African-American History Chapters 14-24
What was the stated reason given by whites for many lynchings?
A black man had raped a white woman.
What point did W.E.B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche agree on regarding Africa?
African nations should be free from colonial control.
How did James Baldwin challenge Richard Wright over his characters in Native Son?
Baldwin disagreed with Wright's portrayal of blacks as helpless victims of racism.
What was true about the Cotton Club?
Blacks performed there but were not allowed entrance as customers.
How did the Rodney King verdict reveal differences between whites and blacks regarding American justice?
Blacks saw the acquittal of the police officers as an example of injustice while whites saw it as preserving law and order.
What was the connection between anti-communism and the civil rights movement after World War II?
Blacks who criticized the U.S. were called communists and discredited.
What area became known as the "Negro Capital of the World"?
Harlem, New York City, New York
What is true about George W. Bush's appointments of African Americans in his administration?
He appointed blacks to key posts, including Colin Powell as secretary of state and Condoleezza Rice as national security adviser.
What did the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 accomplish?
It withheld federal funds if an institution discriminated against women or racial minorities.
How does the black community view the idea of reparations for blacks to compensate for slavery?
Opinion is divided over reparations.
What was the result of black efforts to field black baseball teams in the 1920s?
The leagues thrived with black players and fans.
Why did some African-American women become attracted to feminism?
They became disillusioned with black male attitudes towards them.
How did blacks view President Bill Clinton?
They thought he was the best president since Lyndon Johnson regarding black rights.
Why was Clarence Thomas's nomination to the Supreme Court strongly opposed by many Americans?
Thomas was a black conservative who opposed affirmative action.
How was Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise message received by whites?
Whites embraced his nonthreatening acceptance of white superiority.
What message did the Nation of Islam preach?
Whites were created by a magician and banished to Europe, where they began to introduce and spread evil.
What was an "Exoduster"?
a black person who moved to the western United States in search of a better life than in the South
What was the Tuskegee Study?
a federal government-sponsored health study that monitored black men with syphilis
What did the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke involve?
a white man who said that the University of California's admission requirements discriminated against him
In the Supreme Court case of Loving v. Virginia (1967), the court struck down what category of law?
antimiscegenation
What group began to come to the forefront of the civil rights movement beginning in 1960?
college students
Who was Andrew "Rube" Foster?
founder of the Negro National League
What was the "Ni**erati," according to Zora Neale Hurston?
her black literary colleagues in the Harlem Renaissance
After the Civil War, where were most black men in the army posted?
in the West, fighting Native Americans
What is affirmative action?
policies seeking to remedy historic discrimination in employment and education for minorities
What organization reemerged shortly after the release of the movie The Birth of a Nation?
the Ku Klux Klan
What event is generally seen as starting the second phase of the black student movement?
the Orangeburg Massacre
What is one source of tension within modern black church congregations?
the expectation that women are subservient to men
What were "minstrel shows"?
traveling groups of white actors and musicians, some portraying blacks in stereotypical, racist caricatures
What did the case of the Scottsboro Boys involve?
two young white women who falsely accused nine black men of rape on a train
What new development occurred for blacks because of the Spanish-American War?
A few all-black units were commanded by black men.
The death of what tennis star pushed the black community into action against the HIV/AIDS virus?
Arthur Ashe
What did the film Birth of a Nation depict?
Birth of a Nation was an incredibly racist film that portrayed blacks as either ignorant or immoral; it glorified the Ku Klux Klan
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes black art in Depression era?
Black art of the Depression era was a part of social realism, which attempted to make a political statement.
What was characteristic of black literature during the 1930s and 1940s?
Black writers focused on black identity, urban life, and discrimination and poverty.
What is true about the justice system in the South after Reconstruction?
Blacks often were not charged with crimes like adultery and bigamy because white people considered such offenses typical black behavior.
Why was the Pullman Company an early area for black labor organizing?
By the 1920s, it was the largest employer of black people in America.
How did W.E.B. DuBois's background shape his views?
Du Bois was born free in the North, felt little racism during his early years, and became fascinated by the role of race in America.
