all lecture quiz and module quiz 2-8
steps of endochondral ossification.
-1: Formation of the bone collar around the diaphysis of a model of bone in hyaline cartilage; calcification of the chondrocytes in the diaphysis; deterioration of the chondrocytes and death; formation of a small cavity into the diaphysis. -2:Formation of the primary ossification center by invasion of the periosteal bud into the diaphysis; the nutrient artery delivers osteoblasts that make spongy bone tissue. -3: The medullary cavity elongates by resorption of the chondrocytes by osteoclasts; formation of the secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses. -4: Spongy bone tissue is formed in the epiphyses; the medullary cavity elongates further till the metaphysis where hyaline cartilage remains and forms the epiphyseal plate.
steps of IM oss process
-1: Formation of the ossification center - Clustering of mesenchymal cells and differentiation in osteoblasts -2:Secretion and mineralization of the osteoid; osteoblasts get entrapped into osteoid and differentiate into osteocytes -3: Formation of trabeculae of woven bone by new mesenchymal cells that have differentiated into osteoblasts and align around the calcified osteoid -4:Condensation of the mesenchyme to form a fibrous periosteum -5: Formation of lamellar bone that becomes cortical bone tissue and red bone marrow around the thickening trabeculaee
occipital bone
-HAS A HOLE -BACK OF HEAD -made of diploe -include several bone marking to interact with atlas -not paired -make posterior and posterio ventral part of cranium
Karin has a very fair skin while Rachel has a darker complexion. What is the most likely explanation for the skin complexion difference between the 2 persons?
-Karin and Rachel more likely synthesize different forms of melanin. -Karin's melanocytes more likely synthesize less melanin than Rachel's.
Identify the location of each of the sensory receptors below. Meissner's receptors/corpuscles Pacician receptors/corspucles Ruffini receptors/corpuscles Hair root plexus Merkel discs/receptors Nociceptors
-Meissner's receptors/corpuscles: located in the dermal papillae -Pacician receptors/corspucles: reticular layer of the dermis and even hypodermis -ruffini: mostly reticular layer of the dermis -hair root plexus: Hair roots in the dermis -merkel: Stratum basale of the epidermis -nociceptors: Basale stratum of the epidermis
Identify the function of each of the receptors below. Meissner's receptors Pacinian receptors Nociceptors Ruffini receptors Merkel discs Hair root plexus
-Meissner's receptors: Light touch, fast-adapting, located in the dermal papillae. help reading braille -Pacinian receptors: deep pressure -Nociceptors: pain -Ruffini receptors: distension of the skin -Merkel discs: light touch, slow-adapting, located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Ideal to read braille. -Hair root plexus: movement of the hair, provides tingling feeling
Match each burn with its classification. Sunburn Epithelium and dermis are affected The entire skin, the hypodermis, till the superficial layers of the muscle layers/bones are affected. Epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis
-Sunburn: 1st degree burn -Epithelium and dermis are affected: 3rd degree burn -The entire skin, the hypodermis, till the superficial layers of the muscle layers/bones are affected: 4th degree burn -Epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis: 2nd degree burn
Choose all the answers that correctly explain why children should not have smelly sweat before they reach puberty.
-The eccrine sweat glands, the only sweat glands active in children release a largely odorless water-based secretion via exocytosis. -The sweat glands responsible for sometimes strong body odor are the apocrine sweat glands that are not activated before puberty.
Since we do not have time this semester, please watch the 3 min video below and select all the answers that correctly apply to fingerprints.
-The smallest pattern details of one's fingerprint can be used for identification since the dermal papillae pattern underlying hte epidermal ridge patterns is genetically determined. -Fingerprints are the results of the impression of the epidermal ridges and the opening of the sweat pores. -Once can lift simple latent prints with a specific type of dust and transfer those of surfaces for further scanning and analysis. ginferprint tape
Select all the statements that apply to intramembranous ossification.
-The spongy bone is extensively vascularized. -Forms trabeculae that will become the spongy bones of diploe in flat bones. -The osteoblasts that secrete the osteoid are immature bone cells that derive from the mesenchymal cells.
