Administration of Criminal Justice - Test 2

Racial profiling can be used as a crime control tactic.

Harvard scholars Mathias Risse and Richard Zeckhauser argue that racial profiling can be justified. What is their argument?

Night watch system

Historically speaking, an early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers were organized into groups that patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace was referred to as what?

They are incorporating relaxation, meditation, and exercise into police training.

How are modern police agencies combating officer stress?

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Identify the organization that is the most critical voice against the use of drones by police organizations.

Intelligence-led policing

Identify which style of policing advocates a shift in emphasis away from reactive police responses and individual case investigations to sharing, collaboration, and finding strategic solutions to crime problems.

Treat citizens with dignity and respect.

If a police organization's goal is to increase the chances of citizens helping police fight crime, which of the following is the best tactic to utilize?

Officer discretion

If an officer finds marijuana in someone's car (in a state where recreational use of marijuana is not legal), and decides to confiscate the drug, rather than confiscating the drug and arresting the car owner, what is this an example of?

Organizational stressor

If an officer is paid what they consider to be low pay, what type of stressor is this?

A detective bureau

In Boston, in the mid-nineteenth century, amateur bounty hunters who were hired by victims to apprehend thieves (thief takers) were replaced by the establishment of what?

Data mining

In an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects, many departments use computer software to conduct analysis of behavior patterns. This is referred to as what?

Sheriff

In early England, shires, which resembled the counties today, were controlled by the shire reeve, who was appointed by the Crown or local landowner to supervise the territory and ensure that order would be kept. The shire reeve soon began to pursue and apprehend law violators as part of his duties. What was this a forerunner of in modern United States policing?

About 17 percent of Americans ages 16 and older will have contact with the police.

In regard to the crime-fighting portrayal of the police officer, which of the following statistics are correct?

Data regarding police shootings is not readily available, so statistics are inaccurate

What does the term dark figure refer to regarding police shootings?

A social issue for Black police officers

What does the term double marginality refer to?

The ruling stated that deadly force may not be used unless it is necessary to prevent escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officer or others.

What effect did Tennessee v. Garner have on the policing world?

Sting operation

What is an activity called that occurs when an organized group of detectives deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity?

A term used to describe racial influence over police discretion

What is racial profiling?

Demeanor

What is the attitude and appearance of an offender referred to when it may or may not be suspicious?

Deadly force

What is the intentional use of a firearm or other instrument, resulting in a high probability of death?

Corruption

What is the term for exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals?

The Knapp Commission

What public body conducted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s that uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes?

Implementation of the telegraph to policing.

What was the first major technological breakthrough during the second half or the nineteenth century?

London

Where did British Home Secretary Sir Robert "Bobbie" Peel organize law enforcement by pushing through the Metropolitan Police Act?

Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

Which agency is responsible for protecting our nation's borders?

Internal affairs

Which division of larger policing agencies is tasked with processing citizen complaints of police corruption and investigating allegations of unnecessary use of force by police officers?

1. Transfers 2. Internal reorganization 3. Promotions 4. Retirements

Which events always cause personnel changes within a police organization? Select all that apply.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Which federal agency is not a police agency, but an investigative agency with jurisdiction over all law enforcement matters in which the United States is or may be an interested party?

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)

Which federal entity has jurisdiction over illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives?

1. Aggressive traffic enforcement 2. Making more drug arrests

Which of the following activities are considered to be proactive policing? Select all that apply.

Community Policing

A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations, typically involving personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay, is known as what?

SQFs exerted a significant but modest deterrent effect on crime

What did the Weisburd study determine regarding stop, question, and frisk?

1. Body cameras have evidentiary value. 2. Body cameras can improve police training. 3. Body cameras increase transparency.

According to Michael White, a professor of criminology at Arizona State University, which of the following answers are the key advantages of body-worn cameras? Select all that apply.

Interviews and forensic evidence

According to a study of investigative techniques conducted by Martin Innes, what are the principle techniques detectives rely upon to help create an understanding of how and why a crime took place?

About 33 percent.

According to research conducted by the Police Executive Research Forum, if a crime is reported in progress, what is the percentage probability of catching the perpetrator?

Reported national violent crime rates and criminal homicide rates

According to studies, what are fatal police shootings closely related to?

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

Around the turn of the twentieth century, a number of nationally recognized leaders called for measures to help improve and professionalize the police. In 1893, what entity was formed that would become the leading voice for police reform?

Community Policing

As the 1980s began, the police role seemed to be changing significantly. A number of experts acknowledged that the police were not simply crime fighters and called for police to develop a greater awareness of community issues. Which policing concept emerged as a result of these developments?

Evidence-based policing

Choose the type of policing that advocates for the use of well-established social scientific methods to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of police programs and initiatives.

Private policing

Crime prevention, detection, and the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes is referred to as what?

1. Supporting innovative research on police work and advanced training of police officers 2. Purchases of little-used hardware, such as antiriot gear 3. Import or transfer technology originally developed in other fields into law enforcement 4. Helped thousands of officers further their college education

During the 1970s, increased federal government support for criminal justice greatly influenced police operations, and the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) devoted a significant portion of its funds to police agencies. What did that money go for? Select all that apply.

Active criminality

New York police detectives Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa were convicted of selling police files of key witnesses to the mob, who then conducted 11 mob hits on individuals within the files. What is this an example of?

Fusion centers

What do police organizations call centers that are set up for the purpose of sharing information and intelligence?

