Adult and Aging Development Midterm 1
1. longevity 2. life-span
1. length of an individual's life 2. the lognest period that members of a species can live
cognition
a combination of mental processes that include the ability to learn new things, intuition, judgment, language, and remembering
cohort effects
a drawback of both cross - sectional and longitudinal designs; apparent age-related differences between groups are in fact due to the groups being born at and living through different times in history.
dementia
a group of symptoms or conditions that result from brain-related diseases. Symptoms are loss of memory, loss the ability to use language, make rational judgment, recognize familiar objects.
inhibition (access, deletion, and restraint) processing
access- preventing the activation of irrelevant information during retrieval. Deletion- eliminating information for working memory that is no longer relevant to the task at hand. Restraint- preventing responses that are strong, but not task-appropriate.
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
affects older adults with cognitive problems who are still able to function. About half of them will develop dementia, some stable with mild impairment and others regain their cognitive abilities. Memory complaints, ability to perform normal daily abilities.
life-expectancy
age to which a person in a particular cohort is statistically likely to live, given his or her current age and health status
personal aging
also known as ontogenetic change refers to the changes within individuals
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - development is influenced by historical period and culture
although development is a universal process, there are significant interindividual and intraindividual differences. older adults have more opportunity to be changed by history and culture.
memory self-efficacy
an individuals belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. the belief in the effectiveness of one's memory function
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
an intelligence test first published in 1955 and designed to measure intelligence in adult and older adolescents
normative influences
are factors that affect most peoples development within a certain culture or society. random, chance factos that occur due to a combination of coincidence, the impact of earlier decisions on later events, and relationships with other people.
fluid intelligence (Gf)
are those skills that are independent of cultural influences that allow one to solve novel problems or process information in new ways, that decline later in life. examples- performance IQ subtests. Adults will often use previously learned knowledge and skills to help them solve new problems.
US and global trends in life-expectancy
as of 2016, a baby born in the US can expect to live to 78.6 years. women live longer than men
autoimmune theory
as the immune system declines, the body fails to appropriately recognize pathogens and it falsely identifies healthy tissue as infectious. due to these errors, certain chronic health conditions occur, such as arthritis
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - development is mutlidirectional and involves both gains and losses
at all ages, our growth is multidirectional; different areas of development may show growth or decline across the lifespan. for exmaple, older adults may approach certain decision making and problem-solving tasks differently than younger adults.
parkinson's disease
average onset is 60 years old. caused by slow death of dopamiergic neurons the central portion of the brain. symptoms include slow movement and rigidity, tremors or shaking of a limb, a temporary inability to move called freezing
psychological age
based on the quality of an indivudal's functioning on psychological measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning abiltiy
biological age
based on the quality of functioning of the individual's organ system (physical health)
multiple jeapordy
being a member of a racial or ethnic minority and lower socioeconomic status and female adn an older combine in an addictive or multiplicative way to create health disparities
immunological theory (master histocompatibility complex)
biological aging is caused by decreases in the efficiency of our immune system and its production of antibodies. immunological theory proposes that the MHC is the site of biological aging.
social aging
casued by changes in a society that occur over time. individuals change along with pr perhaps as the result of historical change
heart disease (atherosclerosis)
casued by the build-up of fatty plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries. these datty deposits impair blood flow adn oxygen supply in the heart, which weakens the heart muscle.
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - development is lifelong
changes and adaptations occur throughout the lifespan, and there is no one "supreme" period in the lifespan. development is possible throughout all the years of our lives.
biopsychosocial perepective of development - biological process
changes within the body associated with the passage of time that can alter the body's functions and structures
cataracts
clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye; wiht age proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down, causing vision to become hazy or cloudy
cross secquential design
combines the best feature of cross-sectional and longitudinal research by assessing multiple cohorts overtime
time sequential designs
conducting multiple cross-sectional studies at different points in time
broca's and Wernicke's aphasis (often the result of a stroke)
damange to these brain areas from a stroke can head to people not being able to produce or understand language
Selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model
developed by Paul Baltes, another theoretical framework used in the study of development, especially development in adulthood. Three processes of action regulation in respect to successful aging and life-management.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
each person can be tested and ocmpared to others using a score or IQ that is based on deviation from the mean
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - development is multidimensional and multiply casued
each person is a single integrated unit. different factors may influence different symptoms of our body and person differently.