Select all the statements that distinguish between thick and thin skin.
-The thick skin covers the plantar and palmar regions only excepted the fingertips and toes.. -The stratum lucidum is an epidermal layer specific of the thick skin. It is made of dead keratinocytes. -Thick skin is not hairy; thin skin is hairy except for at the fingertips and toes.
What would you predict of forming and growing bones in which mineralization cannot occur?
-They would be "soft" -They would lack hydroxyapatites.
What would you predict of fresh healthy bones that would be baked for an experiment and why?
-They would become brittle. -The baking process will denature the proteins, ir the collagen fibers, hence removing the strength or flexibility of the bones.
What do you predict of adult bones that leach out excessive calcium and phosphorus?
-They would become soft. -They would break very easily. -They would loose their hardness.
Select all the answers that apply to the diploe.
-Trilaminar structure made of a core of spongy bone tissue covered on both surfaces by a thin layer of compact bone tissue. -Specific of the flat bones
The medullary cavity of the long bones is lined with _________.
-a thin connective tissue membrane -the endosteum
factors that influence bome remodeling
-age -mechanical stress -genetics -vitamins -hormones -minerals -ca & p homeostasis -diet
two main factors that determine the level of mechanical stress put on bones
-amount of skeletal muscle tension pulling on the bones -amount of weight applied to the bones
talocrural joint
-ankle -hinge
Match all the synonyms. arthrodial planar pivot ball in socket condyloid saddle
-arthrodial gliding -planar arthrodial -pivot trochoid -ball in socket spheroid -condyloid ellipsoid -saddle sellar
homeostatic control of calcemia
-bc some hormones involved in regulating calcemia use the bone as a calcium ion reservoir, having a calcium rich diet helps prevent bone resorption -calcitonin and PTH are main hormones regulating calcemia -in absence of vit D, calcemia can still be maintained in adults, -aging causes decline to form new bone tissue -homeostatic control of calcemia is about maintains levels of ca in the blood w/in physio range -calcitriol is necessary to promote ca absorption from diet
what impact would hyperparathyroidism to have on bone (PTH in excess)
-bone density and even mass will decrease over time -bone will become more porous with decreased mineralization
a patients weight has increased steadily over past 10 years. what would you predict in term of bone remodeling
-bone marking involved in maintaining center of gravity likely to have enlarged -as long as this patient has maintained a balanced diet and has no issue in term of ca homeo, bone density may have increased -cortical thickness of tibia, weight bone bearing of body, likely to increas
Select all the examples of major skin imbalances.
-cancer, full charring of skin, sun burn, melanoma
Skin markings are characteristics of the healthy skin and are not characteristics of diseases or conditions. Everyone, regardless of their complexion, has skin markings with those having specific roles. name them
-cleavage or tension lines -ep ridges -flexure or crease lines
how many bones? -cranium -facial -unpaired facial -unpaired cranial -bones of fingers (digits) in 1 hand -bones of palms in one hand -bones of 1 wrist -bones of 1 forearm -bones of 1 arm -bones of 1 half of pec girdle -pairs of vertebrochondral ribs -pairs of brosternal rib -pair of floating ribs -bones in axial skeleton -bones in app skeleton -number of tarsals in 1 ankle
-cranium:8 -facial: 14 -unpaired face: 2 -unpaired cranial: 4 -bones of fingers in 1 hand: 14 -bones of palms in one hand: 5 -bones in 1 wrist: 8 -bones of 1 FA: 2 -bones of 1 arm: 1 -bones of 1 half of pec girdle: 2 -pairs of vertebrochondral ribs: 3 -pairs of brosternal rib: 7 -pair of floating ribs: 2 -bones in axial skeleton: 80 -bones in app skeleton: 126 -number of tarsals in 1 ankle: 7
as we age, our synovial joints
-decrease production of synovial fluid -thinning of articular cartilage -decreased flexibility of stabilizing ligaments
os coxae BM
-depression: acetabulum -made of top to bottom (illium, ischium, pubis) -hole: obtrurator foramen
tibia and fibula bone marking
-distal end: lateral malleous on fib and medial malleolus on tibia
Choose all the statements that apply to the red bone marrow.
