adult dev exam 6

1. How do you think mental health should be assessed, given what was said in class? 2. What are the three most common groups of mental health disorders? 3. How does the prevalence of mental disorders in general vary with age? 4. What are anxiety disorders? How prevalent are they in the adult population? What are the data for age of onset? Are there gender differences? Any differences in anxiety disorders with age? 5. What are the risk factors for anxiety disorders? 6. What does it mean that there is a high rate of comorbidity between anxiety and depression?7. What are the trends we saw in fear of falling with age-decade? Which situations particularly give higher fear about falling? What is one of the consequences of fear of falling? 8. What are mood disorders? How common are they? What is the gender difference in incidence of mood disorders? What is the age of onset?9. What is the general trend in help-seeking in mental health issues?10. How is depression different in older and younger adults (incidence, presentation, causes)?11. What are the risk factors for mood disorders? (see book) 12. What are the age patterns for substance abuse disorders? What are the gender differences, what is the age of onset? What is the most common substance that is abused? 13. What types of treatment are there for mental health disorders? Which types of treatment are used for which groups of disorders?14. What percentage of those who need treatment for mental health disorders actually receive it? 15. Which age groups are less likely to receive treatment?Stress disorders 16. What is the relationship between stress and mental health disorders? 17. What are PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder? 18. Which type of trauma seems to be associated with particularly intense PTSD symptoms for a longer period? 19. What are the trends for exposure to trauma and PTSD by gender? What are the differences by gender with type of trauma and PTSD? 20. What are resilience, recovery and delayed stress reaction, and chronic stress reaction? Be aware of the general order of prevalence of these various stress reactions. 21. What personality traits are associated with resilience? 22. What are the data on PTSD in the military as opposed to the civilian population?

1. Not always easy to diagnose bc u dont know the context 2.anxiety disorders, mood disorder, and substance use disorders 3. Increases from young adulthood to middle adulthood then declines. Are predominant at diff ages by diff disorders 4. Major symptoms of fear and dread when no obvious danger is present. More women have it than men. Pretty prevalent where its 33% in women and 22% men. Specific phobia is more prevalent. Rates of phobias increase w age. Age of onset is quite early, can be diagnosed by the age of 11. 5. Female, exposed to stress, poverty, and family history 6. High comorbidity between anxiety and depression, get one get the other 7. Increases w age decades (in 20s-1.5 and to 80s its to 2.5). Consequences are having the cautious gait (walking) which increases risk of falling. 8. Involve loss in sense of control over emotions, resulting in feelings of distress. Second most common type of mental health disorder in US (1/5 of americans). 30 is the highest 9. Younger people seek help but older adults usually dont 10. younger adults usually seen easier than in older adults. 11. Fam history, trauma, stress, major life changes, physical illness, and or brain structure 12. Alcohol is the most commonly abused. Only one that is More common in men than women. 50% already have it by the time ur 20. 15% have it during their lifetime. Alaskan natives and native americans is most prevalent and then white. age 45-54 most deaths by age. 13. Treatment includes psychotherapy and psychopharmacology (medication) and alternative providers. 14. 15. older people less likely to seek treatment 16. 17. PTSD: psych response to traumaAcute: Reactions to trauma similar to PTSD but diminishes in a month 18. physical violence lasts longest. 19. Men experience more trauma and women are more likely to develop PTSD. 20. Resilience is the ability to maintain a healthy functioning following exposure to potential traumaReilience is most common, then recovery then chronic then delayed. 21. Individuals w high levels of perceived controll are less apt to suffer probs as a results of stress exposure 22. 15% of veterans have experienced ptsd in last 12 months and for the population its 3.5%.

1. Explain the difference between stress and stressors. 2. What was the difference between the fearful (and high-stress hormone) rats and non-fearful (low stress-hormone) rats with respect to lifespan? 3. What are the three approaches to studying stress? 4. What are the individual differences in stressors w.r.t. age, gender, minority status? 5. What are some of the age-related sources of stress in the elderly that can be overlooked? 6. Describe Hans Selye's 'general adaptation syndrome'. What is the physiological measure of stress that is now often used to measure stress? 7. What are the two parts of the immune system? How do they react in Selye's various stages of adaptation to stress? 8. What did we see about the effect of stress on various parts of the brain in the video clip? What group of people has their brain permanently changed because of stress (instructor discussion). 9. What were the findings on all-cause mortality, breast cancer, heart disease and CVD/diabetes risk and stress? What design were these four studies?Coping & individual differences in stress10. What is coping? 11. What was the issue with the rats and coping in the third video clip in the class? 12. What techniques were mentioned in class as physiological manipulations of stress? 13. Explain what are problem-focused, emotion-focused, meaning-focused and social coping. Be able to recognize instances of these. 14. Which types of coping most involve control and which less so?15. What is proactive coping? recognize instances 16. What is religious coping, explain the difference between negative and positive religious coping? 17. What is the advantage of coping flexibility, and what is goodness of fit with respect to coping? 18. How is social support helpful in coping? In what ways can social support be negative? (book) What is the 'buffering effect'?

1. Stress: Set of physical, cognitive, and emotional responses that humans display in rxn to stressors or demands from the environmentStressors: Environmental demans that lead to stress rxns 2. Shorter life spans 3. Stimulus oriented ( mainly concerned about stressors-identifies categories of events that most people find dangerous and unpredictable), response oriented(physiological response) and interactionist (main, look at stress and response) 4. Gender: women more stressors than men, women and minority more stress bc discrimination, and stress decreases w age: 25-39 is highest 5. Doctors appts, losing drivers license, and hearing/vision and mobility decline 6.alarm stage, resistance stage, then exhaustion. Hans selye said we never return to rest. related to immune sys and cortisol 7. natural immune sys (attacks any pathogens) and specific immune sys. (targeted to specific pathogens).-alarm: natural immune sys ramps up and becomes more active and specific goes down-res: natural immune sys becomes less active and specific ramps up- exhaustion: both immune sys go down 8. shrinks hippo and increases area of brain responsible for anxiety and fearful, the amygdala 9. - chiang et al MIDUS study: linear relationship w stress and mortality- Lillberg et al Finland study: stressors related to subsequent physical illness- Matthers et al heart disease study: related stress and death from heart disease- fabre et al cvd/diabetes risk: life stressors and risk for CVD and diabetes 10. All things you might think, feel and do in response to stressful event 11. 12. box breathing, biofeedback, and uplifts 13. Problem focused(proactive): look at problem and take controlEmotion focused: reduce neg emotionsmeaning focused: searching for meaning in adversitysocial: seeking support 14. Problem focused coping takes more control. And social coping 15. Ways people cope in advance to prepart or mute impact of future stressful event.- building reserve of resources, recognixing potential stressors, preliminary coping efforts, and seeking and acting on feedback about success 16.Reliance on religious or spiritual beliefs to reduce stress- pos:going to religious group to help- neg: thinking god did this to you on purpose 17.coping: ability to use variety of coping skills depending on situation- goodness of fit: ability to match the appropriate skill w situation on hand 18. supp: affirmation and aid, "cushion" of people that support you.- Buffering: provides some protection against stress.

1. What are the five most important risk factors for death worldwide? Which ones are to open to change without medications? 2. What are the top five causes of death across age groups? Know where to find the causes of death for the various age groups. 3. Explain why the WHO definition of health is aspirational. What might be more easily measured as 'health'? 4. What are chronic and acute disease? What are the differences with age for both? How is it related to the immune system functioning? 5. Explain the need for flu shots this fall, in relation to adults of various ages. 6. What is disability? Explain the relationship between disability and chronic and acute diseases. 7. What are activities of daily living and how are they different from instrumental activities of daily living? Explain the difference. What is the age-trend with respect to limitations in ADLs and IADLs. 8. Explain the decrease in disability rates over the past 20 years. Explain the desirability of 'compression of morbidity'. Explain the uneven distribution of decrease in disability rates. 9. What factors are thought to contribute to the predictive effect of self-ratings of health? 10. Recognize which diseases fall under the general heading "Cardiovascular disease". 11. What is atherosclerosis, in general. How does it contribute to heart attacks and stroke? 12. What is coronary heart disease (aka coronary artery disease)? What is angina pectoris? 13. How do heart attacks differ between men and women?

