Activity and Exercise
embolus
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.
Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)
A listing of research-based nursing intervention labels that provides standardization of expected nursing interventions.
slump
A type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope
trombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with formation of a clot
Venous vasodilation and stasis
Insufficient contraction of the skeletal muscles and muscles atrophy which makes the skeletal muscles unable to assist in pumping blood back to the heart against gravity. Blood pools in legs causing vasodilation & engorgement. The valves become incompetent (don't function as they should, allowing backward flow of blood and pooling) which increases venous blood pressure.
anaerobic exercise
intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen
orthostatic hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
prone position
lying face down
Trendelenburg position
lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet
Sims position
lying on left side with right knee drawn up and with left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back
supine
lying on the back
basal ganglia
maintain posture
isotonic exercise
muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement. Most physical conditioning exercises—running, walking, swimming, cycling, and other such activities. muscle contraction + movement
patient handling injury
not to lift over 16 kg
Fowler Positions
or a semisitting position, is a bed position in which the head and trunk are raised 45° to 60° relative to the bed (visualize a 90° right angle to orient your thinking) and the knees may or may not be flexed. Typically, Fowler's position refers to a 45° angle of elevation of the upper body.
Proprioception
our sense of body position
-paresis
partial paralysis
ankylosed
permanently immobile
Catabolism
protein breaking down
Anabolism
protein synthesis
disuse osteoporosis
reductions in skeletal mass routinely accompanying immobility or paralysis
lateral position
side lying position. This flexion reduces lordosis and promotes good back alignment. For this reason, the lateral position is good for resting and sleeping clients
urinary stasis
stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation
vestibulospinal input
stretch of muscles and tenders
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
Ambulation
the act of walking
semiprone position
the client assumes a posture halfway between the lateral and the prone positions. The lower arm is positioned behind the client, and the upper arm is flexed at the shoulder and the elbow. Both legs are flexed in front of the client.
orthopneic position
the client sits either in bed or on the side of the bed with an overbed table across the lap. This position facilitates respiration by allowing maximum chest expansion. It is particularly helpful to clients who have problems exhaling, because they can press the lower part of the chest against the edge of the overbed table.
Active Assistive ROM
the client uses a stronger, opposite arm or leg to move each of the joints of a limb incapable of active motion. The client learns to support and move the weak arm or leg with the strong arm or leg as far as possible. Then the nurse continues the movement passively to its maximal degree.
high-Fowler's position
the head and trunk are raised 60° to 90°, and most often the client is sitting upright at a right angle to the bed
mobility
the quality or state of being able to move about freely
activity tolerance
type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform
spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles
Decreased respiratory movement
ventilation is altered in bed resting, immobile patients when their body presses against the rigid bed and reduces chest movement making it difficult to fully expand the lungs. Lack of stretching movements may produce shallow respirations and reduce vital capacity (max amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation)
trajectory model of chronic illness
views chronic illness from a life course perspective and as an integral part of lives not as a single event "outsider" view
vestibulo ocular input
vision
swing and stance phases
walking. A normal walking pace is 70 to 100 steps per minute. The pace of an older adult may slow to about 40 steps per minute.
disuse atrophy
when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size
semi-Fowler's position (low Fowler's)
when the head and trunk are raised 15° to 45°. This position is sometimes called low Fowler's and typically means 30° of elevation.
Diminished cardiac reserve
• Increase heart rate • Decrease: Diastolic pressure, blood flow • Minimal movement can cause: Tachycardia with even minimum exertion (напряжение)
Active ROM exercises
Isotonic exercises in which the client moves each joint in the body through its complete range of movement
atelectasis
collapsed lung Immobile older, postoperative clients are at greatest risk.
range of motion
complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable
cerebellum
coordinates the motor activities of movement
ADL
(Activities of Daily Living) Activities that are necessary for daily care of oneself. It includes using the toilet, grooming, dressing, and feeding oneself.
flaccid
(adj.) limp, not firm; lacking vigor or effectiveness
urinary retention
abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder мочевой пузырь because of an inability to urinate
lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
isometric exercise
an exercise in which muscles contract but very little body movement takes place
Passive ROM exercises
another person moves each joint for a patient who is not able to exercise
urinary reflux
backward flow of urine
center of gravity
A 3D point where the total weight of the body may be considered to be concentrated.
Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
A classification system that defines and describes patient outcomes to nursing interventions.
renal calculi
calcium stones that lodge in the renal pelvis or pass through the ureters
Surfactant
chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing
activity should be stopped immediately if
Sudden facial paleness Feelings of dizziness or weakness Change in level of consciousness Heart rate or respiratory rate that significantly exceeds baseline or preestablished levels Change in heart or respiratory rhythm from regular to irregular Weakening of the pulse Dyspnea, shortness of breath, or chest pain Diastolic blood pressure change of 10 mmHg or more.
foot drop
The foot falls down at the ankle; permanent plantar flexion
contracture
The lack of joint mobility caused by abnormal shortening of a muscle
crepitation
a crackling or rattling sound of joints
dependent edema
a fluid accumulation in the tissues influenced by gravity; usually greater in the lower extremities than in tissue levels above the level of the heart
Functional Strength
ability of the body to perform work
Positioning Clients
every 2 hrs to assess the skin and provide skin care before and after a position change. performed by 2 nurses
negative nitrogen balance
excessive protein breakdown; ex. physical/emotional stress, starvation, immobility
isokinetic exercise
exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate
Valsalva maneuver
forcible exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased intrathoracic pressure. For example, clients tend to hold their breath when attempting to move up in a bed or sit on a bedpan. This builds up sufficient pressure on the large veins in the thorax to interfere with the return blood flow to the heart and coronary arteries.
negative calcium balance
greater amounts of calcium are extracted from bone than can be replaced
urinary incontinence
inability to control urination
Pooling of respiratory secretions
inactivity allows secretions to pool by gravity, interfering with normal diffusion of oxygen & carbon dioxide. Cough can be hindered by dehydration, loss of respiratory muscle tone, or sedatives that depress the cough reflex.
hypostatic pneumonia
inflammation of the lung from stasis or pooling of secretions. common cause of death among weakened, immobile clients, especially heavy smokers.
cerebral cortex
initiates voluntary motor activity
Labirinth
inner ear
Appearance and movement of joints
inspection, palpation, assessment of range of active motion, and if active motion is not possible, assessment of range of passive motion.