Ap Psych test pt.1

Which correlation coefficient shows the relationship between brushing teeth and cavities?

-.85

Stanley Milgram's class research on obedience showed that approximately what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock?

60%

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the ice-cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?

A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

Amygdala

A man is feeling depressed about his inability to support his family after losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)?

Axis IV

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival

Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

Drive-reduction

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

Effect

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. e immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?

Gate-control theory

Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last?

Hypothetical thinking

What is the dependent variable in this study?

Incidence of aggressive behavior

Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge?

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Which of the following is a type of medication that has been linked to the side effect of tardive dyskinesia?

Neuroleptics

After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

Opponent-process theory

James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for him to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

In which of the following techniques do researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity?

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on

Rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and social context

A therapist who emphasizes helping clients to identify and change _rrational beliefs that underlie feelings of anxiety is using which therapeutic technique?

Rational-emotive behavior therapy

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate describes their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

Julio has fragmented thinking and distorted false beliefs. Which of the following psychological disorders is Julio most likely experiencing?

Schizophrenia

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?

Selective attention

Which of the following is true of the two sets of scores above?

Set B has a larger standard deviation

When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding?

The availability heuristic

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same take. This illustrates which of the following principles?

The overjustification effect

Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following?

The social desirability bias

What is the independent variable in this study?

Type of television program viewed

Charles Spearman's concept of g is most accurately defined as

a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests

The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by

a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors

When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is

an opiate

Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an

antognist

Which of the following categories would most likely represent the diagnosis associated with this set of behaviors?

anxiety disorder

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

attention

type of therapy is most closely associated with the technique used in this method?

behavioral

The just-world hypothesis would be best explain which of the following phenomenon?

blaming the victim

Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it?

case study

Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control?

cognitive

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

Which of the following psychometric properties is used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person's intelligence?

construct validity

Which procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher?

debriefing

The diathesis-stress approach would likely support which of the following statements about psychological disorders?

disorders are a result of predisposed, biological factors triggered by the environment

Under hypnosis, Jerry is able to withstand pain without showing any outward signs of discomfort. However, when asked to signal if some part of his consciousness is aware of the pain, he raises his hand. Which of the following is a theory that best explains Jerry's behavior

dissociation

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia

dopamine

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

This research method is best characterized as

experimental

A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called

factor analysis

Ralph is aware that smoking is harmful to his health, but he continues to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Ralph will

focus on the social advantages of smoking

Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?

humanistic

John regularly stops at the pharmacy to collect pamphlets that list symptoms of different illnesses, because he is worried about his health.Each day he carefully monitors his vital signs, and he also frequently meets with a physician. On his most recent visit, the physician suggested that John was perfectly healthy. With which of the following psychological disorders might John be diagnosed?

hypochondriasis

According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the

id

Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self-system?

interdependent

In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of

latent learning

An individual who stomps angrily out of a restaurant after being kept waiting five extra minutes for a reserved table may be exhibiting symptoms of

narcissistic personality disorder

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following?

overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavioral of others

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following?

perception

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as

permissive

Which of the following is part of the brainstem

pons

The Psychology Aptitude Test (PAT) was administered to incoming college psychology majors. Their scores were later compared to their performance in the introductory psychology course, and high scores on the PAT were related to high grades in the course. Therefore the PAT has

predictive validity

According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages?

preoperational

Which type of therapy uses free association, dream interpretation , and analysis of transference?

psychodynamic

In vision, transduction occurs within the

retina

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

rorschach test

In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will

salivate when the light is flashed

A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study's

sample

Marc performs poorly on a psychology exam and explains his failure by saying, "That test was so hard no one could pass it." This explanation illustrates

self-serving bias

A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze?

shaping

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

sleep apnea

What is the function of the pons

sleeping, waking, and dreaming

Researchers find that there is significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that

students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not

What type of treatment technique is described above?

systematic desentiazation

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

testing first,third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

A teacher finds the distribution of scores on a final exam to be positively skewed with low variability. On the basis of this information, the teacher would be most justified in concluding that

the exam was difficult

The term group polarization refers to the tendency for

the prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion

Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if

they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's

vision