Who was black people's main ally within the Roosevelt administration?
Eleanor Roosevelt
What benefits did Marcus Garvey and his ideas bring to many black people?
Garvey's ideas brought an opportunity to celebrate black culture, history, and heritage.
What provoked whites in Money, Mississippi, to lynch Emmett Till?
He breached social etiquette—the boy spoke to a white woman in a provocative way.
How did President Kennedy react to the challenges to federal authority posed by southern governors Ross Barnett and George Wallace?
He dispatched federal marshals to ensure that black students were admitted to universities.
How did Stokely Carmichael change SNCC around 1965?
He expelled all white members.
What statements made by Louis Farrakhan attracted national attention during and after the 1984 presidential campaign?
He made anti-Semitic comments, stating that Jewish people caused black problems.
How did Booker T. Washington react to the new Niagara Movement?
He paid newspaper editors to criticize DuBois.
How were Oscar Micheaux's films different from standard Hollywood fare?
He produced movies for blacks and often focused on race within black culture.
Which of the following was an element of Booker T. Washington's famous speech at the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition in 1895?
He told blacks to work for economic gains in low-level jobs as a way to improve their status in the eyes of whites.
How did Martin Luther King, Jr feel about the Vietnam War after 1966?
He was increasingly critical of the war as well as the idea that blacks should fight for a country that wouldn't guarantee or protect their civil rights.
How is Oprah Winfrey an example of black success in the twenty-first century?
Her media empire has made her the richest African-American woman in the world.
What was unique about the 2000 census?
It allowed respondents to choose more than one racial designation.
What was the effect of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision?
It demonstrated that the highest court in the land accepted discriminatory treatment of blacks.
How did the Federal Arts Project promote the development of black arts?
It funded the creation of murals that illustrated American ideals in public buildings, such as post offices and schools.
How did the Voting Rights Act impact black voting power outside the South?
It had a widespread effect, as blacks voted to demonstrate political power and voice.
What was the result of the popularity of the Populist Party among blacks in the South?
It heightened fears of white southerners that African Americans might gain political power.
How did the publication of Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon impact black literature?
It inspired other African-American women in the late 1970s to publish their work.
What is the distinctive characteristic of ragtime music?
It is instrumental only, performed on the piano; lyrics are not used.
What did Executive Order 9981 do?
It officially desegregated the armed forces.
How did white violence impact the development of the civil rights movement?
It revealed southern racism to the larger public, extending the movement.
What was significant about the Southern Regional Council?
It was an interracial group that challenged the racist system in the South.
Why have some blacks criticized gangsta rap?
Its lyrics are often anti-women, violent, and offensive.
How did the Railway Labor Act amendments of 1934 affect the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters?
Its provisions eventually forced the Pullman Company to recognize the union and bargain with it.
Who broke the color barrier in baseball in 1947?
Jackie Robinson
Who was the first prominent jazz musician?
Jelly Roll Morton
What idea did works like Color Struck and The Blacker the Berry... reflect?
Many black people also had color prejudices against darker-skinned blacks.
What was a "crop lien"?
Merchants, in exchange for goods and products needed at a general store, would have a legal claim to part of the black family's crop.
Which state was generally seen as the symbolic center of racism and violence in 1964?
Mississippi
Why did colleges begin to form black studies departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s?
More blacks entered white colleges and began to demand courses of relevance to them.
How did most African Americans feel about entering World War I?
Most supported it, and many served in the armed forces as a way to demonstrate their patriotism and loyalty.
To what religion or denomination did Malcolm Little convert while in prison?
Nation of Islam
What Supreme Court case decided that all Americans have the right to a jury of their peers?
Norris v. Alabama
How did Ronald Reagan's presidency impact African Americans?
Reagan turned away from broadening government protections for civil rights.
What statement did Paul Robeson make that infuriated anticommunists in the United States?
Robeson could not understand why blacks should fight for a country that denied them civil rights.
What did the Brown II decision say?
Schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed."
What did Mabel K. Staupers fight against during the war?
