Adolecent Development Exam 2

adolescent's exposure to marital conflict and/or violence can cause

Depression increase, their mental health is affected, and it creates problem behaviors

Generational dissonance

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.

What might contribute to lesser conflict in immigrant households with adolescents?

Acculturation, and speaking their native language in the home.

According to Hollingshead, what chief factor determines which peers adolescents associate with?

Adolescence associate with peers from the same social class/same background.

differences in the ways teenagers relate to their mothers and fathers?

Adolescents across ethnic groups tend to "be closer to their mother, spend more time alone with their mother, and and to feel more comfortable talking to their mother about problems." Mothers are more involved. Yet mothers seem as more controlling Fathers are seen as more distant authority figures who can be consulted for objective information, but rarely sought out for support

Aggressive & Withdrawn:

Adolescents have problems controlling their hostility, but like other withdrawn children, they tend to be nervous about initiating friendships with other adolescents. Adolescents who are both aggressive & withdrawn are at greatest risk!

violation of expectations.

During these changes, expectations that adolescents and parents have for each other change, and if these are violated, it creates conflict.

perceived popularity

How much status or prestige an individual has

- Character:

Respect for societal and cultural rules, possession of standards for correct behaviors, a sense of right and wrong (morality), and integrity

How does the number of years adolescents remain in school today compare to the past?

Today, 75% of students graduate, whereas only 33% of students graduated in 1924

iatrogenic effects

Unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention

Disequilibrium

a state in which things are not stable or certain, but are likely to change suddenly. - There may be a period of disequilibrium as family members adjust to a new baby.

Tweens

a term used by marketing experts to refer to preadolescents

Ethonography

a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings

acculturation

a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. stress and conflict higher in Latino families with relatively acculturated adolescents.

Cyberbulling

bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phones

Standards-based reform

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests

cliques

small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends. Generally of the same sex and age

Service learning

structured educational experiences that involve volunteering in the community

gifted students

students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance

What is the relationship between smoking, drinking, and drug and whether a teenager works of not?

students who use alcohol and other drugs are more likely to want to work long hours and because increases in work hours tend to lead to increases in cigarette, drug, and alcohol use.

Schools within schools

subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness

Critical thinking

thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it

iatrogenic effect.

unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention. -when the side of effect of the medication is worse than the problem is intended to treat. -when programs increase participants behavior problems.

Aggressive:

unpopular adolescents who have trouble controlling their aggression.

Summarize the findings of the research of Pepler, Jiang, Craig, & Connolly (2008).

- 40% of the sample never bullies -35% bullied when younger occasionally and continued through adolescence.. - The remaining 25% dropped into two groups - Less than 15% curtailed this behavior over time. - about 10% of the sample were persistent bullies.

In what areas should parents anticipate disruptions for their adolescent when the family moves to a new town and school?

- Academic performance - Behavior - Self Image -

Describe the recommendations of the Carnegie Corporation Council on Adolescent Development.

- Divide middle schools into units of 200-500 students in order to reduce students' feeling of anonymity, hire teachers who have special training in adolescent development, and strengthen ties between schools and the communities in which they are located.

Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, what should Kent's parents do?

- Extracurricular activities that promote positive youth development

What is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

-It is unconstitutional to separate schools for children based on race. -Districts designed ways to make schools more diverse by encouraging voluntary desegregation with magnet schools ( drew kids from different neighborhoods) or by assigning students to schools that would create ethnic diversity. -In 2007 they said that assigning students by race to schools was still illegal. But there are still efforts to create ethnic and racial diversity schools through voluntary measures.

How has the number of school shootings changed since the 1990s?

-School shooting have decreased but the number of deaths of students has increased because of automatic weapons can kill faster and more people.

According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?

1 out of every 4 students has been a victim of violence in or around school. 1 our of 6 are worried about being physically attacked or hurt at school.

The Five C's of positive youth development:

1. Competence - a positive view of one's action in domain specific area 2. Confidence - internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy 3. Connection - positive bonds with people and institutions - bidirectional exchanges: individual and peers, family, school, community. 4. Character - respect for society and cultural rules 5. Caring - a sense of sympathy and empathy for others.

What type of similar behavior/activity is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships?

1. orientations toward school 2. orientation toward the teen culture 3. involvement in antisocial activity

What predicts cross-ethnic friendships?

1. schools that frequently separate students into different academic tracts usually have less cross-ethnic friendships because ethnic groups usually aim for the same academic success. 2. residential segregation. 3. Attitudinal. Whites see blacks as hostile and threatening whereas blacks see whites as unwilling and prejudice. 4. Adolescents usually haven't grown up playing and hanging out with kids from a different ethnicity, so their lack of familiarity results in misconceptions of others attitudes and motives. This misunderstanding limits cross-ethnic interactions.

What percent of children in single-parent homes live with their fathers?

15%

About what percent of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty and/or in low-income families?

16% in poverty, 22% low-income

how many high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation?

2/3 of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

Approximately what percent of today's teenagers will experience their parents' divorce, and on average, how many years will they spend in a single-parent household before turning 18?

30% will experience their parents divorce They will spend approximately 5 years in a single-parent household before turning 18

collective efficacy.

A community's social capital, derived from its members' common values and goals. - The extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community. Opposite of social isolation.

Zero tolerance

A get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction -This approach is not working. -More students are having arrest records on things that would have been disciplinary infractions by school officials before zero tolerance.

How does a child's relationship with their biological father impact an adolescent's adjustment to a stepfather?

A good relationship with the biological father → better relationship with the stepparent. Especially if discipline is consistent.

experience sampling method (ESM)

A method of collecting data about adolescents' emotional states, in which individuals are paged and asked to report on their mood and activity Used to chart adolescents moods, to monitor their social relationships, and to catalogue their activities in far greater detail than has been previously available.

Routine activity theory

A perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents.

Family systems theory

A perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as material, parent-child, sibling

Uses and gratification approach

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed

Media practice model

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact

Cultivation theory

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals

- Competence:

A positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas, including social, academic, cognitive, and vocational. Social competence pertains to interpersonal skills. Cognitive competence pertains to cognitive abilities. School grades, attendance, and test scores are part of academic competence. Vocational competence involves work habits and career choice explorations.

Midlife Crisis

A psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 40, the age range of most adolescent's parents Mothers are becoming more self-conscious, Fathers may be cautious about their health. Finances affected because of of the financial demands placed on parents in the "sandwich generation

Participation observation

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behaviors and relationships

- Caring/compassion:

A sense of sympathy and empathy for others.

Viral marketing

A way of promoting products or services by encouraging individuals to pass information on to others

Universalistic norms

All individuals are expected to learn the same set of norms because the rules governing behavior apply equally to all members of the community. norms that apply to you, apply to everyone; more common in industrialized societies in this circumstance it isn't wise to limit the socialization of adolescents to the family, because it does not ensure that all youngsters will learn the same set of norms. As the family has become less important politically and economically, universalistic norms have come to replace particularistic ones.

Of young people living in two-adult households, about what percent of them live with only one of their biological parents?

Almost 15%

Junior high school

An educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents

Middle school

An educational institution housing 7th and 8th grade students along with adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger

comprehensive high school

An educational institution that evolved during the first half of the 20th century, offering a varied curriculum and designated to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents

- Confidence:

An internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; one's global self-regard, as opposed to domain-specific beliefs.

relationships among siblings

As adolescents mature, sibling conflict increases, relationships become more distant, and less emotionally intense. The better the relationship with the parents, the more harmonious it is with the siblings. Adolescents take what they learn from their sibling interactions and apply that to their friends as well. If they are aggressive with their siblings, they will act aggressive toward their friends. In general, the better the sibling relationship, the better an adolescent does academically, socially, and self-esteem wise.

Should parents treat siblings differently from each other?

As long as siblings perceive the treatment as fair then it can actually decrease sibling rivalry. Presumably because it make the individual child feel unique and different. If the treatment is perceived as unfair it can lead to conflict with siblings, depression, antisocial behavior and early pregnancy

How does authoritative parenting compare in ethnic families and white families? Is it possible that authoritarian parenting may actually be beneficial for these adolescents?

Authoritative parenting still has benefits across ethnic groups, but in minorities, authoritative is not found as common as authoritarian. It can have benefits for them as they tend to live in more dangerous environments, they can control and protect their children in this way.

Which ethnic group is most likely to experience their parents' divorce? How likely are the parents of this group to remarry after divorce?

Blacks; not very likely.

factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that take place during early adolescence

Changes in the balance of power adolescents are going through puberty expectations are changing

How might an adolescent's behavior help shape authoritative parenting?

Children who are responsible already elicit warmth and flexibility from their parents

Sibling rivarly

Completion between siblings for the parent's love and attention.

three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today.

Cultivation theory: Uses and Gratifications Approach: Media practice model:

What factor seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time?

Custody doesn't really influence that much if the parents have congenial, cooperative relationship and if they receive consistent discipline from both homes. Regular contact with their father → fewer problems. (if parental conflict is minimal. If it is intense, then contact causes suffering.)

