Adaptive Test Prep Ch. 8-15
Large corporations such Walmart, Comcast, and Boeing are examples of ________ interest groups that try to influence policy on their own and by joining trade associations composed of businesses with similar goals.
economic
Trade and professional associations, such as the National Association of Manufacturers and the American Bar Association, are examples of ________ formed to advance the economic status of its members.
economic interest groups
One function of a political party is to ________ candidates for public office.
recruit
What kind of lobbying strategy works bet when focused on the group's needs?
Inside strategy
A(n) ________ interest group is one that encourages members to provide international assistance.
human rights
What is the minimum age at the time of taking office for a US senator?
30
Nonprofit Interest groups that are NOT allowed to engage in lobbying, campaign, or legislative activities are known as ________.
501(c)(3) organizations
Apolitical nonprofit groups that focus on public policy issues and promote social welfare are called ________ organizations.
501(c)(4)
The top national association, representing interests of more than 38 million Americans, is the ________.
AARP
Which party emerged in the middle of the nineteenth century as a coalition of Whigs and the radical antislavery Free Soil Party?
Republican Party
Prior to the civil rights legislation of the mid-1960s, it was almost impossible for a(n) ________ to be elected to public office.
African American
Angeline is a registered voter who identifies as an "independent." What does this mean?
Angeline does not identify with any political party and votes for the candidates that she agrees with during any particular election.
All US states now use the ________ ballot, which is a secret ballot that is prepared, distributed, and counted by government officials at public expense, to ensure confidentiality and avoid pressure on voters.
Australian
Which of the following best describes proportional representation as a general principle?
Awards legislative seats to each party in proportion to the total number of votes it wins in an election Awards state legislation to single winners chosen by a simple plurality of votes produced in an electoral system
What Supreme Court case is considered to have declared that corporations are people?
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Pressuring elected officials to be responsive to their constituents and holding the government accountable for its actions are two ways that interest groups contribute to a ______.
Democracy
The ________ Party has a history of appealing to groups such as African Americans, the working class, environmentalists, women, and the LGBT community that shapes the character of the party to this day.
Democratic
To remain financially stable, many interest groups rely on ______ from members to cover their operating expenses?
Dues
What does the term "divided government" mean?
Executive and legislative branches controlled by different parties
Because of the large amount of money they spend on campaign support, one of the biggest criticisms of political action committees (PACs) is that they ________.
Exert a disproportionate influence over legislators
Who is responsible for enforcing federal campaign laws?
FEC
Delegates to the national conventions tend to be the most moderate members of their parties, whether Democrat or Republican.
False
One purpose of a state party organization is that in most states the state central committee has the primary power to influence candidates once they are elected.
False
Roosevelt's New Deal relief programs were open to all citizens except African Americans. As a result, African Americans began to support the Republican Party in large numbers—a development that would not have stunned any American politician of the 1800s.
False
Special interest groups such as the American Association of Automobile Manufacturers have the power to pass and implement laws.
False
Strict and complex laws govern who can give money, and how much, to a political campaign. These laws ensure that campaigns are fair and do not disadvantage candidates with less money.
False
The term "patronage" means buying votes and is another term for financially based voter fraud.
False
There are no limits on how much money an individual can donate to a single candidate running for federal office.
False
Today, most presidential candidates agree with George Washington that it is better to avoid being seen as campaigning so as not to look overly ambitious.
False
Which of the following represents a type of policy that would have been favored by the Whigs?
Federal funds to be spent on infrastructure, such as roads
Which type of ballot is most likely to enhance the coattail effect of sweeping in members of the same party?
Indiana
Private economic interest groups do NOT include which of the following?
Interest groups
In 1800, Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States, replacing John Adams. What was particularly remarkable about this transition?
It was one of the world's first peaceful transfers of power from one party to another.
What makes an interest group private or public, most powerful?
Its total memebership
Who provides the foot soldiers of politics—the ones who pass out literature and get out the vote on Election Day?
Local party organizations
Of the following, which is a threat to the survival of unions?
Loss of jobs in the industries they represent
Which of the following is something that happens at midterm elections that make them quite different from presidential election years?