retrieval process
finding or using information stored in memory
Crystalized intelligence (gc)
first proposed in 1963 Gc is the knowledge that is derived from formal, institutional settings that retains relatively high stability across the lifespan. examples- crossword puzzles, trivia, vocabulary tests.
neuroendocrine theory (hypothalamic)
focuses on the roles of hormones in the aging process and recognizes the importance of the hypothalamic pituitary-adernal (HPA) axis as a master clock
socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)
formulated and investigated by Laura Carstensen, is among the leading theories in the study of adult development and aging. Proposes that humans are unique in our ability to ponder time and our own limited life span.
hayflick limit
genetically controlled limit on the number of times cells can divide in members of a species
can effect memory stress
higher levels of perceived stress were related were related to lower cognitive function as well as accelerated cognitive decline over nearly 7 years of follow-up
stroke and hypertension
hypertension is high blood pressure. especially prevalent in the US. hypertension to linked to both heart disease and stroke.
generational cohort
individuals born at a given point in history who, by virtue of their birthdate, experience certain sets of events at roughly the same time in their development (ex- gen z)
normative history-graded influences
influences on development that transcend the individual's life and are associated with changes in a given culture or geopolitical unit as a whole.
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of knowledge -componential knowledge
information processing capacities; assessed through traditional IQ tests
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of knowledge - tacit knowledge (self-management, management of tasks management of others)
information that is not formally taught but is necessary to get ahead. self-management- knowing how to motivate oneself or organize time and energy. Management of tasks- knowing how to write a research paper or a grant proposal. Management of others- knowing when and how to reward or criticize subordinates.
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of knowledge - experimeental knowledge
insight and the ability to deal with novelty and creativity
biopsychosocial perspective of development - psychological process
involve cognition, personality, and emotions
wear-and-tear theory
it states that our bodies age as a function of use and lack of proper repair or maintenance. this approach suggests that if we had unlimited biological resources, we could continually renew and repair our bodies
post-formal thought
mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, constraction, imperfection, and compormise
sex based differences in hearing loss
mens hearing declines more rapidly than woomen's because they are moe likely to be exposed to intense noice in loud work environment and hobbied
free radical theory
most popular variable-rate theory today. during normal metabilic processes, an unpaired oxygen moducule is released in the body. this radical sets off a chain reaction of damage throughout the body, as it searches for an available electron which to pair
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - development involves a change in the allocation of biological resources
much of our biological reserve is used for growth and repair. when we reach midlife, our bodies begin to use more energy for maintenance. by the time we are old, most of our biological energy is used for maintenance, and relatively little less for repair.
loss of sensory hair cells in vestibular system
multiple studies have shown that aging reduces the number of sensory hair cells in the vestibular end organs. the vestibular provides a sense of balance and information about body position
lessons from the Nun Study (case of Sister Mary)
o late 1980s and early 1990s, 678 school sisters of Notre Dame from convents across the US participated in the first assessment of the cognitive functioning, and an average 1.6 years later 575 survivors participated in a second assessment. At the time of their last assessments, the 678 participants were an average of 85 years old and 31% of them were cognitive impaired. Sister Mary was 101.1 years old and was cognitively intact.
osteoporosis
occurs when the outside walls of the bone becoem thinner, adn the part becomes spongy. symptoms include loss of height, back pain, and curving of upper back or spine
presbycusis
old ear. typical age related changes in hearing includes an increase in the absolute threshold for detecting sound, such that sounds must be louder in order to be detected. occurs in both ears and a person is often not aware of the gradual loss in hearing.
presbyopia
old ete, age-related far sightedness casued by loss of elasticity of the lens
age-as-survival
older adults of color may be healthier than older whites because only the healthiest people of color survive to late life and because older people of color have gained, coping strategies to deal with a lifetime of discrimination
seattle longitudinal study
one of the most extensive psychological research studies of how people develop and change through adulthood. conclusion- cognitive decline with age is not entirely biologically based, nor is it irreversible. In most cases, the age decrement in intelligence may be reduced or intensified depending upon the interaction of the sociocultural environment and cohort
time lag designs
participants of the same age and are compared at different time periods
diabetes type 2
people do not respond to insulin as well as they should and later in the disease often don't make enough insulin
senescence
period of the life span marked by declines in physical functioning usually associated with aging. begins at different ages for different people.
cross-sectional research
primary design used in lifespan edvelopment psychological research, wuick and inexpensive to do, researhcers select people of different ages adn measure them on a variable of interest. provides information about age differences but not age changes
persistent inequality
racial differences in health are observed in earliest childhood and simply continue into old age
glaucoma
refers to a gorup of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve. one of the leading causes of blindness in older adults
functional age
refers to how well a person is able to live independently in the communtiy based on whether they are able to complete basic activities of daily living adn instrumental activities of daily living.
encoding processes
registering information for storage in memory
longitudinal research
researchers follow the same individuals overtime as they age. collects data from these people. pro- design measures age cnages not just age differences. con- time-consuming, participants may drop out.
age-related changes in gustation
sensitivity to the five taste often declines after the age 60. in addition, mouth produces less saliva as you age
differences in sensory aging based on sex and race
sensory aging-refers to age-associated changes in the structure and functioning of our sense organs, especially in terms of our ability to see (vision), hear (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and feel (somesthesis).
can effect memory exercise
some exercise invention studies find pre/post improvement in memory and other cognitive processes, while others do not. Most effective is sustained exercise habits throughout the lifespan.
Theory of cumulative dis/advantage
states that health disparities observed between older racial, ethnic, and other members of underrepresented groups are the result of the accumulation of risks and exposure across the life span.
cohort sequential designs
studying two or more different birth cohorts overtime
what is intelligence
the abiltiy to aquire knowledge or skills
social age
the characterization of a person's age based on them occupying certain social roles (looking at a persons family, work, and community roles)
age-as-leveler
the effects of aging are so profound that race differences are evened out
diabetic retinopathy
the effects of diabetes damage the blood vessles in the retina. this damange leads to blurry vision, floaters that appear as splotches obstructing the visual field, haloes around lights, loss of central vision, and loss of color vision
flynn effect
the finding that since 1900, each birth cohort has an increase in average intelligence from the birth cohort before it
normative age-graded influences
the influences on an individuals life that are linked to chronological age adn associated with society's expectations for people of a given age.
chronolgical age
the length of time one has been alive. useful when making rough estimates or broad generalizations
the fan effect
the more connections we have to a concept, the slower we are to acess that concept during retrevial. it increases with age
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - the importance and frewuently of biological and cultural factors shift over time
the notion that different factors may exert stronger or weaker influences on development depending on when these factors occur is an exciting area of research
control beliefs
the perception that one can influence what happens in one's life and to what extent one's actinos can bring about desired outcomes, such as good cognitive functioning
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of knowledge - contextual knowlesge
the practical aspect of intelligence; how people deal with thier surroundings; street smarts
gerontology
the study of older adults as a specific group, but it also encompasses aging as a process
social support
the various types of support that people recieve from others
biopsychosocial perspective of development - social process
those processes in development that reflect enbironment or context. they include indicators that can reflect the individuals position within the social structure.
Baltes 7 principles of lifespan development - development is plastic
throughout our lives, we are capable of growth and change. with enough training and practice, even an old dog can learn new tricks.
reflective thinking
type of logical thinking that becomes prominent in adulthood, involving continuous, active evaluation of information and beliefs in the light of evidence and implications
changes in static and dynamic visual acuity
visual acuity= the ability to resolve detail. Static visual acuity= measured by the Snellen chart, consisting of the standardized series of letters, numbers, or symbols that must be read from a distance of 20 feet. Dynamic visual acuity= ability to identify a moving object.
age-related macular degeneration
with age, some people experinece a decreased blood supply to the macula, wihtin the retina of the eye
changes in color vison
with increased age, there is increased diffuculty in discriminating among the blues, blue-greens, and violets
stages of adulthood 65+ popularion
young old- ages 45-64 old old- ages 75-84 oldest old 85 and older centenarians 100 and older supercentenarians ages 110 and older
age-related changes in olfaction
your sense of smell can also diminish, especially after age 70. this may be related to a loss of nerve endings and less music production in the nose.
