adult 4-6
About how many people worldwide will, at some point in their lives, marry? a) 90% b) 25% c) 50% d) 70%
a
According to Cattell and Horn's theory of intelligence, which type of intelligence is thought to reflect the more basic, physiologically based type of ability? a. fluid intelligence b. crystallized intelligence c. verbal intelligence d. memory
a
According to the National Alliance of Caregiving, who is most likely to be an unpaid caregiver to their aging parent? a) Vivian, who is 54 years old, the oldest daughter of a mother who is 81 and has been able to make changes to her hours at her full-time job. b) Carlo, who is 48 years old, has a 16-year-old son at home and an aging mother-in-law. c) Christine, who is 36 years old, a mother of two and does not work full-time and has a grandmother who is 88. d) Rachel, who is 58 years old, recently retired and has an aging mother-in-law.
a
Eleanor, a 72-year-old woman, suddenly finds herself raising her two grandchildren after their parents are incarcerated. What is likely to occur with Eleanor's life satisfaction, and why? a) She will be more satisfied because she will feel younger. b) She will be less satisfied because she will find the work too hard. c) She will be less satisfied because her social clock is not running on time. d) She will be more satisfied because she will have a chance to try parenting again.
a
Gina and Paul have been married for eight years, both work full-time, and have two children under the age of 18. What is most likely to be true of Gina and Paul? a) Gina spends more time per day on activities that contribute to the family than Paul. b) Gina and Paul spend the same time on their jobs. c) Their division of labor has likely remained the same throughout their marriage. d) Gina spends more time on personal care, leisure and sports, or socializing with friends than Paul.
a
How has our understanding of aging and social roles changed over time? a) We used to view aging as losing roles, but now we see them as changing roles. b) We used to view aging as developing new roles, but now we see them as sustaining roles. c) We used to view aging as sustaining roles, but now we see them as evolving roles. d) We used to view aging as losing roles, but now we view them as successfully shedding roles.
a
In general, how do roles change as people transition into late adulthood? a) They simplify. b) They become more complex. c) They become more diverse. d) They dissolve.
a
John is an older adult with a history of falling. What is most likely to be true of John? a) He will perform more poorly than younger and other older adults on visual search tasks. b) He will perform more poorly than younger and other older adults on tasks relying on fluid intelligence. c) He will perform more poorly than younger and other older adults on prospective memory tasks. d) He will perform more poorly than younger and other older adults on choice board tasks.
a
Lucille's granddaughter is planning her wedding and asks her grandmother to share stories about her own wedding. Lucille discovers she cannot recall many of the details. This situation reflects a loss of what type of memory? a) Episodic b) Semantic c) Working d) Procedural
a
Maria is looking at her calendar, stumped. She knows she has an appointment tomorrow, but cannot remember what it is. This situation is an example of a loss of which type of memory? a) Prospective b) Declarative c) Nondeclarative d) Working
a
On which of the following types of tests do adults retain the most skill well into old age? a. unspeeded and crystallized b. crystallized and speeded c. fluid and non-verbal d. fluid and verbal
a
Prospective memory is an important focus for researchers who want to ensure older adults are adhering to a) medication use. b) social networking. c) safe driving. d) physical exercise.
a
Psychologist Roger Dixon suggests we should look at cognitive changes as a) both losses and gains. b) always loss. c) always gain. d) simply transitions.
a
Research has shown that IQ, from childhood into older adulthood: a. is very stable. b. is moderately variable. c. is extremely variable.. d. can not be studied because it is not possible to compare IQ scores in childhood to those in adulthood.
a
The __________ memory involves the passive maintenance in the short-term store. a) primary b) working c) declarative d) nondeclarative
a
What are the three types of support all people need? a) Proximal, safe haven, secure base b) Distal, financial, emotional c) Protection, love, defense d) Opportunity, closure, affection
a
What is a key difference between grandparents 30 years ago and modern grandparents? a) Today's grandparents are healthier and wealthier than earlier grandparents. b) Today's grandparents are less involved with their grandchildren than earlier grandparents. c) Today's grandparents will have shorter lives than earlier grandparents. d) Today's grandparents are less likely to raise grandchildren than earlier grandparents.
a
What is a key similarity between evolutionary psychology and attachment theory? a) Both suggest attachment developed to ensure survival of infants. b) Both suggest social networks shrink as we age. c) Both suggest bonding is an alternative process. d) Both focus on the social behaviors of bonding.
a
What is the major explanation offered to account for the differences in the pattern of IQ stability or decline over adulthood shown in cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies? a. cohort differences b. terminal drop c. subject attrition d. unrepresentative samples
a
What is true about gender stereotypes when examined globally? a) They are surprisingly consistent. b) Western countries are more egalitarian than Eastern nations. c) Western countries see men with instrumental qualities, while Eastern countries see women with those qualities. d) Western countries see men with communal qualities, while Eastern countries see women with those qualities.
a
Which concept is the cornerstone of Freud's classic psychoanalytic theory? a) Attraction b) Lust c) Attachment d) Logic
a
Which of the following couples is most likely to stay together? a) Sara and Ed remember a family vacation with a lot of joking. b) Chris and Kelly are careful to use the words "I" and "me" to maintain individuality. c) Steve and Priti keep details of their personal lives secret. d) Jaime and Missy are embarrassed about a hard time in their marriage.
a
Which of the following is an example of a common form of stress in friendships? a) Gina likes to give unsolicited advice. b) Latisha often has communication gaps. c) Eyad is busy dating people. d) Krista has a much higher income
a
Which of the following is the most probable explanation for the difference in the apparent pattern of decline in IQ from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies? a. Older cohorts in cross-sectional studies have less education than do younger cohorts. b. The older samples in cross-sectional studies include more ill subjects. c. Declines in midlife were only observed in the cohort born between 1910 and 1920. d. The longitudinal samples have been more representative of the overall population than have the samples studied in the major cross-sectional studies
a
Which of the following would be considered a measure of crystallized intelligence? a. a vocabulary test b. a test of spatial ability c. an analogies test d. a measure of abstract reasoning
a
Who is most likely to report being single and never married? a) Dennis, an African American man b) Ruth, a Caucasian woman c) Tamin, an Asian man d) Carmen, a Hispanic woman
a
A longitudinal sample of adults is followed over 30 years. All of the following findings are hypothesized EXCEPT ________. a. the average IQ of the whole group remains the same b. no decline in cognitive functioning occurs c. decline occurs, but it is not extreme d. adults compensate for declines
b
A longitudinal sample of adults is followed over 30 years. All of the following findings are hypothesized EXCEPT _________. a. the average IQ of the whole group remains the same b. no decline in cognitive functioning occurs c. decline occurs, but it is not extreme d. adults compensate for declines
b
About how much of IQ variance between individuals can be explained by genetics? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%
b
An experimenter reads a series of numbers and requires the subject to repeat those numbers back in the order given. This is a test of what kind of intelligence? a. crystallized intelligence b. fluid intelligence c. dialectical intelligence d. practical intelligence
b
Based on the Netherlands study (Ponds et al., 2000), which is most likely to be true of an adult, over the age of 50, who reports significant cognitive decline: a) He/she will show a similar decline on objective tests of intellectual functioning. b) He/she will show no relationship between actual abilities and subjective assessments. c) He/she will show no change in perceptions of cognitive ability after age 50. d) He/she will attribute intellectual declines to causes other than aging.
b
Benjamin, for a project for his development class, draws three concentric circles: the first contains names of his closest friends and family, the middle contains names of friends, and the third contains names of people he knows. These circles indicate Benjamin's a) attachment orientation. b) social network. c) reciprocal relationships. d) caregiving orientation.
b
Clara is about to turn 65. According to Carstensen (1995), what is likely to happen with Clara's social network? a) It will grow, but decrease in quality. b) It will shrink, but gain in quality. c) It will shrink, but retain three concentric circles. d) It will grow, but increase in caregiving orientation.
