Adult health prepu exam 8#
A client on the medical unit has a documented history of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). What principle should guide the nurse's care of this client?
The client's disease is incurable and the nurse's interventions will be supportive.
A nurse is caring for a client who is in the diuresis phase of acute kidney injury. The nurse should closely monitor the client for what complication during this phase?
Dehydration
During the diuresis period of acute kidney injury (AKI), the nurse should observe the client closely for what complication?
Dehydration
Diagnostic testing of an adult client reveals renal glycosuria. The nurse should recognize the need for the client to be assessed for what health problem?
Diabetes mellitus
The nurse is caring for the client following surgery for a urinary diversion. The client refuses to look at the stoma or participate in its care. The nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of:
Disturbed body image
The nurse cares for a client after extensive abdominal surgery. The client develops an infection that is treated with IV gentamicin. After 4 days of treatment, the client develops oliguria, and laboratory results indicate azotemia. The client is diagnosed with acute tubular necrosis and transferred to the ICU. The client is hemodynamically stable. Which dialysis method would be most appropriate for the client?
Hemodialysis
A client with a history of progressively worsening fatigue is undergoing a comprehensive assessment which includes test of renal function relating to erythropoiesis. When assessing the oxygen transport ability of the blood, the nurse should prioritize the review of what blood value?
Hemoglobin
The nurse is caring for a client who is going to have an open renal biopsy. What nursing action should the nurse prioritize when preparing this client for the procedure?
Keep the client NPO prior to the procedure.
The nurse helps a client to correctly perform peritoneal dialysis at home. The nurse must educate the client about the procedure. Which educational information should the nurse provide to the client?
Keep the dialysis supplies in a clean area, away from children and pets
While reviewing a client's chart, the nurse notes the client has been experiencing enuresis. To assess whether this remains an ongoing problem for the client, the nurse asks which question?
"Do you urinate while sleeping?"
A 45-year-old man with diabetic nephropathy has end-stage renal disease and is starting dialysis. What should the nurse teach the client about hemodialysis?
"Hemodialysis is a treatment option that is usually required three times a week."
A nurse is collecting a health history on a client who's to undergo a renal angiography. Which statement by the client should be the priority for the nurse to address?
"I'm allergic to shellfish."
When fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine should be:
1.010 to 1.025
The normal urine pH range should be:
4.6 to 8.0.
GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
90-120 mL/min Renal function
What nursing action should the nurse perform when caring for a client undergoing diagnostic testing of the renal-urologic system?
Assess the client's understanding of the test results after their completion.
A client is frustrated and embarrassed by urinary incontinence. Which measure should the nurse include in a bladder retraining program?
Assessing present voiding patterns
The nurse is caring for a client postoperative day 4 following a kidney transplant. When assessing for potential signs and symptoms of rejection, what assessment should the nurse prioritize?
Assessment of the quantity of the client's urine output
The nurse cares for a client with acute kidney injury (AKI). The client is experiencing an increase in the serum concentration of urea and creatinine. The nurse determines the client is experiencing which phase of AKI?
Oliguria
Which period of acute renal failure is accompanied by an increase in the serum concentration of substances usually excreted by the kidneys?
Oliguria
Which term best describes a total urine output less than 500 mL in 24 hours?
Oliguria
During hemodialysis, excess water is removed from the blood by which of the following?
Osmosis
Which finding is an early indicator of bladder cancer?
Painless hematuria
A 64-year-old man is seeing his urologist for an annual check-up, post prostatectomy. The health care provider is concerned with the symptom he finds because it is considered diagnostic for bladder cancer. Which of the following signs/symptoms is diagnostic for bladder cancer?
Painless, gross hematuria
A client undergoes renal angiography. The nurse prepares the client for the test and provides postprocedure care. Which intervention should the nurse provide to the client after renal angiography?
Palpate the pulses in the legs and feet
Which medication may be ordered to relieve discomfort associated with a UTI?
Phenazopyridine
What is a hallmark of the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome?
Proteinuria
A patient with a UTI is having burning and pain when urinating. What urinary analgesic is prescribed for relief of these symptoms?