Stop, question and frisk

What does the acronym SQF stand for?

Uniformed patrol officer

Regardless of the style of policing, what job in a police department is still considered the backbone of the department, and constitutes two-thirds of that organization's personnel?

Boston

The modern police department was born out of the urban mob violence that wracked the nation's cities in the nineteenth century. Which city was the first to create a formal, United States police department?

Crime mapping

The use of computer mapping software that is used to map geographic "hot spots" where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated, translating addresses into map coordinates and allowing departments to identify problem areas for particular crimes, is called what?

Controlling police fatigue

What can paying special attention to scheduling, limiting second jobs, and reviewing policies help agencies with?

1. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. 2. The basic mission for which police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 3. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. 4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. 5. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.

Which of the following are among Sir Robert Peel's principles of policing? Select all that apply.

1. Operate a national threat-warning system to distribute important terrorism alert bulletins. 2. Publish an annual compilation of crime data. 3. Collect and maintain a vast fingerprint database.

Which of the following are among the duties of the FBI? Select all that apply.

1. A preference for nongovernmental provision of important services 2. The growth of mass private property

Which of the following are among the reasons that private policing has become so popular? Select all that apply.

1. Fugitive apprehension 2. Judicial security 3. Witness security 4. Prisoner operations

Which of the following are among the responsibilities of the United States Marshals? Select all that apply.

1. Telemarketing fraud investigations 2. Investigating identity crimes 3. Protection of the president of the United States 4. Investigating counterfeit currency

Which of the following are among the responsibilities of the United States Secret Service? Select all that apply.

1. Offering information to crime victims 2. Going to court with the victims of crime 3. Providing emotional support to crime victims

Which of the following are the duties of a victim advocate? Select all that apply.

Gaining or developing information related to threats of terrorism or crime

Which of the following best defines tactical intelligence?

1. Peer factors 2. Victim factors 3. Departmental factors

Which of the following factors influence a police officer's use of discretion? Select all that apply.

1. Homeland Security investigations 2. Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)

Which of the following is ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) responsible for? Select all that apply.

Accepting bribes for protection

Which of the following is NOT considered an act of police brutality?

Police union membership

Which of the following is NOT identified as a "stressor" for police officers?

The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan

Which of the following is a formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identifies the security and intelligence-sharing needs recognized after the 9/11 terrorist attacks?

1. Many of the members were corrupt. 2. Members were unsuccessful at stopping crime. 3. Members wore distinctive uniforms. 4. It was structured along military lines. 5. In the early years, nearly one-third of the officers were dismissed each year. 6. It was initially composed of more than 1,000 men. 7. Members were influenced by the wealthy.

Which of the following is true of the police force created by the Metropolitan Police Act? Select all that apply.

1. Politics dominated the departments. 2. Politics determined the recruitment of new officers. 3. Politics determined the promotion of supervisors. 4. Early police agencies were corrupt, brutal, and inefficient. 5. Individuals with the right connections could be hired despite a lack of qualifications.

Which of the following is true of the political era of policing (1840-1920)? Select all that apply.

1. Neighborhood disorder creates fear 2. Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals 3. Police need to aggressively target low-level quality of life crimes.

Which of the following key points define the results of Kansas City's broken windows model? Select all that apply.

A community problem solver

Which of the following might be considered the "real role" of today's police officer?

An officer that pulls over an intoxicated local official and accepts a bribe to allow the DUI to go unreported

Which of the following officers would be described as a "grass eater" by the Knapp Commission?

1. Changing supervisor attitudes about how community policing agents are supervised 2. Defining the community 3. Defining roles of the community police agents

Which of the following problems influence the effectiveness of community policing strategies? Select all that apply.

1. The U.S. Supreme Court handed down a number of decisions designed to control police operations and procedures. 2. Civil unrest produced a growing tension between police and the public.

Which of the following statements accurately describe policing in the 1960s? Select all that apply.

1. Community-oriented policing programs give officers the time to meet with local residents to talk about crime in the neighborhood. 2. Community-oriented policing programs can reduce the level of fear in a community. 3. Community-oriented policing programs promote interaction between officers and citizens.

Which of the following statements are true regarding community-oriented policing? Select all that apply.

1. Problem-oriented policing stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting. 2. Problem-oriented policing strategies are supported by the fact that urban crime is concentrated in hot spots.

Which of the following statements are true regarding problem-oriented policing?

1. Processing and collation 2. Collection 3. Planning and direction

Which of the following steps are part of the six-step process in the intelligence gathering process? Select all that apply.

Early onset dementia

Which of the following was NOT listed as an effect of officer stress?

Police productivity

Which term describes the amount of order, maintenance, crime control, and other law enforcement activities provided by individual police officers?

Criminal behavior

Which type of behavior is the most difficult to predict?

At a rate far greater than their representation in the driving pool

While racial profiling is a controversial subject in the criminal justice field, at what rate did many empirical studies find that state and local police officers routinely stop and/or search Black motorists?

Because officer discretion is rarely subject to administrative or judicial review.

Why is officer discretion also referred to as low-visibility decision making?

No

You are a judge overseeing the trial of a police officer who killed a suspect during a drug bust. While trying to handcuff the suspect, the officer's gun dropped onto the floor and discharged. The bullet traveled through a wall and struck another suspect who was already handcuffed on the couch in a living room. Would you describe the actions of this officer as "using deadly force"?