-ensures hematopoiesis -abundant in the metaphyses and epiphyses of adult long bones -fills the spongy bone tissue
Identify the best function(s) of each type of skin markings.
-ep ridges: friction (better grasp) -flex or crease lines: deep attachment of the skin to the body -tension lines: stretchability (extensibility) and strength of the skin
Identify the main location of each type of skin markings.
-ep ridges: palm and plantar region including fingertip and toetip -crease lines: tarsal, carplal, phalanges -cleavage lines: throughout the thin skin
Identify the structure of each skin markings. epidermal ridges cleavage or tension line flexure or crease line
-ep ridges: raised area of the epidermis due to the presence of genetically determined dermal papillae -cleavage or tension line: externally invisible lines that reflect the organization of the bundle of large collagen fibers in the reticular dermis -flexure or crease line: externally visible marks that correspond to the anchoring of the skin directly on the deeper structures of the body with marked absence or paucity of hypodermis
The stratum lucidum is exclusively found in ________________.
-epidermis of thick skin -palmar and plantar region except fingertip
bone repair details
-fibrocartilage callus forms after blood flow stops -fibrocartilage callus is replaced by bone tissue -one can see the location of a previous fracture for many months after fracture has healed bc of remodeling takng place
collagen fibers are shortest for which type of joint
-fibrous/ synarthrotic -sutures
Select all the answers that apply to the metaphyses.
-filled with spongy bone tissue when the bones have stopped growing in length -specific of the long bones -areas of the long bones from which growth in length occurs -areas of the long bones where the epiphyseal line of cortical bone tissue is found in adult non growing bones -Areas of the long bones where the epiphyseal plate or growth plate is found while the long bones are growing in length -restricted areas of the long bones between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
Which of these bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
-flat -clavicle -parietal -occipital -mandible
Movements of the glenohumeral joint
-flex,ext,hyper -add/abb -medial and lateral rotation -circumduction
Match each movement with its opposite. flexion abduction inverstion protraction elevation supination
-flexion extension -abduction adduction -inverstion eversion -protraction retraction -elevation depression -supination pronation
main groups of movements
-gliding, special, angular, rotational
interstitial growth
-growth in length -zone 1: perichondrium -zone 2: prolife of chondroblast -zone 3: differntiation of chondroblat -zone 4: mineralization of matrix -zone 5:osteoid is secreted by osteoblast -grows from diaphysis to epiphysis
Match the structure of the integumentary system with its main function(s). hair nail sweat glands sebaceous glands sensory receptors Skin Epidermal cells (keratinocytes)
-hair: some protection & some thermoregulation (insulation) -nail: protection and proprioception -sweat gland: thermoregulation and excretion of wastes -sebaceous glands: protection of the hair and some excretion of wastes -sensory receptor: detection of pain, pressure, touch - skin: protection through epidermis & prevention of water loss with keratin, flexibility and strength with dermis -epidermal cell: function with Vitamin D synthesis
identify structures of the bones involved in specific functions of skeletal system -hematopoiesis -neutral fat storage -levers -protection of internal organs -attachment of skeletal muscles -formation of fulcrum of lever systems
-hematopoiesis: red marrow -neutral fat storage: yellow marrow -lever: diaphysis of long bone -protection of internal organ: diploe of flat bone -attachment of skeletal muscle: non articular bone markings -formation of fulcrum of lever system: articular bone marking involved in free movable joint
Match each synovial joint with its structural classification. humeroulnar interphalangeal metacarpophalangeal coxal joint first carpometacarpal intercarpals proximal radioulnar atlantoaxial atlanto-occipital
-humeroulnar hinge -interphalangeal hinge -metacarpophalangeal condyloid -coxal joint ball in socket -first carpometacarpal saddle -intercarpals planar -proximal radioulnar pivot -atlantoaxial pivot -atlanto-occipital condyloid