Pyridium
A client with recurrent urinary tract infections has just undergone a cystoscopy and reports slight hematuria during the first void after the procedure. What is the nurse's most appropriate action?
Reassure the client that this is not unexpected and then monitor the client for further bleeding.
The nurse is caring for a client receiving hemodialysis three times weekly. The client has had surgery to form an arteriovenous fistula. What is most important for the nurse to be aware of when providing care for this client?
Taking a BP reading on the affected arm can damage the fistula.
Which of the following is a strategy to promote urinary continence?
Void regularly, 5 to 8 times a day
A client has a history of neurogenic bladder and uses a permanent, indwelling catheter to facilitate urine elimination. What contributes to the likelihood of developing urinary tract or bladder infections? Select all that apply.
decreased fluid intake indwelling catheter
A client with chronic renal failure (CRF) has developed faulty red blood cell (RBC) production. The nurse should monitor this client for:
fatigue and weakness.
The nurse cares for a client who underwent a kidney transplant. The nurse understands that rejection of a transplanted kidney within 24 hours after transplant is termed:
hyperacute rejection.
A creatinine level has been ordered. The nurse prepares to:
Obtain a blood specimen.
The nurse is caring for a patient after kidney surgery. What major danger should the nurse closely monitor for?
Hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage
The nurse is caring for a patient in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (AKI). What does the nurse know would be the daily urine output?
Less than 400 mL
The nurse is caring for a client after kidney surgery. When assessing for bleeding, what assessment parameter should the nurse evaluate?
Level of consciousness
The nurse is performing a focused genitourinary and renal assessment of a client. Where should the nurse assess for pain at the costovertebral angle?
At the lower border of the 12th rib and the spine
a patient is being seen in the clinic for possible kidney disease. What major sensitive indicator of kidney disease does the nurse anticipate the patient will be tested for?
Creatinine clearance level
A nurse, when caring for a client, notes that the specific gravity of the client's urine is low. What could have led to the low specific gravity of urine?
Excess fluid intake
The nurse is caring for a client in acute kidney injury. Which of the following complications would most clearly warrant the administration of polystyrene sulfonate?
Hyperkalemia
An older female client reports that she feels like she does not urinate as strongly or quickly as she did when she was younger. The nurse educates the client that urinary flow rates do decline with aging, and that the average rate for older women is _____ mL/sec? Fill in the blank with a number.
10
A nurse assesses a client shortly after living donor kidney transplant surgery. Which postoperative finding must the nurse report to the physician immediately?
Urine output of 20 ml/hour
The nurse is planning client teaching for a client with end-stage kidney disease who is scheduled for the creation of a fistula. The nurse should teach the client what information about the fistula?
"A vein and an artery in your arm will be attached surgically."
The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled for the creation of an ileal conduit. Which statement by the client provides evidence that client teaching was effective?
"My urine will be eliminated through a stoma."
A client presents at the clinic with reports of urinary retention. What question should the nurse ask to obtain additional information about the client's report?
"When did you last urinate?"
A nurse is caring for a client with impaired renal function. A creatinine clearance measurement has been ordered. The nurse should facilitate collection of what samples?
A 24-hour urine specimen and a serum creatinine level midway through the urine collection process
Which client is at highest risk for developing a hospital-acquired infection?
A client with an indwelling urinary catheter
The critical care nurse is monitoring the client's urine output and drains following renal surgery. What should the nurse promptly report to the primary provider?
Absence of drain output
A client with chronic kidney disease has been hospitalized and is receiving hemodialysis on a scheduled basis. The nurse should include which of the following actions in the plan of care?
Assess for a thrill or bruit over the vascular access site each shift.
The nurse is caring for a client with acute glomerular inflammation. When assessing for the characteristic signs and symptoms of this health problem, the nurse should include which assessments? Select all that apply.
Assess for the presence of peripheral edema. Assess the client's BP.
The nurse is caring for a client who has returned to the postsurgical suite after postanesthetic recovery from a nephrectomy. The nurse's most recent hourly assessment reveals a significant drop in level of consciousness and BP as well as scant urine output over the past hour. What is the nurse's best response?
Assess the client for signs of bleeding and inform the primary provider.