Low voter turnout
________ is a political theory that holds that, in a democracy, the government ought to do what the majority of the people want.
Majoritarianism
Which term means the tendency for people to believe what they want to believe rather than relying on evidence?
Motivated reasoning
Which component of a political party provides the structural framework for the political party through such activities as recruiting volunteers, identifying potential candidates, and organizing caucuses, conventions, and election campaigns?
Party organization
In a(n) ______ society such as the United States, the tolerence people share for competing interest groups serves the public's common interest.
Pluralist
________ are nonprofit interest groups that raise funds to support electoral candidates and are subject to campaign finance laws.
Political action committees (PACs)
What is defined as "a group of political activists who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine public policy?"
Political party
After the ratification of the Constitution, there were two political parties. Which party represented artisans and farmers and supported states' rights over a strong central government?
Republicans
When you fill out your tax return form, you have the option to check a box to allow a small amount of money from your tax payment go to public funding of presidential campaigns. Which rule has recently made candidates less inclined to accept this money?
Publicly funded candidates may not exceed the program's spending limits.
________ means the shift of a large group of voters from one party to another.
Realignment
Opprotunities for networking with people who share common interests, discounts on rental cars, and receiving monthly magazines are examples of ______ that interest groups use to attract and retain members.
Selective Benefits
When an individual joins an interest group, the pleasure of associating with a group of like-minded people is called a(n) ________ benefit.
Solidary
Which of the following are two of the most important resources interest groups have for affecting public policy?
Strong membership and substantial budgets
Which act, passed in 1939, restricted the political activities of civil servants and restricted individual contributions to a campaign committee to $5,000?
The Hatch Act
In the case of a presidential election in which none of the candidates received a majority of electoral votes because of a strong third-party candidate, who would choose the next president?
The House of Representatives would choose from the three candidates with the most votes, with each state having one vote.
Jill is running for president and has chosen Jack as her running mate. Jill is 42 years old and was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio, where she maintains her home today. Jack is 38 years old; he was born in Honolulu but has lived in Barnesville, Ohio, since his family moved there when he was 12 years old. What stands in the way of this presidential ticket?
The candidate for vice president cannot be from the same state as the candidate for president.
When the self-interest of a leader no longer mirrors the majority opinion of the group, the theory of ______ is used to explain their behavior.
The iron law of oligarchy
A direct primary is one in which voters decide party nominations by voting directly for candidates. In an indirect primary, voters instead choose convention delegates, and the delegates determine the party's candidate in the general election.
True
Between 1800 and 1820, the Jeffersonian Republicans held both the presidency and Congress, while the Federalist party had nearly collapsed. This period of one-party rule had little political debate, and the time of the Monroe administration came to be known as the "Era of Good Feelings."
True
Conservative nationalists, Republicans who oppose immigration and foreign imports, were instrumental in electing Donald Trump even though these positions put them in direct conflict with the business wing of the party, which supports free trade and relatively open immigration.
True
In the contest between McKinley's "front porch campaign" and Bryan's "whistlestop campaign" by train, McKinley's campaign ultimately triumphed.
True
Job losses in a single industry can have a negative impact on a interest group's memebership stability.
True
One outcome of the current polarization between Republicans and Democrats is the tendency to block bills that might otherwise pass, just to make the opposition look bad.
True
Polarization within the parties in Congress means that voting is almost entirely on party lines and there is little incentive or willingness to compromise on important legislation.
True
The financial advantage that some interest groups have over others causes the government to respond unequally across all citizens.
True
The term "front loading" refers to states moving their presidential primaries to the earliest possible date in the belief that early primaries have a greater effect on who is chosen as the party's candidate.
True
In order to run for ________, the candidate must have been a US citizen for at least seven years and be at least 25 years old at the time of taking office.
US representative
What type of economic interest group aims to protect workers through safer working conditions and better wages?
Unions
What is the most amount of money an individual can donate to all candidates running in federal elections?
Unlimited
When citizens' _____ groups find evidence of wrong-doing in government, they blow a whistle by issuing reports and holding press confrences to inform the media and the public.
Watchdog
________ occur(s) when voters are dissatisfied with how things are going and turn out the party in power, but only temporarily.