Match each of the structure below with their best role in thermoregulation. hypothalamus core body temperature arrector pilli muscles Skeletal muscles Eccrine sudoriferous glands blood vessels of the dermis deep thermoreceptors or thermosensors of the hypothalamus and spinal cord sebaceous glands thermoreceptors of the dermis hair root plexus nail stimulus
-hypothalamus: control center for body core temperature -core body temperature: variable which is homeostatically regulated -arrector pilli muscles: effectors activated by the hypothalamus when the core body temperature is above its set point -Skeletal muscles: effectors activated by the hypothalamus when the core body temperature is below its set point -Eccrine sudoriferous glands: effectors activated by the hypothalamus when the core body temperature is above its set point -blood vessels of the dermis: effectors the diameter of which increases when the core body temperature is above its set point; activated by the hypothalamus -deep thermoreceptors or thermosensors of the hypothalamus and spinal cord: continuously sense/record the value of the body core temperature -sebaceous glands : not involved -thermoreceptors of the dermis: not much involved -hair root: not involved -nail: not involved -stimulus: not part of the negative feedback loop for thermoregulation; i
where are long bones located
-in appendicular -forming limbs
identify the functional category of each of the joints below. intertarsals atlanto-occipital atlanto-axial distal radioulnar coxal joint first carpometacarpal carpometacarpal 2 to 5 interphalangeal metacarpophalangeal intervertebral facet joint acromioclavicular
-intertarsals nonaxial -atlanto occipital biaxial -atlanto axial uniaxial -distal radioulnar uniaxial -coxal joint multiaxial -first carpometacarpal biaxial -carpometacarpal 2 to 5 biaxial -interphalangeal uniaxial -metacarpophalangeal biaxial -intervertebral facet joint non-axial -acromioclavicular non-axial
Select all the answers that apply to the yellow bone marrow.
-located in the medullary cavity of the adult long bones -serves as a reserve of triglycerides
cruciate ligaments
-maintain aligment of the femur and tibia during flex/ex
Match each epidermal cell type with its best function(s). -melanocytes -Langerhans cells -Merkel cells -keratinocytes
-melanocytes: cells synthesizing melanin -Langerhans cells: defense cells of the skin -Merkel cells: cells interacting with FNE to form slow-adapting tactile receptors for light touch -keratinocyte: main epidermal cell type that differentiate from epithelial cells to secrete keratin and synthesize vitamin D
Match each statement below with the appropriate dermal layer..... Most superficial dermal layer Mostly made of connective tissue proper / loose / areolar with elastic fibers Mostly made of connective tissue proper / dense / irregular interspaced with adipose tissue, hair root, and glands. Contains the deep touch receptors called lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian receptors / corpuscles. Contains the light touch receptors called the Meissners' receptors/corpuscles. Provides strength, extensibility (stretchability), and elasticity to the skin Contains the largest blood vessels of the skin Contains blood capillaries Contains sensory receptors as free nerve endings
-most superficial dermal layer: papillary -Mostly made of connective tissue proper / loose / areolar with elastic fibers: papillary -Mostly made of connective tissue proper / dense / irregular interspaced with adipose tissue, hair root, and glands: reticular -Contains the deep touch receptors called lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian receptors / corpuscles: reticular -Contains the light touch receptors called the Meissners' receptors/corpuscles: papillary -Provides strength, extensibility (stretchability), and elasticity to the skin: reticular -Contains the largest blood vessels of the skin: reticular -Contains blood capillaries: papillary -contains FNE receptor: papillary
temporomandibular joint
-occurs bw the mandible and the mandibular fossa of temp bone -a synovial diarthrotic type of joint -allows elevation, depression -allows protract/retract
Which cell types are required to initially form the cartilage bones?