A client with chronic renal failure (CRF) is admitted to the urology unit. Which diagnostic test results are consistent with CRF?
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 100 mg/dL and serum creatinine 6.5 mg/dL
A nurse is conducting a health history on a patient who is seeing her health care provider for symptoms consistent with a UTI. The nurse understands that the most common route of infection is which of the following?
By ascending infection (transurethral)
What is the most common presenting objective symptom of a urinary tract infection in older adults, especially in those with dementia?
Change in cognitive functioning
The nurse has been asked to provide health information to a female patient diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. What appropriate instructions will the nurse provide? Select all that apply.
Cleanse around the perineum and urethral meatus after each bowel movement to reduce pathogens. Drink liberal amounts of fluid to flush out bacteria. Void every 2-3 hours to prevent overdistention of the bladder
A patient comes to the clinic suspecting a possible UTI. What symptoms of a UTI would the nurse recognize from the assessment data gathered?
Cloudy urine
The health care provider ordered four tests of renal function for a patient suspected of having renal disease. Which of the four is the most sensitive indicator?
Creatinine clearance level
A client has presented with signs and symptoms that are characteristic of acute kidney injury, but preliminary assessment reveals no obvious risk factors for this health problem. The nurse should recognize the need to interview the client about what topic?
Current medication use
The nurse notes that the client's urine is blood-tinged following cystoscopy. Which nursing action should the nurse take next?
Document the finding in the health record.
A client is in end-stage chronic renal failure and is being added to the transplant list. The nurse explains to the client how donors are found for clients needing kidneys. Which statement is accurate?
Donors are selected from compatible living or deceased donors.
Which instruction would be included in a teaching plan for a client diagnosed with a UTI?
Drink liberal amount of fluids.
Which term describes painful or difficult urination?
Dysuria
The nurse is assessing a client suspected of having developed acute glomerulonephritis. The nurse should expect to address what clinical manifestation that is characteristic of this health problem?
Hematuria
Which factor contributes to UTI in older adults?
Immunocompromise
The nurse is assisting in the development of a protocol for bladder retraining following removal of an indwelling catheter. Which item should the nurse include?
Implement a 2- to 3-hour voiding schedule
A nurse is planning a group teaching session on the topic of urinary tract infection (UTI) prevention. Which point should the nurse include?
Notify the physician if urinary urgency, burning, frequency, or difficulty occurs.
Urine specific gravity is a measurement of the kidney's ability to concentrate and excrete urine. The specific gravity measures urine concentration by measuring the density of urine and comparing it with the density of distilled water. Which is an example of how urine concentration is affected?
On a hot day, a person who is perspiring profusely and taking little fluid has low urine output with a high specific gravity.
A client with a recent history of nephrolithiasis has presented to the ED. After determining that the client's cardiopulmonary status is stable, what aspect of care should the nurse prioritize?
Pain management
A patient has been diagnosed with postrenal failure. The nurse reviews the patient's electronic health record and notes a possible cause. Which of the following is the possible cause?
Renal calculi
A client with chronic kidney disease is completing an exchange during peritoneal dialysis. The nurse observes that the peritoneal fluid is draining slowly and that the client's abdomen is increasing in girth. What is the nurse's most appropriate action?
Reposition the client to facilitate drainage.
A client with kidney injury secondary to diabetic nephropathy has been admitted to the medical unit. What is the most life-threatening effect of kidney injury for which the nurse should monitor the client?
Retention of potassium
A client with a diagnosis of respiratory acidosis is experiencing renal compensation. What function does the kidney perform to assist in restoring acid-base balance?
Returning bicarbonate to the body's circulation
The nurse is providing a health education workshop to a group of adults focusing on cancer prevention. The nurse should emphasize what action in order to reduce participants' risks of renal carcinoma?
Smoking cessation
A client has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 43 mL/min/1.73 m2. Based on this GFR, the nurse interprets that the client's chronic kidney disease is at what stage?
Stage 3
What is true about extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)? Select all that apply.
Stones are shattered into smaller particles that are passed from the urinary tract. ESWL is administered with the client in a water bath or surrounded by a soft cushion while under light anesthesia or sedation.
