Advanced exercise physiology exam 1

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g., 3 days/week @ 60% VO2 max for 12 weeks) typically results in a ______. a)1-5% improvement in VO2 max b)5-10% improvement in VO2 max c)15-25% improvement in VO2 max d)40-60% improvement in VO2 max

15-25% improvement in VO2 max

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals. a)10-15 hours b)15-20 hours c)20-25 hours d)35-50 hours

35-50 hours

Heritability (i.e., genetics) determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults. a)20 b)30 c)50 d)90

50

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e., individuals that achieve large increases in VO2 max) can achieve up to ______% improvement in VO2 max following a prolonged and intense training program. a)20 b)35 c)50 d)90

50

The relative risk ratio (i.e., chance) of developing coronary heart disease due to physical inactivity is about _________. a)1.0 b)1.9 c)2.9 d)5.0

1.9

Which of the following factors do not contribute to the endurance exercise training induced improvements in vo2 max a)Increased maximal cardiac output b)Increased maximal stroke volume c)Increased maximal heart rate d)None of these

Increased maximal heart rate

Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to: a)a decrease in muscle protein synthesis b)increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers c)both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct d)None of these is correct

both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct

During the first four months of an endurance exercise training program, the initial increase in VO2 max is primarily due to a)neural adaptations. b)increases in stroke volume. c)increases in maximal cardiac output. d)Both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct.

both increases in stroke volume and increases in maximal cardiac output are correct

In response to an increase in inflammatory factors, the liver releases _______________. a)IL-6 b)adiponectin c)C-reactive protein d)Both IL-6 and adiponectin are correct answers

c-reactive protein

The risk of cardiac complications during exercise is a)directly related to the degree of pre-existing cardiac disease. b)higher in women compared to men. c)independent of the presence of heart disease. d)None of these answers is correct.

directly related to the degree of pre existing cardiac disease

Which of the following factors DO NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise? a)slower blood flow in muscle b)increased fat storage in the liver c)increased FFA transporters d)increased beta oxidation enzymes

increased fat storage in the liver

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles? a)increased glycogen utilization b)increased H4 form of LDH c)increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate d)decreased pyruvate formation

increased glycogen utilization

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise? a)increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle b)increased M4 form of LDH c)increased glycolytic capacity d)decreased beta oxidation capacity

increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle

Many heart attacks and strokes occur because of a)a gradual occlusion of an artery. b)a collection of red blood cells that block blood flow. c)a sudden rupture of plaque that triggers a blood clot. d)None of these answers is correct.

a sudden rupture of plaque that triggers a blood clot

Epidemiological studies confirm that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing a)coronary heart disease. b)lowers the risk of all-cause mortality. c)reduces the risk of heart disease in both smokers and hypertensive individuals. d)All of these answers are correct.

all of these answers are correct

Type II diabetics often exhibit a number of risk factors for coronary heart disease including __________________. a)hypertension and inactivity b)hypertension and obesity c)high blood cholesterol d)All of these answers are correct

all of these answers are correct

Physical activity is defined as a)exercise that is associated with limited health benefits. b)daily activities below a 3 MET exercise intensity. c)exercise designed to improve cardiovascular fitness. d)any form of muscular activity.

any form of muscular activity

During the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength is primarily due to a)neural adaptations. b)muscle fiber hypertrophy. c)muscle fiber hyperplasia. d)Both muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle fiber hyperplasia are correct.

neural adaptations

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development? a)Neural factors b)Overtraining c)Depressed muscle protein synthesis d)none of these is correct

none of these answers

Exercise is defined as ____________. a)planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness b)any form of muscular activity c)any form of resistance exercise d)any form of physical activity

planned physical activity with the goal of improving or maintaining fitness

A drop in blood pressure in the minutes following a bout of steady state aerobic exercise is called: a)vasodilation b)post-exercise vasodilation c)hypotension d)post-exercise hypotension

post-exercise hypotension

When an elevation in blood biomarkers highlight one's risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, but are not directly diagnostic for those conditions, it is said that the risk factors are a)modifiable. b)lifestyle related. c)heritable. d)sensitive but not specific for disease.

sensitive but not specific for disease

By comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining (i.e., loss of muscular strength) following a resistance training program is _________. a)slower b)faster c)approximately equal d)extremely rapid with 90% of the strength loss occurring within the first 10 days of detraining

slower

Which of the following is an example of an environmental risk factor? a)age b)socioeconomic factors c)poor nutrition d)inactivity

socioeconomic factors

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max across the normal (untrained) population is maximal a)heart rate b)stroke volume c)arteriovenous o2 difference d)systolic blood pressure

stoke volume

According to the FITT principle, the letter "I" signifies a)"interval" training. b)the "interval" or time between exercise sessions. c)the "intensity" of exercise. d)None of these answers is correct.

