Addison-Wesley Chemistry Chapter 25: Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
Peptide
Any combination of amino acids in which the amino group of one amino acid is united with the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides
Halocarbons
Class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine
Amino Acid
Compound that contains amino (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) groups in the same molecule
Carboxylic acids
Compounds containing a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group
Aldehydes and Ketones
Compounds in which a carbon atom and an oxygen atom are joined by a double bond
Ethers
Compounds in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups; R-O-R
Phenols
Compounds in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a benzene ring
Cresols
Compounds that are methylphenols
Addition Reactions
Conversion of alkenes to alkanes
Esters
Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the -OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an -OR from an alcohol; contain a carbonyl group and ether (R-O-R) link to the carbonyl carbon
Esterification
Formation of an ester from a carboxylic acid and a primary/secondary alcohol
Alkyl Halides
Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain
Aryl Halides
Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring
Condensation Polymerization
Head-to-tail joining of monomer units, accompanied by the loss of smaller molecules, such as water
Monomers
Individual molecular units that form polymers
Zwitterions
Internal salts of amino acids
Polymer
Large molecule formed by repeating smaller molecules bonded covalently
Fatty Acids
Long, continuous chain carboxylic acids
Carbohydrates
Monomers and polymers of aldehydes and ketons that have numerous hydroxy groups attached
Alcohols
Organic compounds with an -OH (hydroxyl) group
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
Ether Group
R - O - R
Hydroxyl Group
R - OH
Halogen Group
R - X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Carbonyl Group (Aldehyde)
R-C=O-H
Ester Group
R-C=O-O-R
Carboxyl Group
R-C=O-OH
Carbonyl Group (Ketone)
R-C=O-R
Amino Group
R-NH2
R group
Represents any carbon chains or rings attached to the function group
Peptide Bond
The bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the next amino acid in the peptide chain
Nucleotides
The monomers that make up DNA and RNA
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
The simplest carbohydrate molecules
Functional Group
The specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions
Triglycerides
Triesters of long-chain fatty acids and glycerol
Addition Polymerization
Unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer
Nitrogen bases in RNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
Number of Alcohol Substituents
* 2 -OH substituents: Diols *3 -OH substituents: Triols *4 -OH substituents: Tetrols *Compounds with more than 1 -OH substituent: glycols
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers
Waxes
Esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
Denatured Alcohol
Ethanol with an added substance to make it immediately toxic
Saponification
Hydrolysis of oils or fats by boiling them with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide
Nucleic Acids
Polymers found primarily in cell nuclei
Substitution reactions with halocarbons
*R-H + X2 = R-X + HX *R-X + OH = R-OH + X-
Each nucleotide consists of...
*a phosphate group *a 5 carbon sugar *a nitrogen base
Secondary Alcohol
An alcohol in which 2 R groups are attached to the alcohol (R-OH)
Tertiary Alcohol
An alcohol in which 3 groups are attached to the alcohol (R-OH)
Primary Alcohol
An alcohol in which 1 R group is attached to the alcohol (R-OH)
Polypeptide
Any peptide with more than 10 amino acid residues
Protein
A peptide with more than 100 amino acids
Hydrogenation Reaction
A reaction in which hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon double bond to give an alkane
Dehydrogenation Reaction
A reaction in which hydrogen is lost
Nitrogen bases in DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Aldehydes vs. Ketones
Aldehydes: Carbon of carbonyl group joined to at least one hydrogen Ketons: Carbon of carbonyl group attached to two other carbons
Soap
Alkali metal salt of a fatty acid
Lipids
A class of relatively water-insoluble compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes; generally tend to be dissolved by organic solvents