Which of the following nursing actions is most important in caring for the client following lithotripsy?
Strain the urine carefully for stone fragments.
A 15-year-old is admitted to the renal unit with a diagnosis of postinfectious glomerular disease. The nurse should recognize that this form of kidney disease may have been precipitated by what event?
Streptococcal infection
A client with a genitourinary problem is being examined in the emergency department. When palpating the client's kidneys, the nurse should keep in mind which anatomic fact?
The left kidney usually is slightly higher than the right one.
A female client has been prescribed a course of antibiotics for the treatment of a UTI. When providing health education for the client, the nurse should address what topic?
The risk of developing a vaginal yeast infection as a consequence of antibiotic therapy
A client regularly recognizes the sensation of needing to void but cannot control voiding in time to reach a toilet. How would the nurse document this type of incontinence?
Urge
client regularly recognizes the sensation of needing to void but cannot control voiding in time to reach a toilet. How would the nurse document this type of incontinence?
Urge
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory response in the glomerular capillary membrane, and causes disruption of the renal filtration system. Although diagnostic urinalysis can reveal glomerulonephritis, many clients with glomerulonephritis exhibit:
no symptoms.
A client who has had a urinary diversion procedure is going to be discharged. What information would the nurse include when instructing the client on care of the stoma and collection pouch? Select all that apply.
When changing the adhesive wafer (to which the urostomy collection bag is attached), remove all remaining adhesive before applying a new wafer. Drain the continent urostomy four times a day or as directed by the physician. Wash the urinary collection pouch thoroughly after changing.
A client is a victim of an MVA and is unconscious. In compliance with a physician's order to insert an indwelling catheter, the nurse places the catheter and notes the drainage of a large amount of yellow urine with normal odor. The nurse clamps the catheter tubing to prevent:
bladder spasms.
A client is scheduled to undergo surgical creation of an ileal conduit. The primary nurse educates the client about surgery and the postoperative period. The nurse informs the client that many members of the health care team (including a mental health practitioner) will see him. A mental health practitioner should be involved in the client's care to:
help the client cope with the anxiety associated with changes in body image.
client has a history of neurogenic bladder and uses a permanent, indwelling catheter to facilitate urine elimination. What contributes to the likelihood of developing urinary tract or bladder infections? Select all that apply.
indwelling catheter decreased fluid intake
A client's renal failure has become chronic. Which signs and symptoms are associated with chronic renal failure? Select all that apply.
lethargy muscle cramps bleeding of the oral mucous membranes
A client has a suspected bladder tumor. What is the most common first symptom of a malignant tumor of the bladder?
painless hematuria
One of the roles of the nurse in caring for clients with chronic renal failure is to help them learn to minimize and manage potential complications. This would include:
restricting sources of potassium usually found in fresh fruits and vegetables.
The nurse is administering calcium acetate (PhosLo) to a patient with end-stage renal disease. When is the best time for the nurse to administer this medication?
With food
A kidney biopsy has been scheduled for a client with a history of acute kidney injury. The client asks the nurse why this test has been scheduled. What is the nurse's best response?
"A biopsy is sometimes necessary for diagnosing and evaluating the extent of kidney disease."
A male client had laboratory tests completed to evaluate for renal disease. The client's creatinine level is normal. Which values are considered normal? Select all that apply.
1.1 mg/dL 0.8 mg/dL
The nurse is completing a routine urinalysis using a dipstick. The test reveals an increased specific gravity. The nurse should suspect which condition?
Decreased fluid intake
What is a characteristic of the intrarenal category of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Increased BUN
The nurse is reviewing the client's urinalysis results. The finding that is most suggestive of dehydration of the client is:
Specific gravity 1.035
A client has been admitted to the renal unit of the hospital with acute pyelonephritis, and is undergoing parenteral antibiotic treatment. What signs and symptoms would this client exhibit?
All options are correct.
The nurse is giving discharge instructions to the client following a bladder ultrasound. Which statement by the client indicates the client understands the instructions?
"I can resume my usual activities without restriction."
A nurse is caring for a client with a fluid and electrolyte balance. What urine specific gravity would the nurse expect to measure?
1.018 urine specific gravity is a measurement of the kidney's ability to concentrate urine; levels between 1.010-1.025 are considered normal.
The nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with renal calculi. The nurse should instruct the client to increase fluid intake to a level where the client produces at least how much urine each day?
2,000 mL
Which medication may be ordered to relieve discomfort associated with a urinary tract infection?
Phenazopyridine
A nurse is teaching a client how to do Kegel exercises. Place in order from first to last the correct steps in performing these exercises.
Sit or stand with legs slightly apart. Draw in perivaginal muscles and anal sphincter as when controlling voiding or defecating. Hold position of contraction for 5 seconds (count or time with a watch). Relax contraction for at least 10 seconds. Repeat exercises 5 to 6 times, increasing slowly to 25 times.
The nurse who is leading a wellness workshop has been asked about actions to reduce the risk of bladder cancer. What health promotion action most directly addresses a major risk factor for bladder cancer?
Smoking cessation
A patient informs the nurse that every time she sneezes or coughs, she urinates in her pants. What type of incontinence does the nurse recognize the patient is experiencing?
Stress incontinence
A 24-hour urine collection is scheduled to begin at 8:00 am. When should the nurse initiate the procedure?
After discarding the 8:00 am specimen
The nurse working with a client after an ileal conduit notices that the pouching system is leaking small amounts of urine. What is the appropriate nursing intervention?
Change the wafer and pouch.
A 24-year-old patient was admitted to the emergency room after a water skiing accident. The X-rays revealed two fractured vertebrae, T-12 and L1. Based on this information, the nurse would know to perform which of the following actions?
Check the patient's urine for hematuria.
A patient had a renal angiography and is being brought back to the hospital room. What nursing interventions should the nurse carry out after the procedure to detect complications? Select all that apply.
Compare color and temperature between the involved and uninvolved extremities. Examine the puncture site for swelling and hematoma formation. Assess peripheral pulses.
The nurse discusses a care plan with a male patient who is to be discharged after a biopsy. He is instructed to maintain limited activity and report signs of systemic infection, urinary tract infection, or bleeding. Which additional instructions should the nurse include in the care plan?
Complete the prophylactic antibiotic therapy.
An adult client has been hospitalized with pyelonephritis. The nurse's review of the client's intake and output records reveals that the client has been consuming between 3 L and 3.5 L of oral fluid each day since admission. How should the nurse best respond to this finding?
Encourage the client to continue this pattern of fluid intake.
The nurse is educating a patient with urolithiasis about preventive measures to avoid another occurrence. What should the patient be encouraged to do?
Increase fluid intake so that the patient can excrete 2,500 to 4,000 mL every day, which will help prevent additional stone formation.
The nurse is caring for a client's status after a motor vehicle accident. The client has developed AKI. What are the nurse's roles in caring for this client? Select all that apply.
Providing emotional support for the family Monitoring for complications Participating in emergency treatment of fluid and electrolyte imbalances Providing nursing care for primary disorder (trauma)
What is used to decrease potassium level seen in acute renal failure?
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
When caring for the patient with acute glomerulonephritis, which of the following assessment findings should the nurse anticipate?
Tea-colored urine
A client who has recently undergone ESWL for the treatment of renal calculi has phoned the urology unit where he was treated, telling the nurse that he has a temperature of 101.1ºF (38.4ºC). How should the nurse best respond to the client?
Tell the client to report to the ED for further assessment.
The nurse is caring for a client who had a brush biopsy 12 hours ago. The presence of what assessment finding should prompt the nurse to notify the physician?
Temperature 37.9°C (100.2°F) orally
The nurse instructs a client to perform continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis correctly at home. Which educational information should the nurse provide to the client?
Use an aseptic technique during the procedure.
The nurse is caring for a client with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus who has been recently diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The client has an elevated phosphorus level and has been prescribed calcium acetate to bind the phosphorus. The nurse should teach the client to take the prescribed medication at what time?
With each meal
A client has been admitted to the renal unit with acute pyelonephritis, and is undergoing parenteral antibiotic treatment. What would be a significant aspect of this client's discharge education?
recurring infection prevention
A client's most recent laboratory findings indicate a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 58 mL/min. The nurse should recognize what implication of this diagnostic finding?