1. High BP, tobacco use, High blood glucose, physical inactivity and overweight or obesity. Physical activity and tobacco use 2. heart disease, cancer, accidents, chronic lower resp disease, and stroke. 3. WHO: State of complete physical and social well being not merely absence of diseases or infirmity. And because it doesnt apply to a lot of people bc of its emphasis on "complete". Better def is to say the absence of illness=healthy. 4. Acute: Does not last longEX cold or flue and infections. As u get older u have fewer acute diseases however it would be more severe if older adults do get itChronic: More chronic diseases w age and lasts ur life 5. Bc if u get severe flu, then many get hospitalized and w covid also needing hospitalization then there will be less focused personnel and less equipment 6. To what extent does disease interfere w ability. DIsability: Determined if illness interferes w daily functioning across: 7. Activities of Daily Living (control bladder, tooth brushing etc), and Instrumental Activities of Daily living (shops indep, cell phone use, etc. Being independent) 85 and up is highest and the help w walking is the one that needs most help. 8. Decline bc of advances in med care and attitudes towards health. Compression: period of disability before death is shorter. Also higher income and education show better lifestyle and healthcare 9. The indiv perception of their own health, 10. Anything related to probs w heart and blood vessels. includes coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, stroke etc. 11. Its when arteries slowly become blocked and it includes coronary arteries. 12. Specifically means that u have blockage in coronary arteries. angina pectoris: blockage of a coronary artery comes ang goes so its earily treated so that pain goes away but if no treatment then a heart attack happens. 13. More common in men

1. What is the difference between personality traits and personality states? 2. Explain what differential continuity is. How does this change or stay the same over adulthood? 3. What is intra-individual variability? 4. Explain what 'mean-level change' is and how do the mean levels of the five factor model traits change over the lifespan. 5. Which two traits in the five-factor model have the biggest influence on a person's relationships? How? How is it related to what Gottman found was bad for marriages? (see book) 6. Which trait in the five-factor model has the biggest influence on work achievement? How does this work?7. How do the various traits in the five-factor model affect (or not affect) health? 8. How do genetics and environment affect personality? In what directions can personality change in people who experience discrimination? 9. What are the differences between the personality factors on the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory and the Big Five? 10. What is the difference between 'personal concern' theories of personality and trait theories?11. Explain Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, including the main concern at various age ranges (what are those age ranges in general). 12. What is the role of a person's environment in Erikson's theory in each of the stages?

1. -Personality Traits: Consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions-Personality States: short-term characteristics of person 2. Differential continuity is basically the stability of individuals' rank order within a group over time- you keep the same rank through adulthood. This changes or stays the same over adulthood by you basically keeping the same rank through adulthood and personality traits remain stable during childhood and throughout adulthood, increasing steadily through age 50- variability shrinks as you age. 3. Intra-individual variability is basically referring to the degree to which an individual's personality traits remain stable over time- people can change over time, and the variability in the rate and direction of change for individuals. 4. 'Mean-level change' is basically changes in a group's average scores over time- people become more agreeable and nicer as they age, more conscientiousness, less neuroticism, more emotionally stable, and less open, along with personality does change predictability with age and continues to change to at least age 92, and patterns are relatively independent of gender and cultural influences. The mean levels of the five factor model traits change over the lifespan by people becoming more agreeable and nicer as they age, more conscientiousness, less neuroticism, more emotionally stable, and less open. 5.agreeableness and neuroticism. This is so by high agreeableness leading to more friendships, while people high in neuroticism are not that great (being in the middle is better) as they tend to seek people with similar traits (like anxiety and anxiety), they meet their partner's negative behavior with further escalation (hostility and more hostility -> end of relationship), and they evoke certain behaviors from other partners (neuroticistic behavior). 6. conscientiousness. This works by the personality traits within conscientiousness being most important predictors of work-related markers of achievement - people do their work well -> get promoted, hired, and conscientiousness traits affect job achievement by: 1. People choose niches that fit their personality traits. 2. Conscientious people are singled out, given jobs, and promoted. 3. Non-conscientious people leave high achievement jobs. And 4. Conscientious people do jobs better. 7. The various traits in the five-factor model affect (or not affect) health by neuroticism being bad for health as it can lead to a shorter life, high conscientiousness leads to high health, better health, and is a huge component (top 1), and high agreeableness and high extraversion are good for health. 8. they both affect it 9. 10. The difference between 'personal concern' theories of personality and trait theories is that personal concerns are things that are important to you that you have to do, are explicitly contextual in contrast to dispositional traits, are narrative descriptions that rely on life circumstances, change over time, and one "has" personality traits, but "does" behaviors that are important in everyday life. 11. Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, including the main concern at various age ranges (those age ranges in general) is that during different parts in life, there are different concerns which are called crises or dilemmas, it is the most influential theory on adult development, psychosocial development continues over the entire life span, development follows a universal sequence, successful identity development involves resolving eight crises or dilemmas, which are Erikson's stages: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust - age 0 (birth) to 18 months - as a baby, completely dependent to surroundings, your conclusions of environment depend on how surroundings respond, Trust -> view world as a good place, Mistrust -> view world as a bad/not good place; 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt - 18 months to 3 years - kids are trying stuff out - depends on reaction to environment - feedback from environment will either encourage you or make you feel useless, can you do stuff for yourself; 3. Initiative vs. Guilt - 3 to 6 years - are you encouraged to try stuff - feedback will make you feel good or bad; 4. Industry vs. Inferiority - learning conflict tasks - depends on how environment reacts to you -> feedback that you get - elementary school age; 5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion - adulthood - you need to figure out who you're going to be - values and morality, future - have to come up with some sort of plan, occupation -> really important, have to complete this stage before moving on to the next 1; 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - can you form a relationship with a significant other or will you end up alone - age 25 to 40; 7. Productivity (or Generativity) vs. Stagnation - age 40 to 65 - are you producing something of value or it all meant nothing; and 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair - was my life good or not - up to death. 12. The role of a person's environment in Erikson's theory is that it basically helps enforce their behavior and reach their goal by getting feedback from the environment and/or seeing how the environment interacts with the person, and/or vice versa.

1. What percentage of people become parents? At what ages do most people have children? What are the trends with respect to age at first birth? What is the trend in teen pregnancies (see book)? What are the trends for children born to unmarried parents? 2. What question do the parental investment 'theory' and the economic exchange 'theory' answer and how? 3. What are the findings of housework between the parents? What is the average amount of time male and female parents contribute to the household (excluding work) per day (2nd LBS graph from 2015). 4. What are the findings with respect to the relationship of having children and marital satisfaction? Which factors do and don't make a difference for this relationship? What does Bjorklund say about the size of the change in marital satisfaction, what did you instructor point out also happens at the low point in the curve? 5. What is the 'empty nest' stereotype? What are the findings with respect to this stereotype? What factors influence the incidence of negative emotion when children leave the parental home, what is the difference in parents' negative feelings about their children leaving? 6. What happens to gender roles in middle adulthood, after the children have left the parental home? What are the theories that were discussed in class and the findings for them in the Lemaster et al. 2017 study? 7. What is Bowlby & Weis view of what happens to attachment after the children leave home? How does this compare/contrast with Cicirelli's views. 8. What are the general trends in parent-child relationships in adulthood? What are the trends in contact between parents and children? What are the interesting findings with respect to the younger generation influencing the views of the older generation and when does this happen? 9. What is the effect on adults if their grown children have problems? What issues with respect to access to resources (time, energy, money) were discussed in class or can you think of for problem children and their families?

1. 85% become parents. Average age of first child both is 26 years old. 4/10 children born to unmarried woman, where unmarried parents are dropping. Women having children at older ages bc of fertility techniques. Birth of first child is highly pos eventand then shift toward traditionalism 2. Parental investment: Females have just invested in 9 months and have to invest a lot of time raising where father it was just until child was born and then they leave.- Economic exchange: Both parents are involved in kid where mom does more caregiving and dad does more of money earning 3. Women actually do more housework in general bc it includes coooking and cleaning but men more in maintenance aspect. Women 2 hours and 15 mins and men 1 hour and 25 mins 4. It seems that marital satisfaction decreases a lot after the birth of the children happens in all age groups, SES groups and countries. Good friends makes a difference in the satisfaction=less of a drop. Birk says not all show serious decline, doesnt happen to everyone and there is no real scale. 5. Empty nest stereotype is that people go into a decline bc their kids are gone, and it is not true. This only happens if parents extremely invested. 6. Gender roles do not crossover and degendering was the same. 7. Bowlby: Once you raised your child, thats it. Once your child gets kicked out of the nest, thats it. parent attachment gone which is part of indiv achieving processCicirelli: Parent child attachment changes not declines. Communication is imp 8. Declines in adulthood. And for contact, the frequency is highest for weekly and monthly. 9. Childrens probs primary cause for depressive symptoms for older adults. Probs like children divorce, financial crisis and drug or alcohol probs. Successful children did not have same pos impact as prob children had in the neg direction.

