ADulthood exam questions

Unlike the WAIS-IV, the PMAT also assesses an individual's: a) word fluency b) processing speed c) memory d) personality

A

A true Mediterranean diet would include relatively little of which type of food? a) nuts b) milk c) grains d) fish

B

By using_________to guide them, older adults can compensate for age-related changes in memory and speed when comprehending language. a) spelling b) retrieval c) context d) reminiscence

C

Brinley plots are used to understand which type of cognitive performance? a) working memory b) selective attention c) response inhibition d) reaction time

D

A major emphasis on psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of__________________in adulthood. a) defense mechanisms b) traits c) cognitive processes d) five factors

A

According to the correspondence principle, personality____________________________is enhanced over adulthood because people selectively experience life events that reinforce their existing personalities. a) stability b) change c) identity d) change

A

According to the research on the "reminiscence bump", older adults should remember to most from: a) their own teen and early adult years b) historical events that happen in their youth c) past experiences that affected their loved ones. d) their earliest years of childhood

A

Al Nino is a man in his 70s who is receiving rehabilitation following his recent hip surgery. Luckily his physical therapist avoids elderspeak because she refers to him as: a) Mr. Nino b) Honey c) Al d) Dear

A

IN the disease known as_______, the heart cannot distribute enough blood throughout the body to reach the major organs, causing the tissues to swell with fluid. a) congestive heart failure b) cerebrovascular insufficiency c) transient ischemia d) chronic hypertension

A

IN the procedure known as testing the limits, researchers studying the aging process try to: a) provide cognitive training until they show no more improvements. b) challenge older adults to push themselves physically c) ask older adults to complete larger number of ability measures d) encourage older adults to work slowly and carefully

A

In Erickson's theory, emerging adults arrive at commitments but do not evaluate commitments would be in which identity status? a) foreclosure b) achieved c) diffuse d) moratorium

A

Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as__________in which their performance actually becomes worse. a) stereotype threat b) memory controllability c) identity assimilation d) memory self-efficacy

A

On simple search tasks, where targets stand out relatively easily from distractors, older adults perform at high levels, because these tasks require: a) parallel processing b) division of attention c) serial processing d) attentional vigilance

A

Problems in everyday life that are the easiest to solve for older adults are those that: a) involve definite, well-stated goals b) are stated in vague or ambiguous terms c) require using an unusual or novel strategy d) place heavy demands on vocabulary skills

A

Research from the Institute of Highways Safety shows that older drivers in the U.S faced with the challenge of making a left-handed turn while in a busy intersection are most likely to experience which outcome? a) having an accident b) dying of a heart attack c) forgetting where they are d) feeling overconfident

A

Research on videogame training in young adults shows that these games have the effect of improving: a) attentional control b) color perception c) long-term memory d) mathematical skills

A

Researchers investigating the role of lifestyle as modifying an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease believes that _______ can play a protective role. a) exercise b) nicotive c) caffeine d) mood

A

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task demostrated that older adults are vulnerable to false memories as shown by a test of: a) words from categories b) numbers in a series c) pictures of objects d) ability to solve a puzzle

A

The Five Factor model of personality fits into whic overall category of psychological theories? a) trait b) neo-behaviorist c) cognitive d) psychodynamic

A

The abilities to plan, use working memory, allocate mental resources to incoming tasks, and inhibit information are included in the cognitive skill known in psychology as: a) executive functioning b) organizational aptitude c) everyday problem-solving d) crystallized intelligence

A

The communication predicament model is associated with which type of language directed toward older adults? a) elderspeak b) gerontophication c) dialecticism d) formal operationism

A

The idea that intelligence tests such as the WAIS-IV show a peak in overall IQ in early adulthood is called the ___________________________pattern. a) classic aging b) general factor c) reserve capacity d) Berlin wisdom

A

The increased release of elastase stimulated by cigarette is thought to be a cause of which disease? a) emphysema b) diabetes c) hypertension d) atherosclerosis