-osteoclast, osteoblast, chondroblast
What would you predict of superficial wounds (wounds that do not rupture the basement membrane supporting the epidermis)? are painful gets infected repairs quickly since the stratum basale contain many stem cell-like to repair the damaged keratinocytes do not bleed leads to scarring
-painful -repair quickly -do not bleed
match each bone with its classification patella maxilla temporal vertebrae each phalanx carpal and tarsal clavicle scapulae
-patella: sesamoid -maxilla: irregular -temp: flat -vert: irr -each phalanx: long -carpal: short -clavicle: long -scapulae: flat -ethmoid: irr
Match the structural category of synovial joints with its functional category. pivot ball in socket planar hinge saddle condyloid
-pivot uniaxial -ball in socket multiaxial -planar non axial -hinge uniaxial -saddle biaxial -condyloid biaxial
scapula bone marking
-pointy thing going up: acromion -pointy thing going down: coracoid process -depression: glenoid fossa -flat bone
humerus bone marking
-projection by head: greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
identify location of the structures. -red marrow -yellow marrow -compact bone tissue -spongy bone tissue
-red marrow: spongy bone -yellow marrow: medullary cavity of long bones -compact: outer body layer of the bones -spongy: epiphysis, metaphyses, and diploe
intervertebral discs
-struc: cart/ symphysis -func: amphiarhrosis
based on which criterion do we classify bones as flat, irr, short, long, and sesamoid
-structural criterion -shape of bone
joint from least to most movable
-suture, int disc, tempomandibular joint
Which of these types of joints are cartilaginous?
-synchondrosis and symphysis
the facet joint bw adj vert are ___ (struc) / ____ (func) joint
-synovial; diarthroses
ep plate
-temp synchondrosis -struc: cart -func: synarthrosis -will mature into synostosis
knee that sticks out
-the figure shows the tibiofemoral joint. -The photo shows a misalignment between the tibia and the femur. -Since the tibia seems to have fallen backward in relation with the femur, it is likely that the posterior cruciate ligament is damaged. -The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are located within the articular capsule of the knee joint. -Should the anterior posterior ligament be damaged, the tibia would be forward in relation with the femur. -The cruciate ligaments are essential to stabilize the kneed joint and maintain the alignment of the femur in relation with the tibia during the cycles of flexion - extension.
bone repair steps
1. hematoma formation 2. callus formation 3. callus ossification 4. bone remodeling
A patient arrives at the ER with a full charring of the skin on the whole right lower limb.
18% 3rd degree burn
pectoral girdle:
2 clavicle and 2 scapula
THE PELVIS IS MADE OF
2 os coxae
bones making up hard palate of mouth
2 palatines 2 maxillae
An adult arrives at triage with a full charring of the skin on the right forearm, half the torso, and the anterior part of the entire lower limb. The rest of the body is only superficially affected. How do you estimate the extent of the patient burns.
20.25% 3rd degree and 79.75% 1st degree
CONDYLOID IS FUNC
BIAX
What is the name of the onion-shaped or pear-shaped structure the most inferior of the hair root?
BULB
Why is the skin of the palmar and plantar regions referred to as "thick" skin?
Because the epidermis is made of 5 layers. The stratum lucidum, made of 3-5 layers of dead cells deep to the stratum corneum and superficial to the stratum granulosum, is exclusively found in the epidermis of those body regions.
osteoclast
Bone-destroying cells
All of the following are true of the aging skin, except ___________. Langerhans cells decrease in number Collagen fibers decrease in number Eccrine glands are more easily activated, hence aging adults have enhanced ability to regulate thermoregulation. Fibroblasts decrease in number Melanocytes decrease in number albeit some swell. Elastic fibers loose some elasticity
Eccrine glands are more easily activated, hence aging adults have enhanced ability to regulate thermoregulation.
Which of the following answer lists 3 main groups of movements that can occur at synovial joints?
GLIDING, ROTATIONAL, ANGULAR
Select all the molecules that influence the complexion of an individual.
HEMOGLOBIN, CAROTENE, AND MELANIN
Which of the following are found in both compact bone and spongy bone tissues?
Lacunae housing each an osteocyte
In which part of the hair do we find growing cells?