b
Dr. Fayed is examining how some people's friendships deepen as they age and their peer groups pass away. Dr. Fayed is studying a) biological clocks. b) role transitions. c) social clocks. d) social roles.
b
In Clements, Stanley, and Markman's (2004) longitudinal study of couples, what constituted erosion? a) Extensive therapy b) Negative jibes c) Long dating d) Postponed engagement
b
In what stage of life are there more social role changes than any other stage? a) Childhood b) Young adulthood c) Middle adulthood d) Late adulthood
b
Jack, a 72-year-old man, takes a speed-of-processing training. As a result, he is likely to show an improved a) cognitive reading ability. b) useful field of view. c) physical stamina. d) working memory.
b
Researchers investigating loneliness among people of different ages found that young adults and older adults were less lonely when they a) have good health. b) live alone versus with others. c) live with others versus alone. d) work at least part-time.
b
Several different distinctions among types of intellectual tests have been suggested. Which set of subtypes appears to be similar in content? a. speeded, verbal, crystallized b. speeded, fluid, performance c. unspeeded, fluid, verbal d. unspeeded, crystallized, performance
b
Suppose you hear someone say, "Intellectual skill is maintained, with no psychologically significant loss, until about age 60 or 65, after which there is a small decline." You are convinced that this is an overly optimistic view. Which of the following statements would be your most potent counterargument? a. Cross-sectional data show a decline much earlier than age 60 or 65. b. In longitudinal studies, earlier declines appear for tests that measure speeded or fluid abilities. c. Studies of terminal drop indicate that declines occur only within 5 years of death. d. Declines begin earlier than this for adults with significant health problems
b
Ted, who is newly engaged to Usha, is volunteering for a study. Researchers show him a picture of Usha and then measure his dopamine levels. The researchers are measuring a) lust. b) attraction. c) libido. d) attachment.
b
The movement of being a high school student to a college student is an example of a a) biological clock. b) role transition. c) social clock. d) social role
b
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) scores produce a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. This suggests that 2/3 of all adults obtain a score between _______. a. 70-130 b. 85-115 c. 100-115 d. 85-100
b
What is a key distinction between crystallized and fluid intelligence? a) Verbal, fluid intelligence declines earlier than nonverbal, crystallized intelligence. b) Nonverbal, fluid intelligence declines earlier than verbal, crystallized intelligence. c) Nonverbal, crystallized intelligence declines earlier than verbal, fluid intelligence. d) Verbal, crystallized intelligence declines earlier than nonverbal, fluid intelligence.
b
Which individual is most likely to have an advantage in cognitive functioning into old age? a. an unmarried female who elects to return to school for her GED after 15 years of factory work b. a married female who completed college on the G.I. Bill and is now engaged as a personal trainer c. a divorced male college professor who devotes 16 hours a day to his solitary research d. a 24-year-old single male welfare recipient
b
Which of the following exemplifies the typical IQ changes over a person's life according to the Seattle Longitudinal Study? a) Violet had a stable IQ until she reached 40, when it began to decline. b) Molly had a stable IQ until she reached 68, when it began to decline. c) Hassim had a stable IQ throughout his life. d) Juan had a slight rise in IQ over his lifetime.
b
Which of the following is related to time spent on Facebook and number of Facebook friends? a) Depression b) Alcohol abuse c) Reduced in-person interactions d) Positive body image
b
Which of the following is true about adults' age at marriage over the past three decades? a) Women are marrying at a later age, but not men. b) Both men and women are marrying later. c) It has not changed for either gender. d) Men are marrying later, but not women.
b
Which of the following would be considered a "fluid" ability? a. vocabulary b. response speed c. social skills d. reading comprehension
b
Which of the following would be considered a test of "fluid" abilities? a. vocabulary b. response speed c. social skills d. reading comprehension
b
he latest research on age-related changes in judgment and decisionmaking suggests that older adults utilize less information and take less time to make their choices (when compared to younger adults). However, there were NO differences in the choices made. The authors suggest that this is because _______. a. older adults utilize better inductive reasoning b. older adults better utilize deductive reasoning skills c. younger adults base their decisions on intuition d. younger adults better utilize their procedural memories
b
A 12 year old who enters college may be very intelligent, but is also off with a) gender stereotypes. b) gender roles. c) social timing. d) development.