A

The view known as________theory proposes tat older adults use different neural circuits depending on task demands to make up for the losses that they suffer elsewhere in the brain. a) scaffolding b) default network c) inhibitory work d) phonological loop

A

Virtual reality memory training, in which older adults simulated walking through various places, was found to benefit which type of cognitive ability? a) verbal memory b) simple attention c) useful field of view d) decision-making

A

Which theory of Alzhiemer's disease proposed that beta- amyloid releases an enzyme that causes neural death? a) caspase b) neurofobrillary c) cortisol d) multi-infarct

A

Women show greater decreases across adulthood than men except on the _________________________scale of the WAIS-IV. a) digit symbol b) similarities c) block design d) matrix reasoning

A

A 65-year-old man smoked all his life and now has ________, a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. a) elastase resistance dysfunction b) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease c) acute pulmonary inflammation d) chronic respiratory syndrome

B

A 72-year-old woman has been told by her physician that, because she is obese, she is putting increased weight in her joints, thus increasing her risk of developing the muscle-skeletal disease known as: a) hypertension b) osteoarthritis c) emphysema d) hypolipidemia

B

A WAIS-IV test that measures the ability called Perceptual Reasoning is: a) symbol search b) block design c) digit span d) comprehension

B

A middle-aged man is worried that his 83-year old mother may develop osteoporosis, a reasonable concern because she: a) is relatively overweight b) takes in very little vitamin D c) consumes high amounts of protein d) exercises at least 3 times a week

B

A technical repair person is trying to determine the cause of a recent outage. The first step in the problem-solving is needed to repair the damage is for the repair-person to: a) use trial-and-error to check for causes b) assess the situation by evaluating all relevant factors c) determine the efficacy of each solution used. d) try out different approaches until one fixes the problem

B

According to the Communication_____________________________________Model, older adults become less cognitively capable when they are spoken to in a condescending manner. a) problem b) predicament c) practice d) preference

B

An older adult's ability to drive may be affected by which normal age-related changes in vision? a) a reduction in color vision b) greater sensitivity to glare c) increased ability to see near objects d) tendency to make right-left reversals

B

Diabetes can be prevented and even treated by which behavior? a) increasing the intake of sugars b) monitoring weight and diet c) reducing involvement in exercise d) increasing intake of red wine

B

Health professionals use the individual's ability to complete the tasks of bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, and eating to assess: a) overall health status b) activities of daily living c) biopsychosocial competence d) executive functioning

B

In an n-back task, used to assess working memory, participants are asked to: a) recall their earliest memories b) name earlier items presented in a series c) remember a list of category names d) describe a distinct past event

B

In neuropsychological tests called_______________________, the examiner changes the nature of the judgments that the older adult must produce. a) verbal fluency b) task-switching c) digit symbol d) trailmaking

B

Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of _____________memory failure, a problem that affects older more than younger adults. a) implicit b) source c) prospective d) retrieval-induced

B

Older adults who have low sense of memory____________, the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test, are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested. a) assimilation b) self-efficacy c) threat d) predictability

B

The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of: a) decrease in motivation b) nervous system changes c) problems in vision d) increases in anxiety

B

The SLS scores on verbal fluency and working memory found among a sample of people employed as ____________________ in a study carried out in the Netherlands. a) physicians b) teachers c) nursers d) architects

B

The Tail Making Test is used in neuropsychological assessment to evaluate the older adult's: a) naturalistic intelligence b) frontal lobe functioning c) frustration tolerance d) visual memory

B

The brain's default network, which processes internally-generated stimuli, includes which structure? a) cerebellum b) hippocampus c) occipital cortex d) reticular formation

B

The number one cause of death in the USA, primarily because it is suffered by older adults, is: a) arthritis b) heart disease c) cancer d) stroke

B

The personality trait within the Five Factor Model found to predict smoking and drug use in adulthood is: a) agreeableness b) conscientiousness c) extraversion d) introversion

B

The type of training most effective in the ACTIVE study involved which type of cognitive ability? a) memory b) speed c) reasoning d) analysis

B

The view that older adults have difficulty allocating enough of their mental focus to cognitive operations is consistent with the _______ theory of aging. a) inhibitory effect b) attentional resources c) multitasking d) general slowing

B

Vocabulary, factual information, and historical knowledge fall into the category of ________memory, a process not affected by aging. a) source b) sematic c) procedural d) working

B

A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is: a) lack of adequate public transportation b) changes in speed limits on highways c) changes in decision-time speed d) concern expressed by family members

C

A trained neuropsychologist assessing older adults is likely to use which type of procedure? a) administering the same 10 tests to all clients b) giving most tests in a group format before assessing individuals c) tailoring the assessment to the client's age and symptoms d) asking the individual's family to assist in testing

C

An analysis of cohort effects in the SLS by Gerstorf and colleagues showed that later-born cohorts had higher scores than earlier-born cohorts on almost all measures, suggesting that effect of: a) years of education b) cardiovascular disease rates c) exposure to technology d) global climate change

C

Because it studied patterns of individual changes over time, the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS) on psychological development used the multivariate correlation method known as: a) logistic regression b) analysis of variance c) hierarchical linear modeling d) meta-analysis

C

Brinley plots illustrating the slowing of reaction time in older adults typically involve which type of data? a) correlations among test scores within both younger and older adults groups. b) path analyses predicting the performance of older adults from younger adults c) graphs in which older adults data are on one axis and younger adult data on the other. d) pie charts in which the scores of older adults are shown in comparison to young adults.

C

Changes in which cognitive function may affect the ability of older adults to put words together, while speaking, into a sentence? a) semantic memory b) visualization c) working memory d) task-switching

C

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is almost always caused by: a) sun exposure b) overeating c) smoking d) genetics

C

Destruction of the _______ is a consequence of emphysema. a) trachea b) nephrons c) alveoli d) pancreas

C

Diabetes can be traced to the abnormal functioning of which bodily organ? a) hypothalamus b) liver c) pancreas d) kidney

C

Due to the tendency to engage in ________________________, many older adults repeat the same words on tests of verbal fluency when they are asked to produce words that all begin with the same letter. a) task-switching b) assimilation c) perseveration d) inhibition

C

During working memory tasks, older adults have difficulty_______the brain's default network, mening that they are less able to focus on incoming information. a) activating b) attending to c) deactivating d) speeding up

C

IN longitudinal research on ego development in women conducted by Helson and her colleagues at Mills College, the results showed that during the years of adulthood, woman decreased in: a) feelings of independence b) degree of self control c) perceived femininity d) self-rated leadership

C

In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older consumers are less likely to be influenced by: a) advertising b) personal taste c) extraneous factors d) product price

C

In the Type A behavior pattern, high scores on hostility seem strongly related to which health outcome? a) respiratory illness b) major depression c) cardiovascular disease d) hearing loss

C

Instruction manuals that are use terms that are _______________________particularly challenging for older adults. a) specific b) concrete c) vague d) well-defines

C

Older adults do relatively more poorly than younger adults on conjugation vs. simple search tasks, because conjugation tasks rely on _______ processing. a) parallel b) automatic c) serial d) pop-out

C

Older adults subjected to the process called___________________________are likely to view themselves as unable to carry out activities for themselves. a) dialectics b) testing the limits c) infantilization d) pragmatization

C

Older adults who have low sense of memory controllability because they believe that memory decline is inevitable can also be thought of as high in: a) identity assimilation b) memory self-efficacy c) identity accomodation d) retrieval- induced forgetting

C

Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on which measure of executive functioning? a) task-switching b) Wisconsin card-sorting c) Stroop task d) spatial reasining

