African Studies Course Exercises 5-9
Which of the phrases below is used in association with the year 1960?
'Year of Africa'
Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the colonial struggle for independence between Algeria and France?
Direct intervention by the Soviet Union in assistance to the Algerian rebels
The Second World War was fought on African soil in all of the following countries except for
Cape Verde
The colony of Gold Coast renamed itself ___________ as it became the first modern African state to declare its independence from its colonial master in _____.
Ghana, 1957
What did the Bantu Education Act (1953) enact?
all of the above
Portugal's disproportionate use of violent to suppress African protest in their colonies made clear that African liberation could only be won through_________________________.
armed struggle
The anti-colonial nationalist movements in Africa had different outcomes and markedly different patterns. Which of the following is not one of the patterns discussed?
coup d'etat
What was the theme of the Fifth Pan-African Congress held in Manchester, England in 1945?
end colonial rule in Africa and establish political independence for Africa
Uniao Nacional para a Independencia (UNITA)
Led by Jonas Savimbi, this movement sought to govern in place of the leaders of the principal liberation movement. Back by international players pursuing their interests, they were more concerned with fighting the other liberation movements in the region than fighting the Portuguese.
During the Second World War, the British pressured African soldiers to fight while the French relied on forced conscription to supply men for war. Recent research shows that between 1943 and 1945 over _______ soldiers were conscripted from French West Africa.
100,000
Independence for Sierra Leone happened in what year?
1961
Jomo Kenyatta was released from prison in __________ and Kenya finally became independent in _________.
1961, 1963
In what year did Emperor Haile Salassie annex Eritrea as a province of Ethiopia?
1962
There was no particular demand for independence from France in Comoros until the violent French suppression of a school strike in what year?
1968
By the 1970s South Africa had a population of _____ million whites who ruled over and dominated a population of up to ____ million blacks.
4, 20
How many African troops were sent from French West Africa to defend French soil against Germany?
80,000
The ultimate aim of apartheid was to make blacks 'foreigners' in _____ per cent of the land of within the borders of the country of South Africa which was for whites only. Hence, black South Africans were restricted to poverty stricken and overcrowded land reserves, the so called 'homelands'.
86
What was Ethiopia symbolic of?
African self-respect and independence; proud link with Africa's historic roots and ancient cultures
The principal liberation movement in Angola was the MPLA founded by ____________ among the urban working class of Luanda in ________.
Agostino Neto , 1956
How did WWII change the attitude of Europeans view on colonial rule?
All of the above
What international conference held in Accra in December 1958 propelled African political leaders to agitate for more political freedom?
All-African Peoples Conference
Partido Africano da Independencia da Guinie e Cabo Verde (PAIGC)
Amilcar Cabral led this liberation movement in which schools, health clinics, roads, agricultural projects and trade were built and maintained in liberated areas.
Who formed the Polisario Front in the early 1970s in response to foreign occupation of their country?
Arab-Berbers
Leopold Senghor
As a poet and philosopher of the Negritude cultural movement which emphasized Africans equality with Europeans, he warned of the dangers of Africans becoming assimilated into French culture. However, as a politician, he was resistant to the idea of complete independence from France unlike Sekou Toure of Guinea.
Jomo Kenyatta
As secretary of the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), he campaigned for the reform of the colonial system particularly with regard to land, labor and various acts of racial discrimination. The KCA called for the repeal of the Crowns Lands Ordinance of 1915, which had made all African tenants at will of the Crown.
Which of the following was not included in the central African federation formed by white settlers of southern Africa in 1940s-1950s ?
Bechuanaland (Botswana)
Which of the following international actors orchestrated the Katanga secession, destabilizing a democratically-elected regime?
Belgium
When Ian Smith declared white-ruled 'Rhodesia' to be an independent state, who were they freed from in gaining their independence?
Britain
By 1960, the __________ had accepted the principle of African majority rule for a self-governing Kenya.
British
During the 1960s and 1970s, which of the following contributed to the establishment and continuation of authoritarian governments in the developing world?
Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States
During 1952 the ANC staged a ________________, deliberately defying apartheid's segregationist laws and refusing to carry passes
Defiance Campaign
Under whose leadership did Mauritius gain independence in 1968?
Dr. Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
In 1954, ____________ gave up its claim to authority in the Sudan, a claim which dated back to the pre-colonial conquests of Muhammad Ali.
Egypt
Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique (FRELIMO)
Eleven years after its leader Eduardo Mondlane and his deputy Samora Machel declared a war of liberation from Portugual, this unified armed liberation movement declared victory in 1975.
By the 1930s, which African state, with the exception of Liberia, had not come under some form of European control?
Ethiopia
Which of the following was not an issue for African states immediately after gaining formal political independence?
Euro-American lack of interest and involvement in the political economy of the newly independent African states
British east, central and southern Africa
Extra food
In African territories inhabited by white settlers, liberation struggles were not prolonged affairs as white settlers generally welcomed majority rule.
False
No African leaders have seriously suggested altering the unnatural boundaries established in the colonial era.