the "intensity" of exercise

An important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is ____________. a)the muscle spindle b)the inhibitory neurotransmitter acetylcholine c)the Golgi tendon organ d)both the muscle spindle and the Golgi tendon organ are correct

the golgi tendon

Which of the following general statements about step counts and physical activity in healthy adults is false? a)5,000 daily steps is an approximate threshold for being physically active b)7,000 + daily steps appears to be associated with improved health c)10,000 is a firm step count goal that all people should achieve on a daily basis d)vigorous-intensity physical activity is associated with a stepping cadence of 130 steps/minute

10,000 is a firm step count that all people should achieve on a daily basis

Given: A 50-year-old man with a resting heart rate of 70 beats • min-1. What is the target heart rate range as determined by the percentage of maximal heart rate method? a)90-110 beats • min-1 b)120-130 beats • min-1 c)130-150 beats • min-1 d)119-144 beats • min-1

119-144 beats • min-1

Given: A 50-year-old man with a resting heart rate of 70 beats • min-1. What is the target heart rate range as determined by the heart rate reserve method? a)102-144 beats • min-1 b)120-140 beats • min-1 c)130-150 beats • min-1 d)140-155 beats • min-1

130-150 bpm

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds) can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals. a)3-25% b)30-40% c)50-60% d)65-75%

3-25%

The average VO2 max value for the young (e.g., 21 years old) male sedentary population is approximately a)22 ml • kg-1 • min-1. b)35 ml • kg-1 • min-1. c)45 ml • kg-1 • min-1. d)83 ml • kg-1 • min-1.

45 ml • kg-1 • min-1.

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels? a)20-30 b)35-45 c)50-150 d)200-300

50-150

It is recommended that MVPA should be performed for approximately _____ MET-min/week. a)75-150 b)150-300 c)300-500 d)500-1000

500-1000

In general, an optimal aerobic exercise training intensity to improve VO2 max is ______. a)20-30% VO2 max b)30-45% VO2 max c)50-60 VO2 max d)60-80 VO2 max

60-80 vo2 max

Exercise guidelines indicate vigorous-intensity physical activity should be performed at least ____ minutes/week, while moderate-intensity physical activity be performed at least ____ minutes/week. a)150; 75 b)75; 150 c)300; 150 d)150; 300

75; 150

It is estimated that _______% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation. a)30 b)50 c)80 d)90

80

The majority of epidemiological studies observe a greater reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease with an aerobic exercise training intensity ______. a)between 1-3 mets b)between 3-4 mets c)between 4-5 mets d)>6 mets

>6 METs

In general, the risk of orthopedic and cardiac complications associated with exercise training increases at exercise intensities ____________. a)of 50-60% VO2 max b)of 60-70% VO2 max c)>80% VO2 max d)None of these answers is correct

>80% vo2 max

Using the FITT principle, the volume of exercise performed can be computed as ____________. a)exercise intensity × time b)mean exercise heart rate × time × frequency c)frequency × intensity × time d)None of these answers is correct

frequency x intensity x time

Which of the following variables is the least sensitive to exercise (training)? a)blood pressure b)heart rate c)VO2 max d)high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

high density lipoproteins LDL

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session. a)seconds b)minutes c)hours d)days

hours

Several origins of the metabolic syndrome have been proposed. Which of the following causes is NOT considered a major cause of the metabolic syndrome? a)hypertension b)free radicals and oxidative stress c)inflammation d)Both hypertension and free radicals and oxidative stress are correct answers

hypertension

Which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease CAN be changed? a)age b)family history c)hypertensionCorrect d)All of these answers are correct

hypertension

which of the following physiological factors does not contribute to the endurance exercise training induced increases in the maximal a-vo2 difference a)increased mitochondria volume in the muscle b)increased capillaries in the muscle c) increased hemoglobin in the blood d) increased muscle blood flow

increased hemoglobin in the blood

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise? a)increased end-diastolic volume b)increased peripheral resistance c)increased cardiac contractility d)decrease in total peripheral resistance

increased peripheral resistance

a)an increased maximal cardiac output. b)increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries c)a decreased resting heart rate. d)a greater anaerobic capacity.

increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries

Physical inactivity is considered to be a(n) _____________ risk factor for coronary heart disease. a)interdependent b)co-dependent c)independent d)none of these answers is correct

independent

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training, the rise in the activity of calcinuneurin, calmodulin kinase, and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session. a)seconds b)minutes c)hours d)days

minutes

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a bout of submaximal exercise. This is likely due to a)mitophagy b)mitochondrial biogenesis c)mitochondrial proteostasis d)none of these answers is correct

mitochondrial biogenesis

The removal of damaged mitochondria in skeletal muscle and other cells is called a)mitogenesis. b)mitophagy. c)mitochondria endocytosis. d)mitochondrial exocytosis.

mitophagy

The phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as _________. a)motor learning b)the boomerang effect c)satellite cell phenomenon d)muscle memory

muscular strength

Muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as ________. a)motor learning b)efferent control c)neural drive d)motor endplate activation

neural drive

which of the following training adaptations does not occur in skeletal muscles following a 4-10 weeks of anaerobic exercise training a) increased muscle buffer capacity b) increased activities of myokinase and creatine phosphokinase c) increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes d) none of these answers

none of these answers

When compared to resistance exercise training, aerobic exercise training generally results in ____________. a)greater increases in both lean body mass and muscle mass b)greater improvements in both mitochondrial volume and muscular power c)greater improvements in the reduction of total body fat and muscular strength d)None of these answers is correct

none of these answers is correct

The frequency of exercise can be best described in terms of a)number of minutes of exercise. b)number of days per week. c)total kilocalories (kcal) expended. d)total kcal expended per kilogram body weight.

number of days per week

A condition that is regarded as a contributing cause of Type 2 diabetes is a)obesity. b)too much sugar in the diet. c)a high-protein diet. d)extremely low body weight.

obesity

The metabolic syndrome describes connections between a)oxidative stress, hypotension, and obesity. b)obesity, oxidative stress, and hyperglycemia. c)obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. d)None of these answers is correct.

obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

To realize health benefits of physical activity, adults should perform _____________. a)120-140 minutes of moderate physical activity per week b)150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week c)75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week d)Both 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week and 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week are correct

Both 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity per week and 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week are correct

Which of the following are classified as an inflammatory cytokine and or a biomarker of inflammation? a)TNF-α b)adiponectin c)C-reactive protein d)Both TNF-α and C-reactive protein are correct answers

Both TNF-α and C-reactive protein are correct answersCorrect

The reason that HR can be used to estimate aerobic exercise intensity is that a)HR and the VO2 cost of muscular activity are linearly related to workload. b)HR accurately reflects exercise workload once a person is approximately 20 years of age. c)most people do not understand the concept of RPE, so HR is the best option. d)All of these are correct statements about HR and aerobic exercise intensity estimations.

HR and the vo2 cost of muscular activity are linearly related to work out

Which of the following physical activity intensity categories is listed incorrectly? a)Low-intensity physical activity (LPA) = 1 + METs b)Moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) = 3 - 5.9 METs c)Vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) = 6 + METs d)all of these are correct

Low-intensity physical activity (LPA) = 1 + METs

The clustering of two or more diseases is called: a)a comorbidity b)cardiovascular disease c)risk factors d)a life-style related condition

a comorbidity

which of the following factors do not contribute to the decline in VO2 observed during 84 days of detraining a)a decrease in maximal heart rate b) a decease in maximal arterial-venous o2 difference c) decrease in maximal stoke volume d) none of these is correct

a decrease in maximal heart rate

For a given person, 80% of HRR is __________________ to 80% HRmax. a)a lower intensity as compared b)a higher intensity as compared c)an equal exercise intensity d)None of these is correct

a higher intensity as compared

Which of the following individuals would gain the greatest health benefits from changing their level of physical activity? a)a sedentary person who becomes moderately active b)a moderately active person who becomes more active c)both of these would experience the same health benefit d)None of these answers is correct

a sedentary person who becomes moderately active

Several factors contribute to neural drive. Which one of the following factors is NOT a contributor to neural drive? a)total number of motor units activated b)the firing rate of the motor neuron c)activation of the Golgi tendon organ d)motor unit synchronization

activation of the golgi tendon organ

Which of the following statements are true about the effect of endurance training or detraining on mitochondria volume in human skeletal muscle? a)Five weeks of endurance training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume by two times about normal. b)Seven days of detraining can reduce mitochondrial volume by 50% below the trained level. c)After a period of detraining, approximately 4 weeks of retraining is required to regain the lost mitochondrial volume. d)All of these are true.

all are correct

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in a)increased uptake of fatty acids. b)decreased utilization of muscle glycogen. c)sparing of blood glucose. d)all of these answers are correct.