C

Psychologists diagnosing Alzheimer's look for which key symptoms in its "early" stage? a) occassionally misplacing objects at home b) being absent-minded from time to time c) forgetting names of good friends or family d) being unable to name the star of a popular movie

C

Research on identity in emerging adults suggests that those who are most likely to engage in delinquent and drug-related behaviors are in which identity status? a) achieved b) moratorium c) diffuse d) foreclosed

C

Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity? a) recalling a person's name b) solving a crossword puzzle c) planning a future event d) deciding to write a reminder note

C

Researchers and clinicians use the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) to study the _____________model of personality in adulthood. a) attachment style b) ego development c) five factor d) defense mechanism

C

Researchers believe that the APP gene contributed to Alzheimer;s disease by causing faulty: a) synapses between neurons b) electrical discharges c) snipping of amyloid proteins d) memory formation

C

Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______memory test, or one in which they don't know they're being tested, they perform as well as young adults. a) working b) remote c) implicit d) flashbulb

C

The Digit Span scale on the WAIS-IV measures which intellectual ability? a) processing speed b) perceptual reasoning c) working memory d) number manipulation

C

The ____________principle would predict that, over time, a highly agreeable person would be more likely by other people, which would further increase that person's agreeableness over the years of adulthood. a) accommodation b) generativity c) correspondence d) stability

C

The disease that involves an abnormal thinning of the bones is: a) osteoarthritis b) tendonitis c) osteoporosis d) sarcopenia

C

The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain? a) episodic buffer b) hypothalamus c) hippocampus d) thalamus

C

The idea of reserve capacity in research on aging and intelligence is very similar to the concept of___________________________in the nervous system. a) fallout b) preservation c) plasticity d) complexity

C

The psychologist testing 78- year old client administered the NEO-PI-R as part of a neuropsychological assessment. She noted that the client has markedly high scored on an Alzheimer's screening test. According to research on the Five Factor Model and Alzheimer's disease risk, which scale of the NEO-PI-R is likely to be abnormally high? a) agreeableness b) openness c) neuroticism d) defensiveness

C

The role of the central executive in working memory is to: a) remember information for long periods of time b) direct attention to incoming stimuli c) allocate cognitive resources to the task d) recall information presented verbally

C

The tendency to ramble may be especially likely to occur in the speech of older adults who experience "mental clutter", or an inability to: a) speak in an adult-like manner b) focus on the gist of a story c) inhibit irrelevant information d) repeat the same word over and over

C

Using the "method of loci" to help adults improve their memory involves which technique? a) putting words into sentence b) using novel associations c) imagining walking through a house d) participating in aerobic exercise

C

While checking in on an older adult patient whose husband is visiting her in the hospital, a nurse's aide finds them holding hands and kissing. The aide immediately laughs and says " That's so cute"! What is the aide's behavior referred to in the psychology of aging? a) geriaphobia b) oldism c) elderspeak d) dialectism

C

in which health condition does the individual develop general thickening and hardening of the arteries? a) arteriogenesis b) myocardial infarction c) arteriosclerosis d) coronary heart disease

C

the world and health organization defines health as having which qualities? a) absence of any physical limitations b) lack of a disease or infirmity c) complete physical, mental, and social well-being d) ability to complete tasks of daily living

C

A behavioral health specialist working on a cardiologist's hospital is called in to conduct a session with a new patient. After determining that the patient fits the Type A Behavior Pattern, what would be the best way for her to try to help this patient decrease his future heart disease risk? a) start a program of family therapy b) teach him to be less agreeable c) help him act out his feelings d) work on reducing his hostility

D

According to research on stereotype threat, when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in memory study, they will: a) work harder to improve their scores b) appreciate being respected c) be less likely to ask for help d) perform more poorly than otherwise

D

As shown in research-making, one advantage that older problem-solvers seems to possess involves their greater ability to make the most out of: a) timed performance b) finding alternative solutions c) advice from other people d) information from prior experience

D

Bilingual adults benefit because the task-switching required by monitoring two languages strengthens their: a) everyday problem solving b) crystallized intelligence c) working memory d) executive functioning

D

Both older adults and older monkeys showed that they could remember over a 2-year period how to perform a task involving __________memory, in which they slid a small metal nut off a rod. a) semantic b) flashbulb c) source d) procedural

D

Data from studies measuring the brain's electrical activation to stimuli, also known as________, show that older adults are less able to inhibit irrelevant information. a) attention activation units b) irrelevant information signals c) complex decision responses d) event-related potentials

D

Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past, or remote memory, shows that: a) older adults remember the past better than do young adults b) although they try to forget them, older adults remember past events. c) older adults remember visually better tan they do verbally d) memories from events in the distant past are no better than from the present.

D

Health professionals treating older adults with osteoarthritis are most likely to recommend which of the following approaches as a long-term strategy, particularly for individuals with mild symptoms? a) weight gain b) bed rest c) corticosteroids d) mild exercise

D

In Alzheimer;s disease, neurofibrillary tangles cause what changes to occur within the brain? a) accumulation of harmful waste products b) targeted death of motor neurons c) loss of blood supply to the hippocampus d) twisting of microtubules in the neurons

D

In solving everyday problems, older adults show which pattern of performance compared to younger adults? a) faster response times on problems requiring math b) superior ability to analyze problems involving logic c) better ability to handle problems described in writing d) higher scores on problems of an interpersonal nature

D

Performance of older adults on the _____ task provides evidence of difficulties they experience in inhibiting irrelevant and potentially confusing information. a) Brinley b) Salthouse c) Deese d) Stroop

D

Tasks that require the individual to watch out for appearance of a target and respond only when they see it, make demands on _______ attention and appear to be more difficult for older individuals. a) multiple b) divided c) selective d) sustained

D

The "stroke belt" is located in which part of the world? a) Northern Canada b) sub Saharan Africa c) Central Asia d) Southeaster U.S.

D

The National HIghway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, in 2012, the highest fatality rates were for drivers ages: a) 75-80 b) 85-90 c) 50-54 d) 16-19

D

The behavioral risk factor for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tabacco smokin, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and : a) lack of close relationships b) low income and education c) inaccessibility of transportation d) harmful use of alcohol

D

The measure of intelligence on which the SLS findings are based is the: a) WAIS-IV b) CHC c) Gf-Gc d) PMAT

D

The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of: a) availability of public transportation b) ability to get rides with others c) the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep d) self-confidence and need for independence

D

The plaques found in brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are made up of which substance? a) tau proteins b) dead dendrites c) acetycholine d) beta amyloid

D

Through videogame training, researchers hope one day to demostrate that the improvements in skills acquired in these platforms will help older adults improve in their everyday lives, a process known as: a) perseveration b) comprehension c) induction d) transfer

D

Training older adults to use "deep processing" to encode information more fully would involve having them follow which procedure? a) repeating information over and over by rote until it is learned b) staying away from using strategies that may be confusion c) taking a dietary memory enhancements while leaning new information. d) giving meaning to information such as putting words in sentences

D

Which executive functioning do you rely most heavily upon while driving? a) listening to warnings b) observing road signs c) turning the wheel d) planning your route

D

While playing "Words with Friends" with her 72-year-old grandmother, Frieda Lay in shocked to find that she is losing badly because her grandmother just seems to know so much more words. Frieda's grandmother is illustrating the fact that: a) older adults are superior to younger adults in inductive reasoning b) later life is associated with much faster response speed c) secondary abilities improve but primary abilities decline in later life. d) crystallized intelligence rises throughout adulthood into the 70s

D

While you are at rest, the brain's _____ is at work, processing information that you generate internally. a) phonological loop b) central executive c) visuospatial sketch pad d) default network

D