c
Anna has always loved babysitting, and now that she is about to become a mother, she is excited to care for a newborn. Anna is demonstrating a strong a) attachment behavior. b) attachment orientation. c) caregiving orientation. d) safe base.
c
How do older adults compare to younger adults in terms of decision making? a) Older adults use more information to make decisions than younger adults. b) Older adults make decisions more objectively than younger adults. c) Older adults make decisions more quickly than younger adults. d) Older adults and younger adults make decisions in the same way.
c
How do we infer there is an attachment bond? a) Through research b) Through theory c) Through behaviors d) Through visible bonds
c
How have families overcome possible isolation from extended family due to mobility? a) Caregiving b) Reunions c) Technology d) Postal service
c
How is sociobiographical history related to cognitive declines with age? a) Privileged people are less likely to decline in cognitive abilities as they age. b) Those with higher income access more resources to slow the decline of intellectual capacity. c) The rate of decline is the same, regardless of education and social status. d) Cognition declines more rapidly for people who held less prestigious positions.
c
Marc, an 11-year-old boy, is adept with his iPad and already knows how to program games in three different computer languages. Marc's mother, Peggy, is 41 and grew up with less technology but spent more time outside playing. How are Marc's and Peggy's IQs likely to compare, considering the Flynn effect? a) Marc and Peggy are likely to have the same IQ because they partially share genetics. b) Peggy is likely to have a higher IQ than Marc because she had more physical exercise. c) Marc is likely to have a higher IQ than Peggy because he can think abstractly. d) Marc is likely to experience steeper IQ loss than Peggy because he is more dependent on technology.
c
Martha, a 63-year-old woman, receives criticism on her annual review, suggesting that she lacks customer service skills. As an older adult, how is she most likely to respond? a)She will think about how to improve her customer service skills. b) She will react emotionally with hurt feelings. c) She will think about whether or not the criticism is valid. d) She will enroll in a class to develop her customer service skills.
c
Studies show that when older adults are reminded of stereotypes related to forgetfulness and age, they perform worse on memory tasks. Researchers hypothesize this is due to a) the fact that this stereotype is often accurate. b) older adults experience greater anxiety about their performance. c) awareness of stereotypes consumes working-memory capacity. d) an over-reliance on semantic memory.
c
The expected behaviors that come with our position in society are known as a) conformity. b) gender roles. c) social roles. d) role transitions.
c
The finding that average IQ has increased steadily over the 20th century is referred to as the _______ . a. cohort effect b. sequential effect c. Flynn effect d. positivity bias
c
The idea that women should be nurturing is an example of a gender a) expectation. b) role. c) stereotype. d) reality.
c
The latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ based on four separate indexes: _____________ each of which consists of a number of different subtests. a. Verbal Comprehension, College Algebra, Science, and Music b. Verbal Comprehension, Scientific Knowledge, Working Memory, and Processing Speed c. Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed d. Working Memory, Processing Speed, Generic Reasoning, and Word Problems
c
What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study discover regarding people's intelligence as they age? a) It decreases after age 32, but then stabilizes after 39. b) It remains the same throughout people's lives. c) It remains the same until around 67, when there is a slight drop, and then a deeper drop after 80. d) It has a slight, but steady, decrease after age 39.
c
What has happened to households for the first time since data collection began in the 1940s? a)The majority of households do not contain a married couple. b) The majority of households report having experienced a divorce. c) The majority of young adults are living with their parents. d) The majority of households are single people living alone.
c
What is a key difference between same-sex couples and heterosexual couples? a) Sexual activity is higher for same-sex couples. b) Egalitarian relationships are more common among heterosexual couples. c) Same-sex couples have higher rates of health problems. d) Divorce or separation is a bigger worry for heterosexual couples.