1. What is the change in sensory memory across adulthood? 2. What is the change in short-term memory across adulthood? 3. What is working memory? How does Working memory change with age? Which type of working memory declines more with age? 4. What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory? What is another name for explicit memory? Is there a decline with age in implicit memory? How does it compare with declines in explicit memory? 5. What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory? How much do these decline (if at all) with age? 6. What is autobiographical memory? What life period seems to be especially remembered at all ages? Are there differences in the amount of autobiographical information remembered between adulthood and old age? 7. What is flashbulb memory? 8. What is prospective memory? Explain the difference between time-based and event-based prospective memory. How do these change with age? 9. What are the changes in source memory, and ease of inducing false memories in older adults? 10. What are the imaging findings that relate to memory tasks in younger and older adults? 11. What are the age differences in encoding and retrieval strategies with age? 12. Which factors help 'preserve' memory? How do they do this? 13. What is some of the evidence for stereotypes affecting memory? 14. What is metamemory, and how do older adults differ from young adults on this one? 15. What does memory self-efficacy do to memory performance?16. What are the age differences in memory monitoring? 17. What different kinds of memory aids does the EIEIO 'model' posit? Know examples for the 4 aid types. 18. Explain some of the issues with memory testing.

1. Age related declines in auditory and visual memory but not really a lot. 2. Short term is only small age related declines 3. Active processes and structures involved in holding info in mind (scratch pad where u work out questions to solve issues) It declines w age. 4. Implicit: Procedural memory. Association network, where when u talk about one thing it leads to another. Skills that u have. (ex driving, tying ur shoe, swimming, things that are implied). Not affected w agingExplicit: Declarative memory (things u could talk about and actually have to think about) 5. Semantic: Info u remembered of the world or history. Picked up info. Semantic increases first and reaches peak at 60 then slowly declinesEpisodic: Recollection of particular life experiences. Episodic decreases faster 6. Flashbulb memories. Events experienced between 10-30 yrs old we remember more. younger adults remembered more 7. highly detailed flashback of a memory 8. remembering to do something in the future. Time based is harder and more open to loss w age. Time-based is when event triggered by time related cue and event-based is triggered by an environmental cue. young adults did better w prospective memory but when given cues they all did same 9. Source memory adults are less accurate.False mem, older adults tend to be more susceptible to false memory issues than young adults 10. 11. Older adults tend to spontaneously use fewer retrieval strategies than younger adults. 12. exercise, multilingualism, semantic mem in service of episodic mem, and neg stereotypes before test makes person do worse 13. working mem declined when reminded of age 14. meta mem: how well u think ur mem capabilities are. Older adults seem to know less about mem, they think mem is less stable, they expect that mem deteriorates, and perceive they have less control over mem. 15. mem self: belief that one will be able to perform a specific task. So having this increases mem performance 16. the ability to monitor one's mem does not decline w age 17.External: for explicit its appointment book and for internal its color-coded maps and sandpaper lettersInternal aid(harder, more work, all in ur head): for explicit its mental imagery for rehearsal but implicit its spaced retrieval conditioning 18. telling diff is often difficult

1. Which risk factors for CVD can be changed? Which cannot? 2. What is cancer? How common is it? 3. What is declining with respect to cancer? How does age play into your chances of getting cancer? 4. What is the gender difference with respect to chances of dying from cancer? 5. Which type of cancer is the top killer after the age of 55? 6. Which things are risk factors for cancer but not for CVD, diabetes or AD? 7. What was the warning contained in the instructors story of experience with cancer screening? 8. Explain what diabetes is. What types are there, what are differences between them? 9. How common is diabetes? How has the prevalence of diabetes changed over the past 40 years and what trend did you instructor link that increased prevalence to? 10. What is the difference in diabetes occurrence by ethnicity/race? 11. What kinds of complications of diabetes were discussed in class? What "number" cause of death is diabetes for all ages (look on the slide for class 8). 12. How is dementia an "umbrella" term? What are the criteria for dementia? 13. What does it mean that Alzheimer's disease is neurodegenerative, progressive, cortical and irreversible? 14. At least what percentage of dementia cases is AD? 15. What are the two abnormalities found in brain tissue of AD patients? Which one of these abnormalities precedes the other? 16. What are the symptoms of AD in memory and language? What are the other symptoms of AD? 17. What genes are responsible for early-onset or familial AD? What percentage of cases is early-onset?

1. Aging, family history, tobacco use and environmental exposure smoke, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, high choles, high bP 2.Rapidly accelerated uncontrolled cell divisions caused by mutations, genetic errors, at cell level. Really common, second leading cause of death. Very high incidence and increases w age. 3. Declines in death from cancer. Increases risk w age 4. Higher for women before age of 50 but men get it more after 50 5. Lung and bronchial cancer 6. history of hepatitis b, chemical or radiation exposure, stds, alcohol use, unprot sex 7. 8.Its a disease where the body has trouble w its production and the functioning of insulin. Type 1 (pancreas cant make enough insulin and get diabetes young) and type 2 diabetes 9.More people are having diabetes. After 1980s and linked it to the development of type 2 diabetes. 10. risk factors: increasing age, fam history, obesity, high bp, high chol, and sedentary lifestyle 11. 12. BC it requires loss on intellectual functions in more than one area. Loss of intel function and involving multiple areas of impaired cognitive functioning 13. One of the causes of dementia. Cortical:the cortex gets damaged. neurodeg: degrading the brain. Progressive:gets worse. 14. 50% 15. Amyloid plaques (gets washed in sleep but doesnt for people w alzheimers) and neurofibrillary tangles (clumps of tao protein)- amyloid first then neurofub tangles 16. Memory: initially learning probs and retention over time, then lose previous semantic knowledge like fam friends, and then short term memoryLanguage: wordfinding probs.other: visuospatial impairments, general intellectual function goes down, executive functioning goes down (what goes 1st 2nd and 3rd- like when cooking what to do first), attentional probs, and other 17. Presenillen (PSEN1), PSEN1, APP.

1. Explain the four 'meanings' of death distinguished. 2. What are the trends for death anxiety with age, gender, religion, personality traits? What are the reasons given for these trends? 3. What is reminiscence? What is a living will, and why should everyone (especially older people) have them? 4. What are the Kübler-Ross stages of death acceptance? How necessary are these stages? 5. Why are farewells important to the dying and those left behind? 6. Where do people want to die? Where do they mostly die? 7. Explain hospice and its approach to dying? What is the role of the family? Is hospice covered by Medicare? 8. What is palliative care?Look up in book 9. What is the difference between active and passive euthanisia? 10. What does Oregon's death with dignity law provide for? 11. Why are rituals associated with death helpful for the bereaved? 12. What four 'tasks' does a bereaved person have to accomplish? 13. What is the most common reaction to the loss of a spouse? What other patterns have been observed?

1. Death as organizer of time- Death defines the endpoint of one's life. Typically beginning in middle adulthood, our "time" orientation changes from "time since birth, to time until death. Death as punishment- Children often view death as a punishment for being bad, but many adults also share this view.Some religious teachings make explicit linkages between sin and death. It appears that some individuals who are religious BUT questioning of their faith have higher levels of fear about their own death. Death as transition- Also strengthened by religious teachings, some individuals believe that death represents a transition to another life. Death as loss- To many, death means loss. For some, the loss relates to an inability to complete projects/plans; forothers, emphasis is on the loss of one's body, and related sensory experiences. For still others, it is the loss of relationships that is most distressing. 2. Age: middle-aged people have greatest fear of death.Gender: women have higher death anxiety than men.Religiosity: moderately religious people are most anxious.Personality traits: adults not able to resolve various tasks and dilemmas of adulthood are most anxious about death. 3. the recalling of memories from one's past experiences; a document that lets people state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions. It has no power after death. 4. The Kübler-Ross stages of death acceptance/death reactions are (in order): Denial - it's not true, I don't have this, I want a 2nd or 3rd opinion; Anger - anger at everyone, why me?, why me God?; Bargaining - if I take my medicine, can/will this go away, I just want to...; Depression - sadness; and Acceptance - accepting the impending death. These stages are necessary as people do go through these stages, but not necessarily in order. 5. Importance of FarewellsEarly farewells: letters, giftsPlanned and completed farewells: conversationsDeathbed farewells: Looks, touchesFarewells may make dying easier and facilitate disengagement and acceptance 6. Preference: Dying at homeReality: Dying at hospital or nursing home 7. Death viewed as a normal, inevitable part of life, not to be avoided but to be faced and accepted.Patient and family should prepare for the death by examining their feelings and planning for their later life.Control over care and care-receiving setting should belong to patient and family.Family should be involved in care to as full extent as possible to facilitate some resolution of relationships with dying person.Medical care provided should be palliative, not curative, meaning that pain should be alleviated and comfort maximized. 8. pain should be alleviated and comfort maximized. 9. active euthanasia involves the delibarate ending of someones life, which may be based on a clear statement of the persons wishes or be a decision made by someone else who has legal authority to do sopassive euthanasia: allowing a person to die by withholding available treatment (example: chemo withheld from cancer patient) 10.allows terminally-ill Oregonians to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose. 11. Rituals associated with death apply meaning to death and the life of the person.Personality and coping influence how one deals with grief.All human cultures have participated in ritual mourning.These rituals have clear and important functions. 12. Acknowledge reality of the lossWork through the emotional turmoilAdjust to the environment where the deceased is absentLoosen ties to the deceased ADVERTISEMENT 13.The most common reaction to the loss of a spouse is that it basically evokes the most intense and long lasting grief, as widows (women) and widowers (men) show high levels of illness and death in the months immediately following the death of a spouse. Other patterns that have been observed are that widowers (men) appear to have a more difficult time than widows (women) do in managing grief, along with widows reporting sleep disturbances as well as neurological and circulatory problems while widowers in general report major disruptions in their daily routines, and along with a chronic grief pattern.

1. What were the musculo-skeletal adaptations mentioned in the video to 'fight gravity'? How do these relate to higher risk of falling? 2. What three systems were mentioned in the second video that are involved in 'fighting gravity'? How do these relate to higher risk of falling? 3. What proportion of the elderly falls every year? What proportion of people who fall will suffer a serious physical injury? What is the biggest risk factor for falling? What is the most important factor in falls prevention treatment?. What is the difference between stamina, dexterity and balance? How do these change with age? How can the changes of normal aging be slowed? 5. What are the changes in weight observed for men and women over the course of adult lifespan? What (in general) are the interesting trends in obesity and overweight over the past 40 years? What did your instructor say about obesity and exercise? 6. What are the changes in the cardiovascular system with normal aging? How is the increase in blood pressure medication with age related to this? How can the changes of normal aging be slowed?7. What is Maximum oxygen uptake? How does it vary with age and activity level? What can be done to change the standard age change? 8. What are the 'normal' changes in sleep with aging? Explain the possible relationship between sleep changes with age and Alzheimer's disease (see the clip of Matthew Walker). 9. What outside factors influence the occurrence of insomnia? What changeable lifestyle factors influence the occurrence of insomnia? 10. What is sleep apnea?

1. Placing our imp organ, brian, at the top of our body and in a protective skull. Also bc its heavy, its positioned centered. Our s shape of spine and our deep hip bones. Also our thigh bones to focus our center of gravity and muscles on legs to keep us up. Also our feet for stability. 2. Our vision, inner ear, and from our skin muscles and joints. Our eyes can mistaken us for moving backwards like when a bus is passing and cause us to get into disequilibrium. 3. 30% of elderly. Quarter of those that fall suffer serious injury. Joint and muscle problems is the biggest risk factor. 4. stamina: Ability to do sustained exercise. You do not lose staminadexterity: Ability to use hands and body well. Ex opening jars or door handles.balance: If you exercise it can remedy the loss of balance.Exercise can remedy all of these but mostly is stamina and balance. 5. low weight in 20s then increase in 3s then fairly stable until 70s where it decreases. proportion of obese and extremely obese increased in 1980s but those who are overweight has not changed. Exercise is thought to have a bigger role in losing weight than it actually has, a better way to lose weight is to cut calories and carbs or fat. 6. function as well as younger people but slower to respond to challenge., walls of arteries thicker, fat deposits around heart, loss of muscle tissue, less volume pumped by heart. Regular exercise can reduce some of this 7. 4000, all groups show a decline w age but endurance trained athletes utilize oxygen better than speed trained and both do better than no training. 8.Changes in neurological sys increase likelihood of insomnia: sleep earlier and rise earlier, wakes up more easily, sleeps more lightly, and less slow wave sleep.- less sleep puts people at risk to develop build up in brain later in life which is also seen in alzheimers. 9. Factors: disease, medication, depression/anxiety, stress, alcohol or caffeine, lack of exercise, daily napping, and blue screen electronics 10. pause in breathing during sleep due to constriction of the airway.

1. What was the 'three legged stool' model of retirement? What is the main problem with this model for the current population? What is the rule of thumb advice for withdrawal percentage from retirement accounts for retired people? 2. Who are the 'near poor'? 3. What are the ethnic and gender differences in poverty? 4. What is shunning retirement? For what types of professions is shunning retirement really not an option? 5. What percentage of people returns to the workforce after retirement? (25%) 6. What percentage of retired men and women do volunteer work? (25%) 7. What percentage of people move residence when they retire? (about 8-9% of those over 65) 8. Explain the differences between amenity moves, kinship moves, institutional moves, and seasonal migration. What are the effects on the social network for these various types of moves? 9. Explain person-environment congruence for social and physical factors. 10. What is aging in place? Why is this progressively becoming a more favored option in the housing of the elderly? What is the role of home modifications in 'aging in place'? 11. What are 'granny pods' and the like? Why could they become very popular? 12. Describe adult day care, and various forms of it. When is adult day care a good option? 13. What is assisted living? Does the government pay for assisted living (no) 14. Compare nursing homes and the other forms of living mentioned? 15. What are the characteristics of the average nursing home resident? What is a common cause for a move to a nursing home? 16. What did the lady in the video emphasize as an important aspect of nursing homes for residents' wellbeing? 17. Describe elderspeak, and the various demeaning ways of speaking to the elderly one should avoid.

1. The "three-legged stool" was a retirement terminology from the past that many financial planners used to describe the three most common sources of retirement income for a retiree during retireme - Social Security, employee pensions, and personal savings.For younger workers, one could say that there still is a three-legged stool, but the legs have changed. In place of costly pension plans, most employers have moved towards 401(k) plans which require workers to defer a portion of their own paycheck into the 401(k) retirement account. Some employers will match the employee contribution up to certain percentage, but now some employers are even eliminating the matching program Withdrawal advice 4% per year 2. A segment of the US population with only enough earnings for daily needs, who do not qualify for US federal assistance programs. The near poor seldom have medical insurance 3. 4, 5. 25% 6. 25% 7. about 8-9% of those over 65 moved, although most within 8. Amenity move: climate recreation. Institutional move: e.g., assisted living arrangement. Seasonal migration most eventually move home 9. 10. Aging in place reflects the balance of environmental press and competence through selection and compesnation. Throughout adulthood people compensate for chane; aging in place represents a continuation of that process. Aging in place has resulted in a rethinking of housing options for older adults. Modifying a home can be simple process such as adding hand rails in a bathroom or extensive such as modifying doorways and entrances for wheelchair access 11. 12, Adult day care is designed to provide support, companionship and certain services during the day. 3 general types:1. provides only social activities, meals, and recreation, minimal health services2. more intensive health care and therapy intervention and social services for people who have more serious needs3. specialized care to particular populations (people w dementia, development disabilities)good option when primary caregiver has other obligations 13. housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care (bathing or taking meds) but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24 hour care 14. askilled nursing care consists of 24 hour care including skilled medical and other health services, usually from nurses. Intermediate care is also 24 hour care including nursing supervision but at a less intense level 15. Average resident has significant mental and physical problems (main reason for placement) ; One third of residents have mobility, Over age 85, FemaleRecently admitted to a hospital, Lives in retirement housing rather than being a homeownerWidowed or divorcedHas no children or siblings nearbyHas some cognitive impairmentHas one or more problems with IADL 16. 17. Elderspeak is assuming elders all have memory loss.