MATRIX
Where in the dermis would you predict to find a basement membrane?
Most superficial part of the papillary layer since epidermis rests on a basement membrane and the paillary layer of the dermis is just deep to the stratum basale of the epidermis
Which of the following choices are not examples of functional groups of diarthroses? biaxial pivot uniaxial non-axial multiaxial
PIVOT
The collagen fibers are the shortest for which type of joints?
SUTURES AND GOMPHOSIS
Cartilaginous joints are joints in which interacting bones are connected by cartilage. (T/F)
TRUE
Epidermal pegs are the deep projections of the epidermis onto the dermis. Epidermal pegs are located in between the dermal papillae that invaginate into the epidermis. (t/f)
TRUE
Synovial joints are the only freely movable joints of the body and thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. (T/F)
TRUE
The most unstable joints are the diarthroses. They are structurally called synovial joints. (T/F)
TRUE
Choose all the statements that apply to the skin. There are 2 types of skin, based on the number of epidermal layers. Thick skin has 5 epidermal layers and is hairless. It is specifically located on the palmar and plantar regions. Thin skin has 4 epidermal layers and is usually hairy, excepting at the fingertips. it is the main type of skin covering the body. The dermis is made of several types of connective tissue proper. The epidermis is a specific type of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
all
Select all the components of the integumentary system. hair skin (sudoriferous, sebaceous, mammary, and ceruminous glands) nail sensory receptors
all
Select all the components of the skeletal system. teeth all joints bones cartilage ligaments
all
it may seem confusing that 7 functions of the skeletal system were listed on the slide (right below) but the video only listed 5 functions (left below). Select all the choices that allow you to clarify this apparent discrepancy. The bones houses the bone marrow. We can distinguish yellow and red bone marrow each of them allow a different function of the bones and the system. The red bone marrow is so called red because it is the location for the formation of the blood cells, the main type of which is the erythrocytes with hemoglobin, a red pigment when bound to O2. Specific cells of the osseous tissue can synthesize and secrete a hormone called osteocalcin. While the bones are not parts of the classical organs of the endocrine system, they have an endocrine function... oh! Like the skin had via the kerotinaocytes synthesizing and secreting vitamin D! The yellow bone marrow is so called yellow because is is mainly made of adipose tissue with adipocytes containing neutral fats (triglycerides); the yellow bone marrow allows the bones to store triglycerides. Having bones serving as lever is necessary for movement of body parts. Hence one of the listed function of the system : movement
all
Choose all the statements that apply to the skin. The hypodermis is not a true skin layer. Also called the cutaneous membrane. Made of 2 true layers, the superficial epidermis, and the deep dermis. sensory receptors, hair, glands, and nails are truly embedded in the skin. The skin is the largest organ of the human body, and is a highly sensory organ. Although referred to as a membrane, the skin is an organ. Its structure meets the definition of an organ: structure made of at least 2 different types of primary tissues.
all are true
Choose all the statements that apply to the hypodermis. Completely avascular. Protective layer that also allows to anchor the skin onto deepest structures (skeletal muscles and bones) and serve as long-term energy storage. May include Pacinian receptors / corpuscles and even deep hair roots. A true skin layer. Of varying thickness depending on how much triglycerides are stored in the adipocytes. Made of connective tissue proper / loose / areolar and connective tissue specialized / adipose tissue. Also called the subcutaneous layer.
all except (completely avascular) and (a true skin layer)
Choose all the answers that apply to the sensory receptors of the skin. belong to the general sense receptors can be free nerve endings or encapsulated (corpuscules) include nociceptors which are free nerve endings transmitting pain belong to the special sense receptors include receptors for light and deep touch, temperature (warm vs cool) for instance. are critical to protect the human body against a diverse range of potentially harmful stimuli.
all except belong to special sense receptor
Each bone is an organ of the skeletal system. Select of the choices that apply to this statement. A bone is made of 2 or more primary tissue types. A bone will bleed if it is fully fractured since bones are vascularized. A bone can hurt when injured. a bone is an organ because if it made of 2 different types of connective tissue.