Sleeper effect

Effects of divorce that may not be apparent until much later in the child's development The way in which adjustment difficulties might be expressed may not surface until adolescence OR particular developmental challenges of adolescence. Don't show up until they start dating, etc.

why is the world a more stressful place for adolescents to grow up in now than it was in the past?

Families now move every few years. Divorce in commonplace. Adolescents experience enormous pressures from parents, peers, and the mass media. Rates of many adolescents problem behaviors have fluctuated significantly in the past three decades.

What can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment and empathy?

Family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained help the child understand social systems and social relationships. This understanding plays an important role in development in reasoning abilities, role taking, moral judgement and empathy.

What pair in the family is most likely to have conflict when there are disruptions in family finances?

Fathers and sons (lose respect and challenge authority)

What fraction/percentage of adolescents in any given school are members of cliques? Are girls or boys more likely to be members of cliques? Are girls or boys more likely to be "isolates."

Fewer than 50% are part of cliques. Girls are more likely than boys to be apart of cliques. Boys are more likely to be isolates than girls.

Which gender of child has more problems after the remarriage of their parents?

Girls

School vouchers

Government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition

How does the amount of time teenagers spend with their peers versus their parents compare?

High school students in the US and Europe spend twice as much time each week with peers than with parents or other adults. All adolescents spend most of each weekday with peers while at school, and the vast majority also see or talk to friends in the afternoon, evening, and over the weekend. Not all societies have peer groups that are as narrowly defined and age segregated as in contemporary societies. Peer groups based on friendships formed in school were not prevalent until well into the 20th century. Peers play a more important role in the lives of adolescents in modern society than they did in previous eras.

Sociometric popularity

How well-liked an individual is

curvilinear pattern

In statistical analyses, a pattern of relations between two variables that resembles a U-shaped or an inverted U-shaped curve.

Describe changes in divorce rate over time. How does the divorce rate for first marriages compare to the rate for remarriage?

Increased dramatically since 1960, declined in the 1990s. it is estimated that about ⅓ of first marriages that occurred between 1990 and 2000 will end in divorce or separation within the first 20 years. 1 in 4 remarriages will end within 5 years

What do some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argue are unintended consequence of the act?

It was having the opposite effect of what was intended, providing incentives for schools to push low achieving students out of school

Are the presence of single parent families more likely the result of divorce than of the mother never having been married in the US?

No, approximately half can be attributed to divorce, the other is attributed to cohabitation or other.

Shared environmental influences

Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other Most affected: Aggressive behavior, emotional distress such as risk for suicide and depression. Competence, self-image, and intelligence. Least affected: School performance

Parental responsiveness

One of the two important dimensions of parenting; responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner.

Parental demandingness

One of two important dimensions of parenting; demandingness refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child.

Gangs

Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals

What techniques have interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills employed?

PATHS Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies program designed to improve individual's ability to judge social situations. Has helped to reduce behavioral problems with elementary kids

How does authoritative parenting promote intellectual development and psychosocial maturity in children?

Parents don't assert their authority as much and let the child be more independent.

Indulgent parents

Parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child's happiness Children are less mature, less responsible, and more conforming to their peers.

Authoritarian parents

Parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity. parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority Children from these homes are more dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self assured

Name the factors that have contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society

Perhaps the most important factor of peer group was the rapid growth of the teen population between 1955 and 1975 because of the baby boom. Age grading where children were put into school grades according to their ages.

- Connection:

Positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges between the individual and peers, family, school, and community in which both parties contribute to the relationship.

Charter schools

Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices

Reverse Causation

Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due not to the first thing causing the second, but to the second causing the first.

Spurious causation

Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with the third factor

What group may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and play an important role in the socialization of Black youth?

Social support from friends and relatives outside of the family. **support from kin

Smetana's ideas regarding personal, conventional and moral issues.

That parents view certain things as moral issues or right and wrong, and teens see them as personal choice

Causation

The correlation between two things attributable to the effect one thing has on the other

Student engagement

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work

Correlation

The extent to which two things vary systematically with each other

Positive youth development

The goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development.

Tracking

The grouping of students, according to ability, into different levels of classes within the same school grade

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them

Mainstreaming

The integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms The federal law states that adolescents with a learning disability have to be mainstreamed.

Community service

The involvement of young people in activities that serve some social or economic need of society.

nonshared environmental influences

The nongenetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different from people they live with.

The classification of "single-parent household" often includes who else ?

The parent's unmarried partner

baby boom

The period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large

age grading

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

Sibling deidentification

The process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other.

What is the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment?

The quality of the relationships at home.

Big fish- little pond effect

The reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers.

Behavioral genetics

The scientific study of genetic influences on behaviors

Secondary education

The system of middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools

Hostile attribution bias

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others a deliberately hostile most common in Rejected Adolescents.

Socialization

Whether adolescents become similar because friends influence each other.

whose most likely to experience conflict with parents?

White families, not ethnic minorities. usually just squabbles about things like curfew, clothing, time management, clean rooms. most conflicts arises because teens and parents define these issues of contention very differently. Parents judge things right or wrong, Teens see them as personal choices

diminished social competence.

Withdrawn children feel this effect. It just means they don't do as well in school.

Learning disability

a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction

Reference groups

a group against which an individual compares him or herself

relational aggression

acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip

Selection

adolescents are attracted to each other because of their initial similarity.

Instrumental aggression

aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned

reactive aggression

aggressive behavior that is unplanned and inpulsive

generation gap

alleged conflict between young people and adults over values and attitudes Typically there isn't a huge generation gap when it comes to values and core beliefs, because kids tend to have the same beliefs as their parents. However, there is a generation gap when it comes to personal taste, styles of dress, preference of music, etc.

inclusive tracking

allowing more students into the higher group

restrictive parenting strategy

attempt to minimize the child's exposure to dangers in the neighborhood. It is effective in families residing in poor neighborhoods- when used moderately in combination to promotive strategies.

Between grades 5 and 9, how do adolescents' moods while with friends change relative to their moods while with their families? What type of statistical pattern does this result in?

curvilinear pattern . more negative mood when with family in grades 5-7 and then good mood rises in grades 8-9

What substance use/activity do most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them into?

drinking.

Withdrawn:

exceedingly shy, anxious, and inhibited and are frequent victims of bullying esp. when they are boys.

Storm and Stress

extremes in emotions that they are going through either because of emotional, mental, physical and environmental changes that may be occurring within or around them. just a stereotype, not a real thing

Meritocratic tracking

fairly based tracks that accurately match the students ability.

peer groups

groups of people who are similar in age and stage of life

Particularistic norms

guidelines for behavior that vary from one individual to another; more commonly found in less industrialized societies In these societies grouping adolescents by age and sending them off to school isn't an effective strategy for socializing them since their family background defines them, not their age

Premature affluence

having more income than one can manage maturely, especially during adolescence

What group of people would a typical high school freshman list as the people in her life who are most important to her?

her friends then her parents according to how much more important her friends are because of time spent with them.

categories of social self-perceptions

how Adolescents judge one another on the basis of the company they keep, and they become branded on the basis of whom they hang out with. Such labels as "jocks," "brains," "populars," "druggies," and "skaters" describe what someone is like as a person and what he or she holds as important.

What significant changes occur in peer groups during adolescence?

increase of importance of romantic relationships. This occurs first with the combining of opposite sex cliques giving an opportunity to get to know one another without having to be intimate and without having to lose face. This stage of structural transformation leads to the large crowds

Isolate:

individuals who have few or no links to others in the network.

Liasions

individuals who interact with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

Crowds

large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity

Indifferent parents

parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness Children are more impulsive and more likely to participate in delinquent behavior, and experiment with sex, drugs and alcohol

Authoritative parents

parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence The children in these homes tend to be more psychosocially mature, responsible, self-assured, academically successful and socially skilled.

Tracking

separating students into different levels of classes based on ability. Schools can see as an advantage to design courses to fit need of the students. It is almost always a disadvantage to students, gifted children usually do better being the "smart" kid in a mainstream class. Parents of gifted children tend to want to have their child pushed, struggling kids' parents' feel their children end up with poorer education

Why does the text caution against trying to determine the relationship between family characteristics and adolescent development?

tendency to see children's behavior as a result of their parent's behavior, but socialization is a two-way street.

youth culture

the belief that young people have values, interests and activities distinct from those of other age groups Coleman is worried about: relatively low value adolescents place on academic success; argue that increase in adolescent's problems is directly linked to the rise in power of adolescent peer groups

Flow Experience

the experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time

Social capital

the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family

Social promotion

the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

Sex cleavage

the separation of boys and girls into different cliques, common during late childhood and early adolescence

Self care

when a children is home after school alone while the parents work. They have found that these children are more depressed, and more likely to get into delinquent behavior. If the children have to be in self care, it is important to call/text every hour to check in

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

when they are alone