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following does NOT summarize a fitness variable that is improved by regularly performing both aerobic exercise and strength exercise? a)insulin sensitivity and glucose control b)submaximal exercise rate pressure product and resting BP c)resting metabolic rate d)All of these answers are correct

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following statements are true regarding the impact of regular physical activity on health? a)physically active people have b)lower rates of all-cause mortality c)a lower risk of breast cancer reduced falls in older adults d)All of these answers are correct

all of these answers are correct

Increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged inactivity (prolonged bedrest) and promotes muscle atrophy because: a)oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers b)oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers c)oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation d)All of these are correctCorrect

all of these are correct

It is established that low-grade inflammation is linked to a wide variety of chronic diseases. Which of the following diseases is are directly or indirectly linked to chronic inflammation? a)hypertension b)heart disease c)type 2 diabetes d)All of these answers are correct

all of these are correct

The principle of specificity of training refers to the fact that exercise training is specific to a)the muscles involved in the activity. b)the fiber types recruited. c)the principal energy system (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) involved in the activity. d)all of these are correct.

all of these are correct

A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as _____________. a)an antagonist b)an agonist c)a promoter d)none of these is correct

an agonist

Resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by _________________. a)an increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis b)an increase in the expansion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum c)a decrease in synthesis of antioxidant enzymes d)an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments

The term hyperplasia refers to ________________. a)muscle hypertrophy b)an increase in muscle plasticity c)an increase in the total number of muscle fibers d)None of these is correct

an increase in the total number of muscle fibers

Regular exercise training provides numerous health-related benefits. The two health-related benefits that are the MOST responsive to exercise are a)blood pressure and resting heart rate. b)blood pressure and capillary number. c)blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. d)blood pressure and lipid profile.

blood pressure and insulin sensitivity

The increase in VO2 max that occurs following 16 months of endurance exercise training results from a)an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference. b)an increase in maximal cardiac output. c)an increase in the maximal heart rate. d)both an increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct.

both an increase in the maximal a-vo2 difference and an increase in maximal cardiac output are correct

It is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are: a)IGF-1 and Akt b)IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid c)IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) d)phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

Aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed a)sarcopenia. b)muscle fiber hypotrophy. c)muscle fiber hyperplasia. d)None of these is correct.

sarcopenia

Which of the following health issues is NOT directly associated with the Metabolic Syndrome? a)abdominal obesity b)high blood pressure c)skin cancer d)high fasting blood glucose

skin cancer

Several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. These include: a)testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone b)testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone c)insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucocorticoids, and growth hormone d)testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and parathyroid hormone

testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone

Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis. a)the amino acid taurine b)the amino acid leucine can increase in the muscle levels of TSC2 d)all of these are correct

the amino acid leucine

The slope of the exercise "dose/response" curve provides information about ___________. a)the dose of exercise (i.e., minutes/week) required to promote health benefits b)the dose of exercise required to improve the lactate threshold c)the amount of exercise required to improve VO2 max d)None of these answers is correct

the dose of exercise (i.e., minutes/week) required to promote health benefit

Following several weeks of endurance exercise training, the capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibers is increased. Which of the following training-induced changes contribute to this training effect? a)an increase in mitochondria within muscle fibers b)the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters c)an increase in circulating catecholamines d)a decrease in circulating insulin

the increase in the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters

Neural drive is defined as ___________________________________. a)the size of the motor units activated during muscular contraction b)the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate c)the amount of afferent feedback to the central nervous system during exercise d)the amplitude of the neural output from the cerebellum during exercise

the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activated

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to constant load submaximal exercise are lower (i.e., lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation) following an endurance training program. This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the a)central nervous system. b)carotid bodies. c)trained skeletal muscles. d)lungs

trained skeletal muscles

Resistance training increases the specific force production of ________. a)type I muscle fibers b)type IIa muscle fibers c)type IIx muscle fibers d)all muscle fiber types

type 1 muscle fibers

Research reveals that resistance training induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in myonuclei. The source of these additional myonuclei is _____________. a)from circulating stem cells that attach to muscle fibers b)via the division of existing nuclei in the muscle fibers c)via hyperplasia resulting in the addition of new muscle fibers d)via satellite cell activation

via satellite cell activation

In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________. a)AMP kinase activation of TSC2 b)AMP kinase activation of mTOR c)AMP kinase activation of PGC-1α d)p38 activation of TSC2

AMP kinase activation of TSC2

In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by ______. a)phosphatidic acid b)tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) c)IGF-1 d)none of these answers is correct

tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)

The addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers ______________. a)appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training b)is clearly NOT essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training c)is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training d)Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct

Post-exercise hypotension can be clinically problematic when it produces symptoms such as a)lightheadedness and dizziness. b)systolic BP dips below 120 mm Hg. c)diastolic BP dips below 80 mm Hg. d)None of these answers is correct.

