AICE European History - Napoleon and The Industrial Revolution Unit Test Study Guide

Who was Napoleon III?

The nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and president of the French Republic, invited to become emperor by near unanimous vote in 1852. Rebuilt French economy and reconstructed Paris, but poor military leader.

What is Utopian Socialism?

The political theory that government should plan the economy

What is the most important factor influencing the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?

The competition between the middle class and the aristocracy. The middle class wanted more power, so they began to pass reforms to win over the majority (the working class).

Who was Charles Fourier and what did he believe?

Fourier was a Utopian Socialist and mathematician who believed in the emancipation of women and that marriage is legal prostitution. He was radical and set up communes.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's continental system?

French artisans and middle class fell because they couldn't trade with Britain after the blockade of British ports.

What happened during the One Hundred Days?

Napoleon returned from Saint Helena and ruled France for one hundred days, driving Louis XVIII out of power until his own defeat at Waterloo and exile on Elba.

What is economic nationalism?

Policies aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy, coined by Friedrich List.

What is the idea of Separate Spheres?

Separate spheres is the sexual division of labor. The Mining Act prevented women from working in mines in order to prevent unplanned pregnancy.

What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for?

Women's total equality, more than just jobs, pay, and voting.

What were the demands of the Chartist Movement?

-Universal male suffrage -MP's shouldn't have to be property owners -Parliaments should only last for one year -Parliamentary constituencies should be of equal size -MP's should be paid -Voting should be by secret ballot

List the difficulties faced by continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British

-Wars such as the French Revolution disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, fostered social anxiety, and cut off communications with Britain -British technology is so advanced that very few engineers outside of Britain understood it -Steam power was growing more expensive and required the use of railroads, which continental countries did not have.

What was the Paris Commune?

A blockade of the streets of Paris under Louis Philippe.

What is a Junker?

A great landowner in industrial Germany

What is mercantilism?

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically in its supply of gold and silver

What was guaranteed by the Declaration of Rights of Man?

All men are born free with the rights to equality, liberty, security, and property Imprisonment without trial would be banned Taxation is to be fairly apportioned based on wealth Sovereignty lay with the people. No one individual can make decisions against the peoples' will.

What is capitalism?

An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and the accumulation of profit in a competitive market.

What is Laissez Faire Capitalism?

An economic system in which the government does not interfere with the economy, and based on the private ownership of the means of production and the accumulation of profit in a competitive market.

What did Benthamites believe in?

Benthamites believed public problems should be dealt with on a rational and scientific basis. They believed in the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Who was Louis Blanc and what did he believe?

Blanc believed that the government should guarantee everyone a job and that there should be universal voting rights.

What was the basis of the fight between the Girondins and the Mountain?

Differences in political viewpoints. Members don't agree on political policies. Execution of king is example

What were the fundamental principles of the French Revolution codified into the Napoleonic Code?

Feudal practices abolished, and land owned by the church confirmed as belonging to those who had been granted it during rebellion.

What did Friedrich List believe industry promoted?

Friedrich List believed that promoting industry was to defend the nation. "The wider the gap between the backward and advanced nations becomes, the more dangerous it is to remain behind"

What did the Civil Code of 1804 do?

Gave France a common set of laws that could not be challenged by tradition and local rights.

Who was George Haussmann and what did he accomplish?

George Haussmann was Napoleon III's prefect for the reconstruction of Paris, who carried out a massive program of new boulevards, parks, and public works in Paris.

How was Karl Marx related to Georg Hegel?

Hegel saw human societies evolving into a succession of different ideas through a dialectical pattern. He believed that the succession was logical and we can predict the course of human history through logic. Marx believed that this pattern followed by human history is dictated by economic change.

List all of the caustic factors for the revolutions of 1848

In France, King Louis Philippe refused to extend voting rights to the lower classes and was driven out of the country. In Germany, students and intellectuals led uprisings of both the middle and working classes, demanding such rights as freedom of press and assembly, as well as German unity.

Who was the father of socialism?

Karl Marx

What was the basic cause of the revolutions of 1848?

Lack of equality in the working classes

What did the Factory Act of 1833 accomplish?

Led to sharp decline in employment of children in England by limiting hours children over the age of nine could work, and requiring children under nine to attend elementary schools. Tore apart the use of the family as an economic unit.

What was the key demand of the Chartist Movement?

More political rights for the poor - mainly universal male voting rights

What were the reasons Britain became industrialized first?

Most productive farmers, enormous deposits of coal and iron, best canal systems for transportation, an effective national bank, a stable government, and a movable workforce

List what Napoleon III believe rebuilding Paris would do?

Napoleon III believed rebuilding Paris would provide employment, improve living conditions, and testify to the power and glory of his empire.

Who was David Ricardo and what did he believe?

Proposed the Iron Law of Wages. Pressure of population growth would cause wages to sink to subsistence level, where they would be just high enough to keep workers from starving

Who was Pierre Joseph Proudhon and what did he believe?

Proudhon was a Utopian Socialist who believed that property was theft; owning property was stealing from workers. Personal property should not exist.

Who was Robert Owen and what did he accomplish?

Robert Owen was a self made cotton manufacturer who argued against the employment of children and helped establish the largest and most visionary of the early national trade unions, the Grand National consolidated Trades Union.

Who was Count Henry de Saint-Simon and what did he believe?

Saint-Simon was a Utopian Socialist who believed that the key to progress was proper social organization. -Parasites: court, nobles, landowners, church -Doers: scientists, engineers, workers

What industry were the first modern factories in?

Textile. Spinning Jenny influenced the growth of this industry in factories.

What were the Combination Acts and what did they accomplish?

The Combination acts were passed in Britain in 1799 and 1800 and made trade unionism illegal, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and repealed in 1824.

What were the corn laws and what did they accomplish?

The Corn Laws were an 1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers in Britain to favor domestic producers. Benefited the aristocracy but not the working class since food prices were raised, unlike its original aims.

What was the English reform bill of 1832 and what did it accomplish?

The Reform Act was the first proof that industrialization could have important political effects. It abolished rotten boroughs and extended suffrage to all property owners, which included most of the middle class and about 50% of Britain's male population. Proposed by the Whig party

What was the Reign of Terror directed at?

The Reign of Terror was directed at consolidating the power of the Committee of Public Safety and putting down all counter-revolutionaries.

What were the first factories, and who worked in them?

The first factories were in the textile industry, and orphans were the biggest workforce.

What were the September Massacres and what did they do?

The massacres occurred because Parisians were afraid the French armies would come to Paris and release prisoners. Parisians killed the prisoners to keep themselves safe.

What was the Crystal Palace?

The site of the Great Exhibition in 1851. It was an architectural masterpiece made of only glass and iron. The Great Exhibition was an event with 6 million visitors who celebrated British Industrialization.

What did Adam Smith believe harmony and progress would result from?

When buyers and sellers would meet in a market in which people would produce things others are willing to buy.

Who was Thomas Malthus and what did he believe?

Wrote an essay on the "Principle of Population". Believed population would grow faster than the food supply, and encouraged limiting population growth by marrying late