1. Explain Erikson's view of generativity. 2. What are Kotre's 5 kinds of generativity, recognize examples. 3. What is the evidence for Erikson's model for identity development and generativity? What is the instrument used to measure 'generativity'?4. Explain McAdams life-story model of identity development. 5. Explain Whitbourne's model of identity development, how is it different from McAdams model? 6. Describe Vaillant's model of mature adaptation, be aware of whether denial, humor, altruism, fantasy and passive-aggression are immature, middling or mature defense mechanisms in this view. 7. Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which are deficiency motives, which are being motives. Why does this have a place in an adult development context? 8. What is the difference between eudaimonia and hedonia in self-determination theory? What are the needs and how are they related to eudaimonia in this theory?

1. Generativity is your mark on the world 2. Generativity is a set of impulses - Biological and parental: Raising children good - Technical: passing on skills ex teachers and coaches - Cultural: Being a mentor to others -Agentic: producing something that transcends death, producing some body of work like books and arts -Communal: producing or being involved in community and productive for community 3. They took 2 cohorts and saw increase in identity score. - generativity scale 4. People have a life story, narrative w beg middle and ending. Life story adjusts, continuous view 5. Argues that people build conceptions of how their lives should proceed. life span has two parts: scenario and life story. Aging successfully requires integrating age related changes into ones identity keeping a pos view of oneself 6 Accepts eriksons stages as basic framework for development, focuses on growth or development, major form of adaptation is the defense mechanism and focuses on progress adults make towards higher levels of maturity 7. psych, safety, belonging and love, esteem and then self actualization - Being motive emerges after the 4 types of deficiency needs are satisfied 8. eud: sense of integrity and well being (like maslows self actualization) hed: happiness that involves presence of pos feelings and absence of neg feelings - needs: Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

1. What are the two main changes that take place in late adulthood? 2. What percentages of young-old and middle old men & women live alone in the 2014 section of the study we saw in class? What were the percentage of the old-old? What other types of living arrangements were there? What are explanations for some of these gender differences? 3. What factors influence whether someone lives alone or not? 4. What factors influence loneliness onset according to the Aartsen et al study? What other factors turned up in the German study? 5. What is aging in place, and what factors influence whether it is possible or not? 6. What are the difficulties with becoming a care receiver in late adulthood? 7. What different forms of elder abuse were mentioned in class? What percentage of caregivers in nursing homes reports mistreating residents? 8. What is the trend in caregiving (not care-receiving) in older adults? Why is the number of hours that older caregiver provide care dropping? What was mentioned with respect to the financial aspects of caregiving by older adults? 9. What is the trend in the incidence of late life divorce? What in general are problems after divorce? What are some reasons that late life divorce poses a problem for the children of divorce? 10. What are lifelong singles? What percentage of people count as lifelong singles after 65? What are issues for lifelong singles? How in general do they fare in comparison to others? 11. What is the trend in childlessness in the US? What are the educational differences in these trends? What are the effects on careers and marriages if people remain childless?' 12. What does divorce and remarriage do to roles in adulthood? 13. What 4 'theories' of social relationships did we talk about in class? 14. Explain how attachment theory relates children's early attachments in life to those later in life. What is the internal working model? What is the caregiver orientation? 15. Describe the convoy model of social relationships. What is a social network? 16. How many people on average do people place in their social networks? 17. What are general findings about the stability of social networks, what are the gender differences? 18. What does the socioemotional selectivity 'theory' explain? 19. What is the evolutionary theory take on social relationships? What were the kinship advantage findings that we saw in the video in class? How are these supposed to fit with evolutionary theory?

1. Live alone and or become care receiver2. 30% women lived alone and 17% men old old: 46% women and 27% men. Men die younger 3. Experienced more by women than men and proximity of family like relationship and location 4. aartsen: loss of spouse 2x chance of loneliness onset, reduced social activities 1.8x, increased low mood 4x, increased nervousness 1.6x and increased feelings of usefulness 3.5x,- other germanstudy: limited income and functional limitations 5. Ability of older people to remain in their own homes, factors include persons health, finances, attachment to neighborhood and distance from fam members. 6. Risks of elder abuse and negative psychological effects of loss of independence 7. One ex was about using their finances and then physical abuse, another is ignoring in nursing home, and robbing and physical abuse. 60% verbal abuse and 5-10% physically 8. The number of hours caregivers spend on giving care increases w age where 3 mil age 75 older care for others. Theres a decrease bc of respid care where u can bring people that need care (like a daycare). Caregiving by older adults are getting more recognized where sometimes country provides financial help 9. Divorce increasing among older adults (doubled). Effects can include estrangment, financial challenges immediately after divorce, and financial challenges in parents late life through increased caregiving burdens on children 10. Being single for life. Percentage of never married decrease w age by age 65 more than 95% have been married atleast once.- issues are that must cope w violating societal expectations and challenge to find support network. Lifelong singles tend to have good health compared to others, satisfied w being singles and less money spent on children and or sig other. 11. Rate of childlessness is increasing, for women major career diff when childless, and childless couples are not fazed w generational squeeze and as happy in late adulthood as couples w children 12. add more complexity to adult roles and increases the chance for role conflict and role strain. 13. 1. Attachment theory2. The Convoy Model3. Socioemotional Selectivity4. Evolutionary Psychology 14. - Key underlying features such as feelings of security, increases during times of stress, attempts to avoid or to end separation from the attachment figures.- 2 sides: Internal working model or attachment orientation: a cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others. A persons interaction w others is guided by memories and expectations from their internal model which influence and help evaluate their contact w others- caregiving orientation: Patterns of expectations needs and emotions one exhibits in interpersonal relationships that extends beyond early attachment figures 15. -Convoy Model: ever-changing network of social relationships throughout life; networks serve to shape and protect individuals-Social Network: inner circle, middle circle, outer circlei. Circles are used to separate people in terms of closeness of their relationship with an individualii. Inner: most important people in your life; attachment relationships; tend to be close family members, best friends, significant others, etc.iii. Middle and outer: people not as close to you but still important; typically extended family and friends-Convoys differ by individual's age, race, and socioeconomic status and may act as stress buffers-Women place more people in inner circle- means they place other people than spouse whereas men mostly only have their spouse-Most people put siblings in their second circle, at our age it's more likely to have siblings in first whereas an adult would put their spouse and children in the first circle 16. 20 people on average 17. -Inner circle remains stable-Women place more people in their inner circle 18. • Socioemotional Selectivity: more meaningful social relationships are preferred with age• Men tend to only have spouse in inner circle when they get older 19. -Evolutionary Psychology: social relationships play important role in human evolutions-Human species today have biological systems manifest in "need to belong"-Relationships provide protections from predation, access to food, and isolation from cold-Video represented in class showed that individuals were able to hold their breath longer for those who shared more genes

1. What are the three distinct emotional systems involved in romantic longterm relationships according to Helen Fischer? 2. How is the lust system related to Freud's notion of libido? What hormonal system appears to drive the lust system? 3. What bodily chemicals is the attraction system associated with? What functional areas are stimulated and which are inhibited during a period of romantic love? How long did the video we saw in class say that the changes lasted on average? 4. What's the idea behind the filter theory and exchange theory of mate selection? 5. What is the driver between preferences in mates for men and women according to evolutionary theory views of mate selection? What are the preferences? How did this compare to the actual choices in the speed dating experiment? 6. What are the trends in use of online dating sites? What are some of the problems of online dating sites? 7. Describe the ideas behind attachment theory, and the important features of attachment. 8. What is an internal working model in attachment theory, how is it relevant to romantic relationships? 9. What are the chemicals possibly related to Fischer's attachment system? 10. How are the gender roles divided at the beginning of a marriage? 11. What are the trends for married, separated, divorced, widowed and never-married men and women (generally) on health (see below). 12. What is the most important finding by Markman and Gottman with respect to interactions in unsuccessful unions? What the common positive threads that Gottman finds in interactions between partners in successful relationships? 13. Describe Gottman's two types of unsuccessful marriages and the interactions between partners? 14. What are the trends in LGBT identification across generations? What are the trends in same-sex couples that are married? 15. What are similarities and differences between same-sex and heterosexual marriages reported by Bjorklund?

1. Lust, attraction and attachment 2. Lust is powered by androgens and it accelerates romantic love. Bc this is the same as libido, which is freuds version of lust. 3. Attraction associates w increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine and decreased levels of serotonin.- Activation in the brains reward system. Areas of judgement or critical thinking are suppressed=explains why love makes people blind.- Effects last for only 2-3 years 4. Filter theory: Everyone is an option and then u filter out people u dont like.- Exchange: See it as a balance where u know the things u bring to the table and what you dont so you find someone to bring that balance. 5. Both are looking for a mate that alows them to have healthy children. Preferences are genetically based- Men: Looking for someone who is good at bearing and feeding children (good health, nice hips, attractiveness=healthy)- Women: qualities that signal economic resources, healthy genes and protector ability- signaled in the speed dating where they both cared about good looks but me cared more about body type and women more about money or income 6. 5% americans who are married or in a committed relationship met using dating site and % is increasing. Prob is that there is a lot of dating sites to choose from and people lie. 7. Romantic relationship is someone ur attached to. Ur relationship style as an adult reflects ur relationship style you had w your caregivers.- feelings of security, 8. Child develops an idea of what relationships are supposed to be like based on first relationship w primary caregiver (internal working model)=model for future relationships. 9. Oxytocin and vasopressin 10. At the beg of marriage= egalitarian roles where there is an equality of gender roles. The men and women both do equal things 11. Never married has worste health and those in relationships are better 12. Negative interactions can errode relationships. Positive components: fondness and admiration, we-ness instead of me-ness, love maps, purpose and meaning instead of chaos, and satisfaction instead of disappointmend 13. Hosile neg marriages and emotionally unexpressive marriages- reduction in life satisfation, self esteem, psychological well being, and overall health 14. LGBTQ def increased where 1.4 in traditionalists to 7.9 millenials, 1/10 lgbt americans is married to same sex partner and majority same sex couples are married (61%) 15. sim: both work outside of home, both divide up household chores and financial responsibilities, and the one who makes more money does less houseworkdiff: same sex couples face added pressure of potentially having to hide their sexual orientation or intimate relationships, members of LGBT community are more likely to be victims of violence particularly trans women, and social stigma and discrimination more common.

1. What is the range of adulthood when the grandparent role occurs for people? 2. How does the age difference between grandparent and grandchild make a difference to the relationship? What are some differences in grandparent grandchild relationships between the current day and the past? What factors make a difference in how close they are? 3. In what order are college students close to their various grandparents in the study reported in Bjorklund? 4. Explain what the 'grandmother effect' is. What approach to psychology does this arise from? 5. What percentage of children are living in grandparent headed households? What are the ethnic differences w.r.t. the general population here? 6. What problems do grandparents-as-parents often have? 7. What does the study by Attar-SCwartz et al. show and how does it lend some support to the 'grandmother effect' view? 8. At what age range does the caregiving role get added to a lot of adults' lives? What percentage of men and women between 25 and 64 provide unpaid care in the previous year? 9. Who generally provides care for aging parents, what is the task division? 10. How does the caregiver role influence physical and mental health? What is the best predictor of the effects of caregiving on the above?11. Intergenerational solidarity theory says that the quality of a family relationship depends on associational, affectional, consensual, functional and normative solidarity as well as the intergenerational family structure. What are all these things? Be able to apply these concepts .12. What are the general findings with respect to emotional closeness between siblings as it develops over the adult lifespan? What is one factor relating to the parents that makes a difference to sibling relationships in adulthood? 13. How do friendship networks change across adulthood? What are the gender, race and SES differences in friendships? 14. What are the differences in what social media (and specifically Facebook) are used for in young, middle and late adults?

1. Middle adulthood 2. Really older grandparents compared to younger grandparents prob dont have as close as a relationship bc cant play w them or handle that much energy. Currently grandparents are younger and wealthy so they pay for their grandchildren. Many adult grandchildren view their relationship as their safety net. 3. Highest was mothers mother and then mothers father and then fathers mother and then fathers father 4. presence of grandmothers predicts children's survival and have more help in birthing, caregiving, and knowledge base- evolutionary psychology 5. 7%. 48% white 23% hispanic 17% black and 10% asian. 6. Youre not a grandparent, you are a parent again, its a burden again, generational issues, financial issues, probs w parents 7. Not that much diff from children that have single parents or married parents. Having high involvement with grandparents is better and better for single parent bc it buffers it 8. Middle age (40-69) 9. Daughters and daughter in laws; husband take care of finances, but its mostly whoever lives closest. 10. Effects psychological and physical health and best predictor is perception of stress of caregiving11. - associational: to what extent were u close to cousins aunts and grandparents etc.- affectional: How much affection to extended fam-Consensual: what extent is fam in agreement to general values like politics- Functional: To what extent does extended fam come in and help you-Normative: certain norms we agree w- Intergenerational: how many of this intergenerational fam are there 12. Sibling relationships become more significant later in life. Life events can bring siblings together like death of parent 13. Friend networks decline in size in middle adulthood and continues to. women have more friends than men, africans have smaller friendship groups w more fam, people in high ses groups have large friend groups but same number of close friends . 14. older people use facebook and older u are then the less u are to use social media but more are

1. Describe the important points in Holland's theory of career selection. What are the crucial characteristics in Holland's theory? Be able to recognize descriptions of people with these characteristics. What is the name of Holland's test? 2. What are the central parts of the SCCT? What are the two 'extra' parts for the full SCCT? Who uses this model? 3. What are the gender differences in career selection, occupational gender segregation? What are pink-collar jobs and STEM jobs? 4. What reasons for occupational gender segregation were discussed in class? 5. How does family influence career selection? How does marital status of the parents influence career choice? 6. Describe Super's theory of career development and its stages. What are the substages of the exploration stage? Recognize these stages in vignettes. 7. How does the career pattern of women differ from that of men? What factors influence this? What did we say about the effect of this career path on finance? 8. What has been the trend for women and employment over the past 40 years? 9. What are gender discrimination, glass ceiling and glass elevator? What did we see about the glass ceiling in the last 5 years? 10. What are the effects of Covid restrictions and workplace changes on the mental health of men/women, senior vs. less senior (who is affected the most). 11. What are speculated to be the effects of Coivd restrictions and workplace changes on the career paths of men and women with children?

1. People seek work environments that fit vocational interests - social, investigative, realistic, enterprising, artistic, and conventional - Holland Code (RIASEC) Career Test - Online Personality Tests. 2. - 3. pink collar: Predominantly female jobs - stem; male dominant 4. women prefer working w people, men more interested in working w things, 5. educational attainment, models of career choice, and marital status of parents 6. life span or space theory: individuals develop careers in stages, career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of our lives. - look at phone 7. more men work full time (demographics and bio and social factors), women tend to move in and out of jobs more, and women work more part time 8. women in workforce is increasing 9. discrim: hire someone bc of gender - ceiling: barrier to advancement in work for women elevator: men more on a fast track to promotion than women 10. - women leave workforce or downshift more - senior women get more pressured 11. women

1. Explain what are social roles, social role transitions and how they relate to the social clock. 2. What is the change in social roles over the lifespan? 3. What is the difference between gender roles and gender stereotypes? 4. Which gender roles did we see were primarily female and male in class (of last year's class)? 5. What does it mean for something to be a proximal cause based theory of gender stereotype/gender roles? 6. Why is evolutionary theory a distal cause based theory of gender stereotype/gender roles? How does it generally explain the gender roles? What were the two versions of our "past" suggested in the video clip we saw, and what gender roles do they suggest prehistory predisposes us to? 7. What is the blended approach to the origin of gender stereotype/gender roles? 8. What is 'emerging adulthood'? 9. Why is describing a typical transition from adolescence to adulthood difficult? Explain the notion of correcting problem trajectories. 10. What are the three major changes that generally happen in young adulthood? 11. What are parasite singles, mammoni and boomerang kids? What is the general trend for 'leaving home'? What reasons does your book suggest for the lower percentages of females than males living at home (see book). 12. What are the average ages for women and men to marry nowadays? What is the trend in marital and cohabitation rates? 13. What are the historical trends in cohabitation by age? 14. What are the predicted trends in marriage rates for men and women? 15. What are the different 'types' of cohabitation, how are they different? What are the success rates of marriages based on previous cohabitation types? 16. What are the effects of culture and religion on happiness in cohabitation arrangements and success of following marriages?