She fought against quotas for black nurses in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps.
How does Shirley Chisholm's speech to the House of Representatives in 1969 reflect black viewpoints about the Vietnam War by the late 1960s?
She lambasted the federal government for wasting human lives and taxpayer dollars on the war in Vietnam.
How does the career of singer Billie Holiday reveal the efforts of black artists to agitate for civil rights during the era?
She used her art to challenge black oppression.
Why did the all-white primary law disfranchise black voters in Texas when they could still vote in the general election?
Texas was so heavily Democratic that the only contested election was the primary race.
Why were some blacks attracted to the Communist Party during the 1930s?
The Communist Party worked to reduce unemployment and worked against racism.
How was the Klan of the 1920s different from the Reconstruction-era Klan?
The Klan of the 1920s expanded hate targets to Catholics, Jews, and immigrants as well as blacks.
What was the impact of September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the U.S. black Muslim community?
The attacks have left African Muslims conflicted about the U.S. because of anti-Muslim discrimination
What happened to the pace of affirmative action cases after Clarence Thomas took over as head of the EEOC?
The backlog of cases increased, as did the processing time for a case.
What did many race riots of the early twentieth century have in common?
The causes of the riots often included whites charging sexual misconduct against black men.
What was the result of the Brown case?
The court declared that separate educations for blacks and whites were not equal, therefore overturning the Plessy decision
What was the problem, in the views of many southern states, with voting laws like literacy tests, poll taxes, and property qualifications?
The laws might possibly eliminate poor, illiterate white voters as well as black voters.
What Montgomery group was pivotal in the effectiveness of the bus boycott?
The women of the city, who funded and organized the boycott, were pivotal.
How did Democrats limit black political power in the South?
They created oddly shaped congressional districts to prevent blacks from being elected to office.
What is true about most rural black families in the South after Reconstruction?
They generally stayed in the South, under conditions of desperate poverty.
How did white authorities harass heavyweight champion Jack Johnson?
They had him arrested for violating the Mann Act when he married a white woman.
What is true about black women's support for women's suffrage?
They had long supported women's suffrage and understood that the right to vote meant political power.
Why did blacks serve in the Spanish-American War?
They hoped to demonstrate their bravery and thereby eliminate racism.
What roles did blacks generally play in films produced by whites?
They played the roles of servants, pranksters, or buffoons.
What was the role of the "black cabinet"?
They pressured the government to create and support color-blind legislative policies.
Why did COFO recruit northern white students to help with Freedom Summer?
They thought the white students would give the project more media attention.
Why were the Tuskegee Airmen the most visible group of black soldiers?
They were an all-black unit of Air Force pilots and had black officers.
What methods did the NAACP use to try to gain black civil and political rights?
They worked within the court and legislative system.
What occurred in Boston when a judge ordered several schools to desegregate by busing students to different areas?
White parents and students rioted against police, with much racial violence continuing.
What is the connection between racism and the black culture industry?
Whites controlled media production and exploited blacks.
What is social Darwinism?
a theory that applied Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to human society
What was a primary complaint among black communities that experienced riots from 1965 to 1969?
charges of police brutality or unfair, discriminatory practices
What was the focus of early black women's clubs in the 1870s and 1880s?
cultural, religious, and social matters
What skills were stressed for blacks and Native Americans at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute?
learning hard work in a trade, Christian morality, and middle-class values
What did W.E.B. DuBois criticize the NAACP for in 1934?
not putting enough emphasis on economic development for black Americans
What types of programs did the Black Panthers start in urban areas?
programs to instill racial pride
What was the March on Washington Movement designed to do?
stop discrimination against blacks in wartime industries and the military
What organization rushed to help the young black men accused in the Scottsboro case?
the Communist Party
What amendment did the NAACP claim southern states were violating when they lacked black graduate education facilities or refused admittance to blacks?
the Fourteenth Amendment
What new twist did Louisiana add in 1898 to make sure whites voted but blacks did not?
the grandfather clause
What was the goal of the Urban League?
to help urban blacks with housing, discrimination, and medical care