False
Protests by African business-owners, lawyers, teachers and clerks in British and French colonies began as protests for independence instead of protests for a greater share in self-government and an end to racial discrimination in economic and social life of the colonies.
False
The French and British colonies took nearly identical routes to independence.
False
The colonies of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland all became a part of the Union of South Africa.
False
Which one of the following foreign powers was not directly involved in the permanent removal of democratically-elected Prime Minister Lumumba?
France
Select the members of the Axis powers
Germany, Japan, Italy
After World War II, which severely weakened state wielded less power in international politics?
Great Britain
French West Africa
Groundnuts and cotton
After voting 'Non' to maintaining a link with France, France dramatically withdrew all economic aid, equipment, and civil service personnel from _________.
Guinea
Kwame Nkrumah
He emerged as a powerful spokesman against colonialism when he publicly condemned British troops for opening fire on a peaceful protest of military veterans. He quickly realized that masses in the countryside as well as the city were mobilized by the demand for independence.
How did General Mobutu seize power?
He took control of the Congo government through a bloodless coup d'etat.
At the Congo's independence ceremony Belgian King Baudouin, what did he urge in his paternalistic speech that referred to Belgium's noble 'civilizing mission'?
He urged the incoming government not to indulge in 'hasty reforms' but rather to heed the advice of their Belgian administrators and technocrats.
Which of the following events spurred Tanganyikan nationalists to mass political activity?
In 1951, thousands of Meru farmers were forced to handover their land to white settlers.
Gamal Abd al-Nasir
In a show of anti-colonial sentiment, he took control of the Suez Canal from the British and reasserted Egypt's control over the important waterway. French and British troops were forced to retreat, ending the overt domination of the Egyptian economy by western Europe.
Julius Nyerere
In the process of winning independence in a part of British East Africa, he made use of the language of Kiswahili in order to activate the African roots of the nation and to create a sense of national unity amongst many diverse groups in the region.
Facing a direct threat to her Suez Canal route to India, Britain finally reacted to ___________ aggression in north-east Africa.
Italian
In 1880s, which of the following occupied the Eritrean and southern Somali coast, but with her invasion of Ethiopia had been repulsed at the battle of Adwa in 1896?
Italy
Which of the following is an example of fascist aggression?
Italy seized Libya
For centuries, Europeans dominated the African continent. The white man arrogated to himself the right to rule and to be obeyed by the non- white; his mission, he claimed, was to "civilize" Africa. Under this cloak, the Europeans robbed the continent of vast riches and inflicted unimaginable suffering on the African people. It is clear that we must find an African solution to our problems, and that this can only be found in African unity. Divided we are weak; united, Africa could become one of the greatest forces for good in the world. Although most Africans are poor, our continent is potentially extremely rich.... Which of the following leaders most likely made this statement in a speech given 1961?
Kwame Nkrumah
The political leader associated with the establishment of charismatic populism in Ghana was
Kwame Nkrumah.
Which of the following was a common result after independence was achieved in an African nation?
Neocolonialism constrained African politics and governance
Which of the following cases best exemplify colonial retreat by way of elite negotiation and scheduled transfer of power?
Nigeria
From which of the following African states did the troops that pushed the Italians out of Ethiopia come?
Nigeria, Kenya, Belgian Congo, Equatorial Africa, South Africa
Forest zones of West Africa
Palm oil
After seizing control of Egypt, what larger policy was promoted by Gamal Nasser in order to strengthen his position internationally?
Pan- Africanism
"If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits of Africa's enormous wealth, we must unite to plan for the full exploitation of our human and material resources in the interest of all our people" - Kwame Nkrumah This quotation best expresses one of the major goals of
Pan-Africanism
United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) leader and Convention People's Party (CPP) founder, Kwame Nkrumah, was inspired by the ideals of ________________.
Pan-Africanism
In 1941, __________ lead a force of Ethiopian Patriots to defeat the Italians after they invaded his country in October 1935 and preserved its independence.
Ras Tafari (aka Halie Selassie)
Who took over leadership of ZANU in 1975 and went on to become the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe at independence in 1980?
Robert Mugabe
What was the main point of dispute among African nationalist leaders regarding the path to independence for French West and Equatorial African territories?
Senegal, Niger, Chad, and Mali favored the creation of two federations in order to ensure that each political unit would be powerful enough to hold future negotiations with France. Cote d'Ivoire opposed the federation.
When did the Second World War begin?
September of 1939
The SPUP pushed for independence in which British colony?
Seychelles
Where did a brutal massacre of unarmed demonstrators protesting against the apartheid regime in South Africa on March 21 1960 take place?
Sharpeville
Which of following new African states consisted of separately ruled British territories, a Muslim-dominated north and the non-Muslim south?
Sudan
"African States should pursue in their international policy principles which will expedite and accelerate the independence and sovereignty of all dependent and colonial African territories." This quotation describes the position of
The All-African People's Conference (1958)
Which of the following does not explain the calculations behind the Belgian government's sudden move to grant Congo independence?
The Belgians' transition of power ensured that Congolese nationalists would have ample of time to effectively prepare.