The client is likely to have increased serum creatinine levels.
Which nursing assessment finding indicates the client has not met expected outcomes?
The client voids 75 cc four hours post cystoscopy.
A client has a lengthy history of chronic pyelonephritis, and is concerned about the potential for renal failure. How many clients with a history of chronic pyelonephritis require dialysis?
10% to 15%
The nurse is caring for acutely ill client. What assessment finding should prompt the nurse to inform the physician that the client may be exhibiting signs of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
The client's average urine output has been 10 mL/hr for several hours.
The nurse coming on shift on the medical unit is taking a report on four clients. What client does the nurse know is at the greatest risk of developing ESKD?
A client with diabetes mellitus and poorly controlled hypertension
As renal failure progresses and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls, which of the following changes occur?
Hyperphosphatemia because the phosphate can't be expelled do tot the inflammation
A client with end-stage renal disease receives continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The nurse observes that the dialysate drainage fluid is cloudy. What is the nurse's most appropriate action?
Inform the health care provider and assess the client for signs of infection.
The nurse is caring for a client who has undergone creation of a urinary diversion. Forty-eight hours postoperatively, the nurse's assessment reveals that the stoma is a dark purplish color. What is the nurse's most appropriate response?
Inform the primary provider that the vascular supply may be compromised.
A client with acute renal failure progresses through four phases. Which describes the onset phase?
It is accompanied by reduced blood flow to the nephrons.
For a client in the oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARF), which nursing intervention is the most important?
Limiting fluid intake because of the edema
A patient who has been treated for uric acid stones is being discharged from the hospital. What type of diet does the nurse discuss with the patient?
Low-purine diet
A client undergoes surgery to remove a malignant tumor, followed by a urinary diversion procedure. Which postoperative procedure should the nurse perform?
Maintain skin and stoma integrity
A client undergoes surgery to remove a malignant tumor, followed by a urinary diversion procedure. The nurse's postoperative plan of care should include which action?
Maintain skin and stomal integrity.
Which type of incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine through an intact urethra as a result of coughing?
Stress
A client has been admitted for an outpatient cystoscopy because of a suspected interstitial cystitis. Which statement best describes the pathology of this disorder?
The bladder wall contains multiple pinpoint hemorrhagic areas that join and form larger hemorrhagic areas that may progress to fissuring and scarring of the bladder mucosa.
The nurse performs acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (PD) on a client who is experiencing uremic signs and symptoms. The peritoneal fluid is not draining as expected. What is the best response by the nurse?
Turn the client from side to side.
A client with elevated BUN and creatinine values has been referred by her primary physician for further evaluation. The nurse should anticipate the use of what initial diagnostic test?
Ultrasound
Which clinical finding should a nurse look for in a client with chronic renal failure?
Uremia-Uremia is the buildup of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
A client admitted with a gunshot wound to the abdomen is transferred to the intensive care unit after an exploratory laparotomy. IV fluid is being infused at 150 mL/hour. Which assessment finding suggests that the client is experiencing acute renal failure (ARF)?
Urine output of 250 ml/24 hours
A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with acute renal failure. The nurse notes on the intake and output record that the total urine output for the previous 24 hours was 35 mL. Urine output that's less than 50 ml in 24 hours is known as:
anuria
A client who has been treated for chronic renal failure (CRF) is ready for discharge. The nurse should reinforce which dietary instruction?
"Increase your carbohydrate intake."
The nurse is preparing an education program on risk factors for kidney disorders. Which of the following risk factors would be inappropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching program?
Hypotension
A nurse is aware of the high incidence and prevalence of fluid volume deficit among older adults. What related health education should the nurse provide to an older adult?
"Remember to drink frequently, even if you don't feel thirsty."
A nurse is reviewing guidelines for the care of clients undergoing intravenous or retrograde pyelography. Which would not be included in the guidelines for postprocedural and discharge care?
Limit fluid intake for 24 hours.
A nurse is preparing a client diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) for a lower urinary tract cystoscopic examination. The nurse should caution the client about what common temporary complication of this procedure?