Wave elections
What is one reason that better-educated Republicans tend to believe that climate change is not important?
Well-educated people are more likely to be aware of their party's stance on issues.
Which of the following greatly influences the voter turnout for congressional elections?
Whether there is also a presidential election in the same year
Under President ________, the Democratic party made a major change away from supporting limited government and toward supporting the idea of government as a force for progressive action.
Woodrow Wilson
Is it possible for a presidential candidate to receive the majority of the popular vote and still lose the election?
Yes, if the other candidate has more electors
In a two-party system, the primary role of the party that is out of power is to ________.
act as the organized opposition to the party in power
In the twenty-first century, successful candidates for political office must be able to ________.
attract the attention of the media
In the twenty-first century, differences between moderates and radicals are affecting ________.
both of the major parties
According to those who value pluralism and given the structure of the American political system, group conflicts tend to be settled by ________.
compromise and accommodation
As a philosophy, ________ is central to the Republican Party and a powerful force for party unity.
conservatism
For the party in the electorate, membership in the party is primarily based on ________.
emotional ties
In 2016, almost half the ________ candidates who ran for a seat in the House or Senate on a major party ticket were elected to office, even though 25 years earlier most would only have been able to run for lower-level offices.
female
Groups that advocate international aid and support for human rights are part of a broader group of interest groups called ________ groups.
foreign policy
When an interest group has trouble recruiting new members because the impact of its lobbying efforts is so widespread that both members and nonmembers alike receive them, the dilemma is called the ________ problem.
free rider
Before the invention of television and the Internet, presidential candidates made the effort to reach voters in person, such as William Jennings Bryan who spoke to crowds ________.
from the back of the train that took him all over the country
The National Organization for Women is an interest group whose members share a common ________ that determines the specific campaigns they get involved with and which side of an issue they take.
ideology
A direct result of the 2010 Citizens United decision is that campaigns can now be financed through ________, funds that are (in theory) not coordinated with the candidate.
independent expenditures
Before declaring their candidacy, potential candidates test the waters by seeing how well they can capture the attention of the media, their party, and financial backers. This is known as the ________.
invisible primary
The relationship among interest groups, members of Congress, and federal agencies that work together to seal off access to public policy making is called the ________.
iron triangle
In an age of 24-hour news access, social media, and other telecommunication innovations, some political scholars suggest that the relationship between members of Congress, bureaucrats, and interest groups is more open and transparent and better described as a(n) ________.
issue network
Successful interest groups that have established an enduring voice in democracy measure how well they accomplish their goals in four ways: membership outreach, financial stability, ________, and ________.
leadership accountability; public influence
The common pathways for individuals to become a lobbyist include experience working ________.
on Capitol Hill, in the executive branch, or on a political campaign
The members of the ________ component of a political party generally do not hold formal positions within the party, but often have informal power to appoint party executives.
party in government
The party's ________ is established at the party's national convention to declare the party's position on issues and to promise policy action on those issues.
platform
Benefits that some large interest groups seek on behalf of its members—such as clean air by the Sierra Club or gun rights by the NRA—which are available to all people, whether they contributed toward the support of that benefit or not, are called ________.
public goods
When a particular political party wins an election, it must accept responsibility for ________.
running the government
Because Adrian is running for office, he has memorized a number of ________ to use to advance his agenda whenever he has an opportunity to talk briefly to someone in the media.
sound bites
Especially during campaign season, well-funded ________ groups are often criticized for exerting a disproportionate amount of power to influence the government.
special interest
The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) restricted the amount of money that could be ________.
spent on campaign advertising
Paid political consultants began to displace volunteer campaign managers in the 1960s, about the same time that ________ became a force in campaigns.
television
When an inside strategy doesn't work as expected, groups may adopt an outside lobbying strategy by getting ________ involved.
the media
While there are many political parties in the United States, we are said to have a ________ based on the number of parties that actually have a reasonable chance of winning an election.
two-party system
The ________ refers to the number of people who, at a given time, have the right to vote in national elections.
vote-eligible population
In states that allow voting by mail for all voters (not just absentee ballots), the effect is ________.
voter participation exceeds the national average