Which of the following is not a reason for the Mau Mau freedom struggle?
The British had accepted the principle of African majority rule for a self-governing Kenya.
Which if the following does not reflect Europeans' changed views regarding their colonies after World War II?
They continued to seek to expand their colonial holdings and empires in Africa
In 1947 a number of prosperous businessmen and lawyers from Accra formed which of the following political organizations to revise the 1946 constitution in order to increase the number of elected rather than nominated African members of government?
The United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
How did the Untied Nations (UN) respond to Lumumba's request for help against Belgian's troops on Congo's territory?
The United Nations troops enforced the Belgium backed Katanga secession.
Which African newspaper noted critically that the Atlantic Charter clause stating the "right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live" did not apply to Africa?
The West African Pilot
What has been described as a Belgian-sponsored revolution?
The persecution and eventual massacre of Rwandan Tutsis between November 1959 and October 1960
Which of the following is not a political tension found within Nigeria at the eve of the country's independence in 1960?
The population consisted of 35 million people in 1953.
What constitutional change did the British make in the Gold Coast in 1946 that ignited educated Africans to pursue a greater share in government?
The revision made to the Gold Coast constitution allowed for an African majority in the Legislative Council.
How did educated Africans - clerks, teachers, lawyers, clergymen and journalists - use their voice in wartime French and British colonies?
They expressed their opinions and criticisims of colonial rule via newspapers and media
What enabled Italians to seize Ethiopian territory?
They had the military advantage of aroplanes, armoured cars, and modern artillery.
Why did the Belgians help facilitate Katanga's succession?
They wanted to ensure continued control of the the Union Muniere copper-mining company and other Belgian business interests in the region.
Nigeria
Tin
Why were African colonies pressured to produce more crops during war time?
To feed Europe and the troops
What was the German aim, in 1941, when Hitler sent the Afrika Korps to help support the Italians?
To seize the Suez Canal and oilfields of the Persian Gulf
Although the Italian army occupied Addis Ababa in May 1936, they never subdued the whole country.
True
By 1960, the British government recognized the strength of African protest for equal rights and self governance. British prime minister Harold Macmillan remarks on the 'winds of change' sweeping across Africa in a famous speech to the white South African parliament in Cape Town.
True
Colonial post-war economic initiatives were mainly concerned with ordering and instructing rather than consulting and supporting local African initiatives. They were focused on developing Africa as an exporter of raw materials and an importer of manufactured good.
True
Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir major national development plan involved altering the Aswan Dam in order to increase the amount of irrigable land in the lower Nile Valley.
True
In 1948, colonial police opened fire on a peaceful demonstration by Ghanaian ex-servicemen protesting at the rapidly rising cost of living sparking mass demonstrations for immediate independence.
True
In Tanzania's move towards independence during the 1950s, the shared language of Kiswahili amongst the inhabitants of the territory facilitated a sense of national unity.
True
In the late 1940s, colonial powers had no intention of developing African self-reliance in preparation for economic and political independence from Europe.
True
The liberation of Ethiopia inspired many Africans to consider the question: if Ethiopia today, why not the rest of Africa tomorrow?
True
The promises Brazzaville made were followed through in 1946 with the abolition of the indigenat and the corvee labor system.
True
When Nigeria became independent in 1960, the Muslim northerners were afraid of being dominated by the culturally 'Europeanized' southerners.
True
While there was initially some cooperation between Hutu and Tutsi within Burundi's UPRONA political party, the Tutsi leadership eventually purged Hutus from the party on the eve of gaining independence.
True
Nasir's nationalisation of the Suez Canal was made possible by Egyptian resistance and international opposition from which of the following countries?
United States and Soviet Union
Why were the French not willing to concede independence to Algeria?
With two million French settlers living in Algeria, it was France's principal colony.
Forests of Congo Basin
Wild Rubber
Upon gaining independence in 1964, Northern Rhodesia took on what African name for itself?
Zambia
Upon independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the state of _______________.
Zimbabwe
In May 1936, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva where he argued that their inaction during the 8 months of Italian aggression against Ethiopia
challenged the integrity of the organization.
After World War II, which action was taken by many inhabitants of African territories?
contesting for equal rights, opportunity and treatment under law
The French used a form of _________ to govern Morocco, ruling the country as a _______ in the name of the sultan.
indirect rule, protectorate
"We are Kenyan and we wish to remain so. We have our own customs and our own traditions. Our immediate goal should be to develop the wealth of our country and improve our standard of living." This quotation is an expression of which if the following?
nationalism
What formed the support base of most of the political parties in the open elections in the Congo?
single ethnic groups
Which of the following international political actors is responsible for transforming 'Hutu' and 'Tutsi' from largely flexible social and economic terms to rigid ethnic identities?
the German and Belgian colonizers
The Belgians quick and sudden move to grant Congo independence was motivated by___________________________________.
their intent to covertly continue to control the new African government
During the anti-colonial liberation struggles, Africans within British, French and Portuguese colonies with entrenched white settler populations
were most likely to experience violent armed conflict directed against them.