c
What is a key distinction between engaged cohabitation and preengaged cohabitation? a) Engaged cohabitants have higher levels of attraction than preengaged cohabitants. b) Engaged cohabitants are less committed to partnership than preengaged cohabitants. c) Engaged cohabitants who marry have more successful marriages than preengaged cohabitants who marry. d) Engaged cohabitants have higher incomes than preengaged cohabitants.
c
What is the Flynn effect? a) Men and women have different IQs due to gender role expectations. b) Major social events have led to IQ changes by cohort. c) Societal advances have led to higher IQs. d) Exercise is directly linked with higher IQ.
c
What is the key flaw in studies of the effect of exercise on mental abilities in which comparisons are made between regular exercisers and sedentary adults? a. The exercisers use so many different forms of exercise that we can't be sure what works. b. Sedentary subjects may actually exercise somewhat but not report it. c. Those who choose to exercise may be different in other significant ways from those who choose to be sedentary. d. The samples of exercisers are normally younger than the samples of sedentary adults to whom they are compared.
c
When Juanita reaches 35, her parents and friends pressure her to have a baby, saying it is time for her to become a mother. This situation is an example of a) biological clock. b) role transitions. c) social clock. d) aging transitions.
c
Which example best represents affection between parents and their adult children? a) Maria remembers her mom distributed affection evenly between her and her siblings during childhood. b) Kamila feels she does not have enough love to "go around" between all four of her children. c) Tom reports few instances where his dad said, "I love you," when he was a child, but his dad reports saying it regularly to Tom and Tom's siblings d) Vance, an only child, feels he received the same affection from his father as did his friends with siblings, from their father
c
Which of the following are activities that would best delay cognitive decline? a) Crossword puzzles and chess b) Taking classes and traveling c) Specific training and running d) Playing Go and Sudoku
c
Which of the following would be considered a measure of fluid intelligence? a. a test of vocabulary b. a test of comprehension of paragraph meaning c. an abstract reasoning test d. a measure of social skills
c
Who of the following is most likely to have the strongest connection with a sibling? a) Amelia, a married woman with no children b) John, a divorced man with one child c) Annette, a single woman with no children d) Roberto, a married man with three children
c
After breaking up her twin sons' fight, Mary asks her mother, Georgia, what she did when Mary and her sister argued. Georgia answers that Mary and her brother never fought and that she only remembers the children playing well. This situation is an example of a) avoidance-denial strategy. b) working memory. c) prospective memory. d) positivity bias.
d
Chiante is an older adult who was taught the memory strategy of forming an image in her mind of the people's faces she met at the party and their names. This is an example of _______. a. list making b. an external memory aid c. an IQ aid d. an internal memory aid
d
Dr. Martinez proposes that men and women act differently because during prehistoric times, men hunted and women gathered. He argues that these traits have been passed on through the generations. Dr. Martinez is supporting ___________ theory. a) interactionist b) social role c) learning-schema d) evolutionary
d
Exercise has ________ effect on intellectual skill. a. a negative b. a minimal c. no measurable d. a positive
d
How do young adults compare to middle-aged adults in terms of decision making? a) Younger adults and middle-aged adults both consider all of the information at hand before making a decision. b) Younger adults are prone to snap decisions, while middle-aged adults take their time. c) Younger adults make decisions that make them feel good, while middle-aged adults consider others' feelings. d) Younger adults examine all of the facts, while middle-aged adults start to consider the emotions involved.
d
How does attachment to parents change during adolescence? a) It turns from intimacy to physical proximity. b) It turns from communication to distance. c) It turns from distance to intimacy. d) It turns from physical proximity to communication.
d
How does parenting change during middle adulthood? a) It happens for the first time. b) It becomes more stressful. c) It becomes nonexistent. d) It becomes less demanding.
d
Many definitions of intelligence include the global abilities to _______. a. act purposefully b. think rationally c. deal effectively d. all of the above
d
Of those people married about 20 years, almost half report a) being not at all in love with their partners. b) feeling somewhat dissatisfied with their marriage. c) feeling companionate love has replaced compassionate love. d) being very intensely in love with their partners.