1. Social roles are expected behaviors and attitudes that come w ones position in society. They change over the lifespan 2. They change, there are certain roles that you lose such as being a student or being a caregiver etc 3. Gender roles describe what men and women actually do in a given culture during a given historical era. More like responsibilities- Gender stereotypes: set of shared and often inaccurate and inflexible beliefs about what all men and all women have in comon. Ex male stereotype is instrumental qualities and women have communal or expressive qualities 4.- cleaning: 51% of mom did cleaning and 7% of dad did cleaning.- Taxes:42% of mom did taxes and 18% of dad did taxes but 40% both parents.- Car: 61% of dad did car maintenance and mom only 9% and 30% both.- Social scheduling: mom is 60% and 9% dad and 31% both- Proposes: Male 75% and female only 2% and 23% both. 5. Proximal cause based: learning from ur surroundings. Ex told that girls do this and boys do that. 6. Distal cause based theory: there are adaptations such as women staying in caves and nurse babies and do cooking while men hunted- the two versions included one where women did nurse and stayed in caves while the other was that they all communicated and did things together 7. Idea that there is an interaction between our internal tendencies for some preferences over others. So the distal cause theory interacts w current cultural experience (proximal cause theory 8. From 18 to 25 yrs of age. Characteristics includes identity exploration, instability, self focused, feeling in between, and possibilities 9. Its difficult because of the variability among young adults because there is a lack of well defined rules and expectations.- long transition period helps to correct problem trajectories 10. leaving (and returning) home, becoming a spouse or partner, and becoming a parent 11. Older adults are more likely to leave home and young men more likely to live w parent than young women.- boomerang: 24-29 that still live w parents- parasite single: single person who lives w their parents beyond their late 20s and early 30s to enoy a more carefree life- mammoni: mommas boy still lives w parent 12. women is 27 and men is 29. Marital rates are decreasing and rates of cohabitation are increasing 13. cohabitation has increased from 1995 being 34 and 2010 to 48 14. the rate of marriage has gone down where it predicts that about 86% of men and 89% of women will marry at some point in their lives 15. Enagaged cohabitation and preengaged cohabitation. engages cohabitation has better rates and stay married 16. When people lived together in periods or cultures that frown upon them, the had less success rates.

1. What is the general trend in number of neurons with age (loss or gain?). What affects whether new neurons are formed? 2. Where are new neurons formed, and what determines if you keep them or lose them? 3. What nonreproductive hormonal changes were discussed in class. What are the issues that arise from the changes in these nonreproductive hormones. 4. What is the climacteric? 5. How do the reproductive hormones change with age in men? What symptoms does this cause, and what are the ways this is dealt with nowadays? 6. How do the reproductive hormones change with age in women? What changes does this cause? 7. What is menopause and what is the average age at which it occurs, what is the normal age range at which it occurs? What is the age for premature menopause? What is early menopause? What is postmenopause? 8. What are the most common symptoms of menopause? 9. What are the issues with Hormone Replacement Therapy? (HRT) 10. What is the general trend in sexual activity, and what is the problem with any information on sexual activity? What factors affect whether or not older adults have sexual relations? 11. What are the changes in the immune system with age? What are autoimmune diseases? 12. Why are STIs (incl. HIV/AIDS) a problem in the elderly? 13. What factors are thought to be the main causes of individual differences in primary aging? How do these interact with race, ethnicity and socioeconomic group?Health & health disorders 14. What is mortality? How is mortality usually contextualized? How does average mortality change with age, what is the difference between genders. 15. What is average life expectancy or average longevity? What are the trends by gender? Explain how your life expectancy can be higher at age 30 or 60 than at birth.

1. You do lose neurons as you age and ur brain shrinks. during 40-60s its very slow until you get old old and then its rapid 2. In hippocampus and subventricular area. If you exercise ur more likely to undergo neurogenesis (new neurons formed) but u also need to learn something. 3. Corticosteroids affect neurogenesis so if u are very stressed or immune sys challenged= not a lot of neurogenesis.- Growth hormone (less muscle mass) and aldosterone hormone declines (easier dehydration and heat stroke) 4. Cease of women being able to bear child 5. - Decline in testosterone (decrease in good sperm, muscle, sex desire, and response) and aldosterone also declines (which makes people more susceptible to heat stroke) 6. Ovarian failure related to drop in estrogen and progesterone changes, and menopause occurs. 7. Menopause avg age is 51.3, range between 45-55. If its between 40-45 its early menopause and before 40 then its premature menopause. Postmenopause is 8. Hot flashes is the biggest symptom. Also weight gain, cognitive probs and crankiness 9.Rises in cancer, 10. Sexual activity drops from the 20s into late adulthood but research is limited by reliance on surveys. Two main factors are physical ability (erection) and sexual desire (mainly w females). But other factors are sexual partner and privacy 11. B cells make antibodies but w age they have abnormalities w age where theres an increase of autoimmune disorders. T cells show reduced abilities to fight new infection w age. Immune function is worsened by psychological stress and depression. autoimmune: immune system mistakenly attacks your body. 12. Bc they dont use prot or check bc they think bc of menopause they dont have to any more. 13. Causes are genetics and lifestyle. And bc genetics rep race ethnicity and income or socioeconomic group determines lifestyle. 14. Mortality is the prob of dying in any one year for a population. Increases gradually until about 75 then rapidly. Men die more than women. 15. Its 68. Life expectancy as u age increases bc some people that were born the same year as u, have died.

1. What is the difference in quality of decisions made by older and younger adults? How is decision making process in older adults different from younger adults? 2. What were the differences found in planning between older and younger adults and how this related to processing resources?3. What are the differences in neutral and interpersonal problem-solving between younger and older adults? 4. What are the three components of generally recognized intelligence? What is g? 5. What is the three-stratum theory of intelligence? How does it relate to the CHC model of intelligence discussed in class? Relate these to changes in memory, attention and processing speed. 6. What in general are broad factors, narrow factors and g in the CHC model? 7. What are the two Cattell components of intelligence that are often used in Adult development? Explain what they are, recognize them in intelligence test item form. How do they change with age? 8. What is the difference in the pattern of aging on IQ measured longitudinally and cross-sectionally? What is the general explanation for the difference? 9. What is the Flynn effect? 10. How do cohort differences relate to differences in cognitive ability change? 11. Describe the PFIT-model - how does it relate to what we have already seen about intelligence? Describe the neural efficiency hypothesis. 12. What is the gender difference in episodic memory, verbal memory and maintaining brain weight? 13. What difference does sociobiographical history make to rate of decline? 14. What lifestyle factors seem to do well in offering some protection against intellectual decline? 15. How does exercise influence cognitive abilities in the short and long term, what are some of the causal hypotheses about this? 16. How do subjective evaluations of cognitive abilities relate to cognitive decline? What is the explanation for this? 17. What is the relationship between loss of vision, hearing and intellectual decline, what could be an explanation for this? 18. Recognize diseases that are associated with intellectual declines, either directly or through medication side-effects. 19. What is the relationship between genetics and intellectual ability? Which components have particularly high heritability? What does that mean?

1. Younger adults make decisions faster than older adults but older adults search for less info to arrive at decision and require less info and rely on easily accessible info. Decision is equally good if not better as younger adults 2.Older adults are atleast or more affective at problem solving than younger adults especially for interpersonal probs. 3. older better but older are better in interpersonal probs 4. Global capacity of indiv to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively w environment. G is central, general intellectual capacity. - componential- Analytic Skills- experiential- creativity- practical- contextual skills 5.The three layers (strata) are defined as representing narrow, broad, and general cognitive ability. The broad factors are discussed in depth and speed factors are explained. 6. Broad factors:1. Fluid intelligence2. Crystallized intelligence3. general memory and learning4. Broad visual perception5. broad auditory perception6. Broad Retrieval Ability 7. Broad Cognitive Speedness8. Processing SpeedNarrow factors:1. sequential reasoning2. vocab knowledge3. memory span4. spatial relations5. general sounds discrimination6. creativity7. numerical facility 8. Rxn time7. -Crystallized vs. Fluid intelligence• Crystallized intelligence: dependent on education and experience; rises or shows stability into the 70s.• Fluid intelligence:require adaptation to new situations not dependent of education/experience; begins to decline earlier.8. -The number of words correctly completed in the New York Times crossword puzzle increases with age for over 800 adults in four different studies.Increases because you are actually using brain for crystalline intelligence-Age changes in total IQ based on cross-sectional data (lower line) and longitudinal data (upper line). Depending on cross-sectional data in the past led to erroneous conclusions that cognitive performance begins to decline around 40 and after that the decline is very fast.-Born in 1896: They have low IQ 9. - Flynn effect: can be cohort effectFlynn Effect:-Average IQ scores for groups of older adults increased steadily over 20th century-Related to changes in modern lifeOdd effect 10.occurs as a group where people do better or worse as a group for some reason 11. Proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal areas of the brain. (areas mostly concerned w higher level processing required in intelligence tests, brocas area most imp)- neural: intelligent people process info more efficiently than less intelligent people. 12. women have a slight advantage. this carries over into old age. 13. the level of professional prestige, social position, and income experienced throughout one's life. It was once thought that people who had led privileged lives in theserespects would be less likely to decline in cognitive abilities as they grew older, but mostof the research evidence shows otherwise; the rate of decline is the same, 14. those who read books, take classes travel etc 15.Causal link between physical exercise and intellectual skill.Exercise helps maintain cardiovascular fitness, which is linked to mental maintenance. Aerobic helps cell growth in hippocampus and other brain areas 16. Subjective indications is not a good judgement. People start interpreting everything in terms of age instead of anything else. 17. Poor health effects cognition. Declines in vision and hearing are related to declines in IQ scores. This is because w less senses, cant take in as much info 18. Alzheimer and dementias- obesity and high bp: metoprolol, beta blockers- deficiencies of vitamin b12 and folic acid:- thyroid disease-depression and stress: antidepressants, etc- cardiovascular disease19. Cognitive abilities are very heritable. Saw that monozyg twins were more same in intelligence tests than dizygotic twins. Speed and verbal were highest because more related to cognitive.

