A.H. Chapter 7.1

Ellis Island

island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving in the United States

Angel Island

immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910

What do you think the most important step taken by city planners and government officials to improve city life?

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What was the relationship between the growth of the middle class, changes in the economy, and new forms of mass entertainment?

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What challenges did immigrants face in their travels to America?

1. Brought only what they could carry. 2. They traveled by steamship in steerage (crowded & illness) 3. They were not guaranteed entry to the U.S. 4. They had to find a home and work. 5. They had to learn English & new customs.

What help did they have with coping with their surrounds?

1. Settlement houses ran Americanization programs. 2. Immigrants formed franternal assoc., social services and financial assistance.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers

William Randolph Hearst

A competitor of Pulitzer's who also published sensationalistic newspapers.

Frederick Law Olmstead

A landscape engineer who designed Central park in New York City and in other major US cities.

Horatio Alger

A novelist who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work.

Mark Twain

A satirical Novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800's.

What did the Settlement houses run?

Americanization program to help immigrants learn english & adopt American Dress & Diet.

Joseph Pulitzer

An immigrant who became a publisher of sensationalistic newspapers.

Why did they feel that the U.S. had become a "melting Pot"

Because they felt that white people of different nationalities were blending to create a single culture. (excluding asian immigrants)

What challenges did city dwellers face and how did they meet them?

Challenges of noise, dirt and grime, hardship of factory work and dangerous tenement conditions. To meet them, governments and city planners: Regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, clean water filtration.

Who was detained at Angel Island?

Chinese and Asian immigrants crossing the Pacific.

Why was their hostility between the native-born white Americans and the immigrants?

Competition for jobs and house and religious difference.

How did middle-class urban life differ from life from urban poor?

Conspicuous consumerism. Ability to do and buy more where the very poorest were not able to. The poor had to live in the cities to walk to work.

What were fraternal associations based on?

Ethnic or Religious identity, which provided social services and financial assistance.

Pull factors for immigration

Factors that attract them to a new place. 1. Economic Opportunity (inexpensive farm land, work) 2. Religious & Political Freedom 3. "Chain immigrants join family in the U.S.

Push factors for immigration

Factors that compel people to move from their homes. Example: 1. Farmers were pressured by land reform and low prices. 2. Revolution and war disrupted economies & political refugees. 3. Religious persecution forced many to flee violence. 4. "Old immigrants"

Ethnic neighborhood

Ghettos

Old Immigrants (pre-1870s

Had money, a skill or trade, or an education

How could the United States between 1870 - 1914 be considered a "land of opportunity"?

Immigrants and American's were able to get job opportunities, open shops, and

How did mass transit impact urban population?

It allowed more people to move to the suburbs and commute, which would free up (reduce) some of the urban population. Streetcars powered by electric, cleaners, quieter, and more efficient.

Why did congress start to restrict immigration to the U.S.?

It prohibited the immigration of anyone who was a criminal, a pauper, immoral, or likely to need public assistance. It also forbade the naturalization of chinese residents.

What factors contributed to consumerism?

More products were available at lower prices. More people were working for wages.

Tenement

Multistory building divided into apartments to house as many families as possible. They were unhealthy and dangerous because had only a few windows and little sanitation.

What large cities had huge immigrant populations by 1890?

New York, San Francisco and Chicago

What was the gilded age? What ideas about American society did it express?

Post re-construction era. It characterized a facade of prosperity. That the rotten in the core and painted in gold.

Mass Transit

Public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people.

Conspicuous consumerism

Purchasing of goods and services to impress others.

Why did immigrants come to the United States? What impact did they have upon society?

Push and pull factors. They fueled industrial growth, helped build railroads Their traditions became part of American Culture. They became active in labor unions & politics

Suburb

Residential area surrounding a city.

What type of subjects did public high schools in the 1900's emphasize and why?

Science, woodworking, and drafting--civics and business training. (providing skills that workers needed in budding industries.

How did the views of settlement house workers differ from nativists over immigration?

Settlement house workers helped the immigrants become more Americanized

Describe Middle class entertainment.

Shopping, sports and reading popular magazines & newspapers

Mass Culture

Similar consumption patterns as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising

"new" immigrants

Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920

Gilded Age

Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era which was characterized by a facade of prosperity.

How did the immigrants transform American Society?

They fueled industrial growth. They helped build the railroad. Their Traditions became part of America Culture They became active in labor unions & politics

Who was Joseph Pulitzer and William Randoph Hearst? How did people respond to their work?

They were both were sensationalistic newspaper publishers.

Who were the "new" immigrants (post 1870)? What characteristics did they share?

They were from Southern and Eastern Europe (1880-1920) mainly catholic or Jews Characteristics: Often poor, & unskilled. Sometimes came alone. Usually settle in cities.

Why did immigrants often hold on to their traditions?

To establish their own fraternal lodges, schools, and religious institutions such as churches. Their children became more Americanized.

Vaudeville

Type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches, that became popular in the late 19th century.

What luxuries did cities offer to the middle class?

Vaudeville = Shows and various types of entertainment. Churches, Theaters, Social clubs, museums, Department stores.

"New" Immigrants (post-1870s

Were often poor and unskilled

Americanization

assimilation of immigrants into American society in the belief that it would make them more loyal citizens

nativism -

belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers

Chinese Exclusion Act

prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers,

"melting pot"

society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

steerage

third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty