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope

trombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein with formation of a clot

Venous vasodilation and stasis

Insufficient contraction of the skeletal muscles and muscles atrophy which makes the skeletal muscles unable to assist in pumping blood back to the heart against gravity. Blood pools in legs causing vasodilation & engorgement. The valves become incompetent (don't function as they should, allowing backward flow of blood and pooling) which increases venous blood pressure.

anaerobic exercise

intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

orthostatic hypotension

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

prone position

lying face down

Trendelenburg position

lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet

Sims position

lying on left side with right knee drawn up and with left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back

supine

lying on the back

basal ganglia

maintain posture

isotonic exercise

muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement. Most physical conditioning exercises—running, walking, swimming, cycling, and other such activities. muscle contraction + movement

patient handling injury

not to lift over 16 kg

Fowler Positions

or a semisitting position, is a bed position in which the head and trunk are raised 45° to 60° relative to the bed (visualize a 90° right angle to orient your thinking) and the knees may or may not be flexed. Typically, Fowler's position refers to a 45° angle of elevation of the upper body.

Proprioception

our sense of body position

-paresis

partial paralysis

ankylosed

permanently immobile

Catabolism

protein breaking down

Anabolism

protein synthesis

disuse osteoporosis

reductions in skeletal mass routinely accompanying immobility or paralysis

lateral position

side lying position. This flexion reduces lordosis and promotes good back alignment. For this reason, the lateral position is good for resting and sleeping clients

urinary stasis

stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation

vestibulospinal input

stretch of muscles and tenders

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Ambulation

the act of walking

semiprone position

the client assumes a posture halfway between the lateral and the prone positions. The lower arm is positioned behind the client, and the upper arm is flexed at the shoulder and the elbow. Both legs are flexed in front of the client.

orthopneic position

the client sits either in bed or on the side of the bed with an overbed table across the lap. This position facilitates respiration by allowing maximum chest expansion. It is particularly helpful to clients who have problems exhaling, because they can press the lower part of the chest against the edge of the overbed table.

Active Assistive ROM

the client uses a stronger, opposite arm or leg to move each of the joints of a limb incapable of active motion. The client learns to support and move the weak arm or leg with the strong arm or leg as far as possible. Then the nurse continues the movement passively to its maximal degree.

high-Fowler's position

the head and trunk are raised 60° to 90°, and most often the client is sitting upright at a right angle to the bed

mobility

the quality or state of being able to move about freely

activity tolerance

type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform

spastic

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles

Decreased respiratory movement

ventilation is altered in bed resting, immobile patients when their body presses against the rigid bed and reduces chest movement making it difficult to fully expand the lungs. Lack of stretching movements may produce shallow respirations and reduce vital capacity (max amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation)

trajectory model of chronic illness

views chronic illness from a life course perspective and as an integral part of lives not as a single event "outsider" view

vestibulo ocular input

vision

swing and stance phases

walking. A normal walking pace is 70 to 100 steps per minute. The pace of an older adult may slow to about 40 steps per minute.

disuse atrophy

when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size

semi-Fowler's position (low Fowler's)

when the head and trunk are raised 15° to 45°. This position is sometimes called low Fowler's and typically means 30° of elevation.

Diminished cardiac reserve

• Increase heart rate • Decrease: Diastolic pressure, blood flow • Minimal movement can cause: Tachycardia with even minimum exertion (напряжение)

Active ROM exercises

Isotonic exercises in which the client moves each joint in the body through its complete range of movement

atelectasis

collapsed lung Immobile older, postoperative clients are at greatest risk.

range of motion

complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable

cerebellum

coordinates the motor activities of movement

ADL

(Activities of Daily Living) Activities that are necessary for daily care of oneself. It includes using the toilet, grooming, dressing, and feeding oneself.

flaccid

(adj.) limp, not firm; lacking vigor or effectiveness

urinary retention

abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder мочевой пузырь because of an inability to urinate

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

isometric exercise

an exercise in which muscles contract but very little body movement takes place

Passive ROM exercises

another person moves each joint for a patient who is not able to exercise

urinary reflux

backward flow of urine

center of gravity

A 3D point where the total weight of the body may be considered to be concentrated.

Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)

A classification system that defines and describes patient outcomes to nursing interventions.

renal calculi

calcium stones that lodge in the renal pelvis or pass through the ureters

Surfactant

chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

activity should be stopped immediately if

Sudden facial paleness Feelings of dizziness or weakness Change in level of consciousness Heart rate or respiratory rate that significantly exceeds baseline or preestablished levels Change in heart or respiratory rhythm from regular to irregular Weakening of the pulse Dyspnea, shortness of breath, or chest pain Diastolic blood pressure change of 10 mmHg or more.

foot drop

The foot falls down at the ankle; permanent plantar flexion

contracture

The lack of joint mobility caused by abnormal shortening of a muscle

crepitation

a crackling or rattling sound of joints

dependent edema

a fluid accumulation in the tissues influenced by gravity; usually greater in the lower extremities than in tissue levels above the level of the heart

Functional Strength

ability of the body to perform work

Positioning Clients

every 2 hrs to assess the skin and provide skin care before and after a position change. performed by 2 nurses

negative nitrogen balance

excessive protein breakdown; ex. physical/emotional stress, starvation, immobility

isokinetic exercise

exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate

Valsalva maneuver

forcible exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased intrathoracic pressure. For example, clients tend to hold their breath when attempting to move up in a bed or sit on a bedpan. This builds up sufficient pressure on the large veins in the thorax to interfere with the return blood flow to the heart and coronary arteries.

negative calcium balance

greater amounts of calcium are extracted from bone than can be replaced

urinary incontinence

inability to control urination

Pooling of respiratory secretions

inactivity allows secretions to pool by gravity, interfering with normal diffusion of oxygen & carbon dioxide. Cough can be hindered by dehydration, loss of respiratory muscle tone, or sedatives that depress the cough reflex.

hypostatic pneumonia

inflammation of the lung from stasis or pooling of secretions. common cause of death among weakened, immobile clients, especially heavy smokers.

cerebral cortex

initiates voluntary motor activity

Labirinth

inner ear

Appearance and movement of joints

inspection, palpation, assessment of range of active motion, and if active motion is not possible, assessment of range of passive motion.