1. How does job performance change with increasing age? What are the reasons for this? 2. Explain the concepts of career recycling, career plateauing, career development, retraining and non-traditional students. What is mentoring, what does it have to do with career plateauing and/or Erikson. 3. What is job satisfaction? What is the trend with job satisfaction and age (see book), what are the explanations for this phenomenon? 4. What is job strain? How does job burnout affect a person? Who suffers mostly from job burnout? What are factors that affect job burnout? 5. How do unemployment and job insecurity affect a person? Why is unemployment bad for young, middle-aged and older workers? How do younger and older workers react to job insecurity? 6. How does work affect marriage? What are the negative effects of shift work in the biological and relationship and marriage domains? 7. How does work affect parenthood? What are the different effects on men and women? 8. Who often has to combine work and caregiving? How does this affect the person, their ability to do work? 9. What gender difference is there in preparation for retirement? 10. What is the age trend for retirement? What are the reasons for the retirement age increase? 11. What are factors that influence whether people retire? 12. Explain the various phases of retirement.

1. job performance does not change sig w age 2. - recycling: person has a career they like but then u try something else - plateauing: - retraining -development - nontraditional college students 3. 4. burnout usually happens w people in care profession 5. bad psychologically 6. bc of responsibility and 7. men get more financial responsibility and women move in and out of work 8. women 9. men prepare more than women 10. age of retirement is increasing 11. finances, health, family, career commitment and leisure time interests 12. preretirement (remote and near), honeymoon, retirement routine, disenchantment and termination.

1. What are the symptoms in mild cognitive impairment? How are they different from Alzheimer's disease? Does MCI always lead to Alzheimer's? 2. What types of tests are currently used (especially in research) to establish that a person with MCI or dementia has Alzheimer's disease? Which tests are used to detect beta-amyloid, tau protein, and synaptic dysfunction? 3. What is the status of medicinal treatments to prevent the progress of AD? What non-medicinal treatment did the instructor report does seem to have some effect on the progress of AD? 4. What type of medication is used to improve cognitive functioning (not stop progress) in AD? 5. What is the relationship between sleep loss and beta-amyloid in the brain? What is the relationship between sleep apnea & insomnia and occurrence of AD? 6. What is the glymphatic system and how does it relate to beta-amyloid levels in the brain? 7. What are the modifiable risk factors (one of them a little unclear how to modify - as discussed in class) from the Livingston et al. review article? 8. What is urinary incontinence? What are the four types of urinary incontinence? How common is it in the community-living elderly by gender? How common is it in those living in nursing homes? 9. What are the two pharmacological options for dealing with chronic pain? What is the incidence of pain in community-dwelling older adults. 10. What is the average number of medications that older adults have to take? What problems can result from increasing the number of medications and supplements that older adults take? What are the pharmacological issues that need to be taken into account w.r.t. medication prescription in the elderly? 11. What are the gender similarities and differences in health disorders? What are some reasons that are suggested to account for this? 12. What is the relationship between life expectancy and SES? What is the relationship between life expectancy and education level? What are some factors that may play into these relationships? 13. Know in general the patterns of health for the various ethnicities. What are the factors that drive a lot of these differences? 14. What is the healthy immigrant effect, where in the world does this occur? What are the suggested explanations for this phenomenon? 15. In what ways does discrimination have its deleterious effects on health? 16. How is Type A personality thought to affect incidence of cardiovascular disease? What is the effect of optimism? 17. How does genetics affect health? In what way is medical practice starting to take genetics into account in treatment? (see book) 18. What are lifestyle recommendations we discussed in class w.r.t health.

1. slight but noticeable and measurable decline in cognitive abilities, including memory and thinking skills. Does not always lead to alz or dementia 2. Brain imaging, tests for protein in blood or cerebrospinal fluid- Cerebrospinal fluid or pet amyloid imaging- Cerebrospinal fluid- FDG-PET or an MRI 3.Just slows the progress of it. Sleep and exercise. 5. Less sleep=more amyloid in brain. Increase the risk of AD 6. Waste disposer of CNS. Its responsible for removing the amyloid waste 7. In early: education, in mid: hearing loss, hypertension and obesity, in late: smoking, depression, physical inact, social isolation. and diabetes are all PREVENTABLE 8. involuntary leakage of urine. Stress, urge, overflow, and functional. 9. 10.6-7. Interactions and side effects. Pharm: absorption, distribution and metabolism. 11. Diff: women have longer life span, develop cardiovasc disease later in life, higher rates of anxiety and dep disorders while men have higher substance related and addic disorders, women have more chronic health cond and disability and men more likely to commit suicide. Sim: women die at older ages of basically same diseases as men, diff in med disorders are both bio and social, and more diff to explain diff in emotional disorders 12.higher ses or education, higher lifespan bc easier to access healthcare and more knowledge about it 14.that they are healthier in new countries than in native 15. produces stress, lower quality of life. 16. because more stress. Optimism are less apt to suffer from serious anything bc less stressed 18. dont live a sedentary and obese lifestyle, dont smoke or use bad subs, eat good and exercise get checkups, know fam history, and seek treatment early

1. Describe the information processing approach to memory. What stores are usually included in this view? What is the role of attention in this model? 2. What are the memory stores in the information processing/store model of memory? 3. Explain the difference between selective attention, sustained attention and divided attention. What are the additional processes (other than attending to information) in sustained attention and divided attention? 4. How does processing speed affect these forms of attention? 5. Describe the visual search study mentioned in the book (and in the slides for those who have an older version of the book). How would processing speed differences affect performance on this task? 6. How is sustained attention studied? Is this 'ecologically valid'? What were the findings of sustained attention in older compared to younger adults on these tasks? What kinds of explanations were discussed for these findings? 7. What was the divided attention task mentioned in the book? Was this task "ecologically valid"? How did older adults perform on the task, and what was the explanation discussed by your instructor? 8. What two concepts are contained in the notion of "processing resources" 9. What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing. Will older adults do worse at either or both of these?

1.Use a computer metaphor to explain how people process stimuli. memory stores: sensory short term and long term store. Attention can proess sensory info to working or short term mem 2. sensory short term and long term store 3. Selective: deciding what u are going to attend ur attention tosustained:Keep attention w what ur doing and ignore distractionsDivided: switching between diff things. 4. all are dependent on speed of processing 5. visual search task. Searching ur environment in an attempt to locate an item 6. through vigilance tests. Mixed findings where reaction times were slower for aging but their hit rates were same (items that they were supposed to notice) Elderly recruits more parts during tasks. 7. Yes valid. More than one speaker to see if u have focused attention or divided attention but both old and young prefer one speaker. processing speed goes down w age which is why older people did worse when more than one speaker 8. processing speed and working mem capacity 9. automatic: places minimal demands on attentional capacity and gets info in sys without us being aware of iteffort: requires all of the available attentional capacity. older adults prob switch over to effortfull processing