Urinary retention
A nurse is caring for a 73-year-old client with a urethral obstruction related to prostatic enlargement. When planning this client's care, the nurse should be aware of the risk of what complication?
Urinary tract infection
The nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, responsible for the initial formation of urine. The nurse knows that damage to the area of the kidney where the nephrons are located will affect urine formation. Identify that area.
Renal cortex
The nurse is reviewing the potassium level of a patient with kidney disease. The results of the test are 6.5 mEq/L, and the nurse observes peaked T waves on the ECG. What priority intervention does the nurse anticipate the physician will order to reduce the potassium level?
Administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate])
Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium?
Aldosterone
The nurse is caring for a client who has a fluid volume deficit. When evaluating this client's urinalysis results, what should the nurse anticipate?
An increased urine specific gravity
A patient has undergone a renal biopsy. After the test, while the patient is resting, the patient complains of severe pain in the back, arms, and shoulders. Which of the following appropriate nursing interventions should be offered by the nurse?
Asses the patient's back and shoulder areas for signs of internal bleeding.
Following a renal biopsy, a client reports severe pain in the back, the arms, and the shoulders. Which intervention should be offered by the nurse?
Assess the patient's back and shoulder areas for signs of internal bleeding.
A female patient undergoes dialysis as a part of treatment for kidney failure. The patient is administered heparin during dialysis to achieve therapeutic levels. Which of the following steps should the nurse take to allow heparin to be metabolized and excreted in the patient?
Avoid administering injections for 2 to 4 hours after heparin administration.
Which of the following is a term used to describe excessive nitrogenous waste in the blood, as seen in acute glomerulonephritis?
Azotemia
The nurse is reviewing the electronic health record of a client with a history of incontinence. The nurse reads that the health care provider assessed the client's deep tendon reflexes. What condition of the urinary/renal system does this assessment address?
Bladder dysfunction
The nurse is caring for a patient with a medical history of untreated CKD that has progressed to ESKD. Which of the following serum values and associated signs and symptoms will the nurse expect the patient to exhibit? Select all that apply.
Calcium 7.5 mg/dL; hypotension and irritability Potassium 6.4 mEq/L; dysrhythmias and abdominal distention Phosphate 5.0 mg/dL; tachycardia and nausea and emesis
A client with a history of incontinence will undergo urodynamic testing in the health care provider's office. Because voiding in the presence of others can cause situational anxiety, the nurse should perform what action?
Help the client to relax before and during the test.
A creatinine clearance test is ordered for a client with possible renal insufficiency. The nurse must collect which serum concentration midway through the 24-hour urine collection?
Creatinine
A client develops decreased renal function and requires a change in antibiotic dosage. On which factor should the physician base the dosage change?
Creatinine clearance
A geriatric nurse is performing an assessment of body systems on an 85-year-old client. The nurse should be aware of what age-related change affecting the renal or urinary system?
Decreased glomerular filtration rate
Following a voiding cystogram, the client has a nursing diagnosis of risk for infection related to the introduction of bacterial following manipulation of the urinary tract. An appropriate nursing intervention for the client is to:
Encourage high fluid intake.
Which of the following causes should the nurse suspect in a client diagnosed with intrarenal failure?
Glomerulonephritis
The nurse analyzes a urinalysis report. He is aware that the presence of this substance in the urine indicates a blood level that exceeds the kidney's reabsorption capacity. Select the substance.
Glucose
The nurse is caring for a client suspected of having renal dysfunction. When reviewing laboratory results for this client, the nurse interprets the presence of which substances in the urine as most suggestive of pathology?
Glucose and protein
Regulation of electrolyte balance is a management goal for patients suffering from renal disease. Which of the following lab results is considered the most life-threatening effect of renal failure?
Hyperkalemia
The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with renal calculi. Prompt management of renal calculi is most important when the stone is located where?
In the ureteropelvic junction
An older client is experiencing an increasingly troublesome need to urinate several times through the night. The client's prostate is within normal limits, and the physician prescribes limiting fluid intake after the evening meal. What is another important intervention to keep the client safe?
Increase fluid intake throughout the day.
A nurse is working with a client who will undergo invasive urologic testing. The nurse has informed the client that slight hematuria may occur after the testing is complete. The nurse should recommend what action to help resolve hematuria?
Increased fluid intake following the test
The nurse is providing preprocedure teaching about an ultrasound. The nurse informs the client that in preparation for an ultrasound of the lower urinary tract the client will require what?
Increased fluid intake to produce a full bladder
To obtain information about the chief report and medical history of an older client, the nurse asks the client about any medication history. Why is obtaining a medication history important?
It may indicate multiple medications taken by the client.
A client has been experiencing severe pain and hematuria and is hardly able to ambulate into the physician's office. The physician suspects kidney stones and orders diagnostic tests to confirm. What test would physician order?
KUB
A patient is having an MAG3 renogram and is informed that radioactive material will be injected to determine kidney function. What should the nurse instruct the patient to do during the procedure?
Lie still on the table for approximately 35 minutes.
A client is undergoing a renal angiogram after a traumatic accident. What post-procedural assessments would the nurse perform on the client? Select all that apply.
Monitor hypersensitivity response. Palpates the pulses in the legs and feet. Monitor site condition.
Which is an effect of aging on upper and lower urinary tract function?
More prone to develop hypernatremia
A client is scheduled for a diagnostic MRI of the lower urinary system. What preprocedure education should the nurse include?
Relaxation techniques to apply during the test
The nurse is aware, when caring for patients with renal disease, that which substance made in the glomeruli directly controls blood pressure?
Renin
The nurse is caring for a client with a nursing diagnosis of deficient fluid volume. The nurse's assessment reveals a BP of 98/52 mm Hg. The nurse should recognize that the client's kidneys will compensate by secreting what substance?
Renin
A client with renal failure is undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this client?
Risk for infection
The client asks the nurse about the functions of the kidney. Which should the nurse include when responding to the client? Select all that apply.
Secretion of prostaglandins Regulation of blood pressure Vitamin D synthesis
Hyperkalemia is a serious side effect of acute renal failure. Identify the electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing that is diagnostic for hyperkalemia.
Tall, peaked T waves
A client admitted to the medical unit with impaired renal function is complaining of severe, stabbing pain in the flank and lower abdomen. The client is being assessed for renal calculi. The nurse recognizes that the stone is most likely in what anatomic location?
Ureter
The care team is considering the use of dialysis in a client whose renal function is progressively declining. Renal replacement therapy is indicated in which of the following situations?
When about 80% of the nephrons are no longer functioning
The nurse is assigned to care for a patient in the oliguric phase of kidney failure. When does the nurse understand that oliguria is said to be present?
When the urine output is less than 30 mL/h
In a diagnosis of a lower urinary tract infection, which structures could be affected? Select all that apply.
bladder urethra
Although the primary function of the urinary system is the transport of urine, the kidneys perform several functions. Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?
excreting protein
A client is experiencing some secretion abnormalities, for which diagnostics are being performed. Which substance is typically reabsorbed and not secreted in urine?
glucose
A client with a history of bladder retention hasn't voided for 8 hours. A nurse concerned that the client is retaining urine notifies the physician. He orders a bladder ultrasonic scan and placement of an indwelling catheter if the residual urine is greater than 350 mL. The nurse knows that using the bladder ultrasonic scan to measure residual urine instead of placing a straight catheter reduces the risk of:
microorganism transfer.
The nurse is caring for a client who reports orange urine. The nurse suspects which factor as the cause of the urine discoloration?
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
A client has been diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. This condition causes:
proteinuria disruption of membrane permeability causes red blood cells (RBCs) and protein molecules to filter
A client is undergoing diagnostics due to a significant drop in renal output. The physician has scheduled an angiography. This test will reveal details about:
renal circulation.
In a diagnosis of an upper urinary tract infection, which structures could be affected? Select all that apply.
ureter kidney
A client presents to the ED reporting left flank pain and lower abdominal pain. The pain is severe, sharp, stabbing, and colicky in nature. The client has also experienced nausea and emesis. The nurse suspects the client is experiencing:
ureteral stones.