d
Paula loves her family. They are all Democrats and share many of the same viewpoints on politics. This situation is an example of _______ solidarity. a) functional b) affectional c) normative d) consensual
d
Studies show that older adults are more likely to avoid negative stimuli, which is known as a) avoidant-denial strategy. b) problem solving. c) decision making. d) positivity bias.
d
The ___________ explores the ever-changing network of relationships people make throughout their lives. a) attachment behaviors b) socioemotional selectivity theory c) attachment theory d) convoy model
d
What are the first markers for cognitive change? a) Hearing and taste loss b) Taste and smell loss c) Touch and vision loss d) Vision and hearing loss
d
What did researchers find, regarding divided attention, when they simulated the conditions of a cocktail party that required younger and older participants to attend to stimuli from various sources? a) Both age groups performed well when information was given by multiple speakers at once. b) Older participants attended better than younger when information was from a single source. c) Both age groups performed equally when instructions were given to divide attention. d) Younger participants performed better than older when cues came from multiple speakers at once.
d
What is a choice board designed to measure? a) Prospective memory b) Problem solving c) Working memory d) Decision making
d
What is a key similarity between learning-schema theory and social role theory when thinking about gender roles? a) Both emphasize the importance of a social clock. b) Both emphasize the importance of distal causes. c) Both emphasize the importance of biological factors. d) Both emphasize the importance of proximal causes.
d
What is the term used to describe the amount of information we can hold in mind while performing some type of operation on it? a. storage b. sensory memory c. recognition d. working memory
d
Which of the following best describes the conclusions about changes in average IQ with age drawn from cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies? a. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional findings show similar significant declines in IQ scores beginning at about age 40 or 45. b. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional findings show similar maintenance of IQ through old age. c. Cross-sectional findings indicate maintenance of IQ scores well into old age, while longitudinal data indicate a decline in IQ beginning at about age 50. d. Cross-sectional findings point to a decline in IQ beginning at about age 35, while longitudinal data point to much longer maintenance of IQ.
d
Which of the following exemplifies marital happiness and parenthood? a) Usha and Abu are both unhappy until they have children, then become happy while their children are home, and then report higher levels of unhappiness again once their children leave home. b) Karen and Joaquin are moderately happy before they have children, but then they become very happy and remain so throughout their lives. c) Sandra and Jill are both fairly happy before they have children, but then report more stress and remain unhappy until they finally divorce after their children leave home. d) Lucy and Bob are both very happy before they have children, but then report more stress until their children leave home, when they report being happy again
d
Which of the following represents a key change in online dating sites from 2013-2015? a) They are increasingly run by for-profit organizations b) Use of mobile apps nearly doubled c) Fewer agree that it is a viable way to meet people d) Fewer agree that people who use them are desperate
d
Which of the following statistics has not increased since the 1960s? a) The number of men in the workforce b) The rate of cohabitation c) The percent of births to unwed parents d) The percent of the U.S. population over age 65 that has never
d
Who are boomerang kids? a) Kids who become teen parents b) Kids who divorce and then remarry c) Kids who leave school and then return d) Kids who leave home and then return
d
Who do college students report spending the most time with and receiving the most resources from? a) Their father's father b) Their father's mother c) Their mother's father d) Their mother's mother
d
Who is more likely to recover quickly from a conflict in the relationship? a) Ben, a 25-year-old who is uncomfortable being without close relationships b) Chiara, a 36-year-old who doesn't feel the need for intimate relationships c) Alexa, a 17-year-old who overcame the hardships of being raised by a single mom d) Sonya, a 20-year-old whose partner is securely attached
d
With regard to gender role shifts, ________ seems to affect household chores, whereas _________ seems to affect childcare/breadwinner aspects. a) gender ideology; biological parenthood b) biological parenthood; parental investment c) economic exchange; gender stereotypes d) biological parenthood; gender ideology
d