it produces symptoms such as lightheadedness and dizziness

The term cross-education refers to ___________________. a)the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb b)the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength does NOT increase in the untrained contralateral) limb c)the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength decreases in the untrained (contralateral) limb d)None of these is true

the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb

Which of the following is not a method that is useful for prescribing the recommended intensity of exercise training? a)%HRR. b)%VO2R. c)RPE. d)the onset of sweating.

the onset of sweating

An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to test the body's acute insulin response to a controlled amount of sugar ingestion. Which of the following does NOT correctly describe the OGTT response in various types of individuals? a)Normal individuals experience an insulin spike within the first hour of the OGTT. b)Prediabetic individuals experience an extended duration insulin spike of several hours. c)Severe diabetics exhibit a small rise in insulin, but no spike in the hormone. d)All of these responses correctly describe the OGTT response in groups of diabetics and non-diabetics.

All of these responses correctly describe the OGTT response in groups of diabetics and non-diabetics.

Exercise at high altitude (e.g., >7,000 feet above sea level) could result in a)reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin. b)a decrease in resting heart rate. c)an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise. d)Both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise are correct.

Both reduced oxygen bound to hemoglobin and an increase in the heart rate response to a fixed level of exercise are correct.

Which of the following blood pressure categories is NOT listed correctly below? a)Normal = <120 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg b)Elevated = 120-129 mm Hg or 80-89 mm Hg c)Stage 1 Hypertension = 130-139 mm Hg or 80-89 mm Hg d)Stage 2 Hypertension = >140 mm Hg or >90 mm Hg

Elevated = 120-129 mm Hg or 80-89 mm Hg

The relationship between regular physical activity and cancer prevention is best described by which of the following? a)The strength of evidence to indicate that physical activity prevents many types of cancer is weak to moderate. b)Physically activity individuals can lower their changes of contracting many major forms of cancer by 12%-25%. c)There is little evidence of a dose response between the amount of physical activity someone performs and their likelihood of preventing many major forms of cancer. d)The relationship between physical activity and cancer prevention is too individualized to make generalized conclusions about disease occurrence.

Physically activity individuals can lower their changes of contracting many major forms of cancer by 12%-25%.

Which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true? a)Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people aged 13-65 years old. b)Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in young men and women less than 39 years old. c)Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people of all ages. d)Resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years old.

Resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years old.

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density and muscles but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity this is an example of what training principle a)Overload b)Specificity c)Reversibility d)None of these

Specificity

A 30-year-old woman achieves her target heart rate on a cool day by jogging at 6 mph. If she were to exercise on a very hot day, she would have to ________________________. a)maintain the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate b)decrease the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate c)increase the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate d)None of these answers is correct

decrease the speed of her run to achieve her target heart rate

Which of the following risk factors for coronary heart disease CANNOT be modified? a)family history b)obesity c)sedentary lifestyle d)dyslipidemia

family history

Resistance training results in a __________________. a)fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types b)slow-to-fast shift in muscle fiber types c)decrease in the number of slow muscle fibers d)None of these is correct

fast- to -slow shift in muscle fiber types

Oxidative stress occurs when a)free radicals accumulate and react with cellular components. b)oxygen reacts with hemoglobin. c)oxyhemoglobin saturation reaches 80%. d)None of these answers is correct.

free radicals accumulate and react with cellular components

Atherosclerosis results in the deposition of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. The first steps that "trigger" the initial formation of atherosclerotic plaque include ______________. a)the formation of foam cells following by a fatty streak b)the formation of connective tissue followed by a fibrous cap over the fatty core of the plaque c)inflammation within the artery following by production of adhesion molecules and the attraction of monocytes d)None of these answers is correct

inflammation within the artery following by production of adhesion molecules and the attraction of monocytes

Risk factors for chronic disease can be divided into three categories. These include _____________. a)inherited/biological, age, and gender b)inherited/biological, environmental, and gender c)inherited/biological, environmental, and behavioral d)inherited/biological, age, and behavioral

inherited/biological, environmental, and behavioral

When maximal strength gain is the principal goal of the strength training program, current evidence suggests that single-set protocols are a)not effective in promoting increases in maximal strength. b)more effective than multiple-set protocols. c)less effective than multiple-set protocols. d)equally effective as multiple-set protocols.

less effective than multiple set protocols

A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________. a)TSC2 b)the lysosome c)tyrosine d)mTOR

mTOR

The Karvonen (or heart rate reserve) method of calculating the "heart rate reserve" is computed as _____________. a)maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate b)maximal heart rate minus 60 c)maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate, times 0.60 d)None of these is correct

maximal heart rate minus resting heart rate