all except last
Select all the choices that apply to the hypodermis. -Vascularized -Quasi absent where the crease lines of the skin are visible. -Also called the subcutaneous membrane. -Made of connective tissue / specialized / adipose -One may found Pacinian receptors embedded in it. -One of the true skin layers.
all except on of the true skin layers
Choose all the statements that apply to the epidermis. Melanocytes are specific epidermal cells, the function of which is to secrete melanin, the only true skin pigment. The Merkel cells associate with axon terminals to form the Merkel discs, the function of which is to detect fine touch (slow-adapting tactile receptors). Langerhans cells are defense-like cells. Keratinocytes synthesize keratin and vitamin D, this later being the precursor of the hormone calcitriol. Keratinocytes are the main epidermal cells; they are epithelium-derived cells. The epidermis is a homogenous epithelium.
all except the epidermis is a homogenous epithelium
Choose all the statements that apply to the sensory receptors present in the skin. Pacinian corpuscles may be found in the hypodermis. Each type of receptor is most responsive of a specific type of stimulus. Sensory receptors of the skin can be structurally classified as free or encapsulated; we refer to them as corpuscles when they are encapsulated. The large variety and density of sensory receptors embedded in the skin is important for the protective role of the skin. Mostly located in the stratum basale of the epidermis and in the dermis.
all true
calcitonin
allows bone deposit when calcemia increase
PTH hormone
allows bone resorption when calcemia decresa
The layer of the epidermis which contains cells able to divide is the _____________.
basale
Which systems do you predict the skeletal muscle to directly interact with to allow movement of body parts?
cardiovascular, muscular, and nervous
What does the combining form chondr/o mean?
cartilage
types of vertebrae
cervical (7): THIN BODY AND LARGE HOLE thoracic(12):LARGER BODY lumbar(5): LARGEST BODY - sacrum(5) coccyx(1-4)
Which of the following movements is not classified as a special movement? Select the best answer. eversion circumduction pronation protraction elevation
circumduction
central canal or harvesian found in
compact
lamallae
concentric rings of bone matrix
antlanto-occipital joint
condyloid
carpometacarpal (2-5) joint
condyloid
The layer of skin that contains dead keratinized cells that continuously slough off is the ____________.
corneum
superficial to deep epidermal layers
corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum basale
Which epidermal strata are exclusively made of dead keratinocytes?
corneum and lucidum
compact aka
cortical
joints that allow abb/add
coxal and glenohumeral
What component of the ground substance (matrix) allows bone tissue to resist compressive force?
degree of mineralization
What determines the hardness of the bones?
degree of mineralization in matrix
ligaments are joints structures made of
dense regular fib tissue
Bone markings that are present as concave areas at the surface of the bones belong to the category of the _________bone markings.
depression
The acetabulum of the os coxa and the fossa are examples of ____________.
depression
Primary ossification center in EC oss
diaphysis
compact found in
diaphysis, outer layer at epi/dia
all synovial joints are
diarhthroses
A characteristic of the intramembranous process, is the entrapping of the osteoblasts in the osteoid. What is the fate of these osteoblasts?
differentiate into osteocyte
Using the previous question and your recollection of anatomy and physiology I, what does arthroscopy literally mean?
direct visualization of a joint
the main risk associated with loose joints is ___ of synovial joints
dislocation
type of fracture requiring reduction
displaced fracture
Which sudoriferous glands are involved in thermoregulation?
eccrine
Which exocrine mode of secretion is the most classical?
eccrine (merocrine)
Glands located on the palms and soles are called ____________.
eccrine sweat gland
Which glands release their content by simple exocytosis?
eccrine sweat glands
osteoclast required by
endochondral
Which prenatal ossification process makes bones by progressively replacing bones made of hyaline cartilage?
endochondral ossification
chondroblast/chondrocytes required by which process
endochondrol
The outermost portion of the skin is the __________________.
epidermis
spongy found in
epiphyses, metaphysis, inner core of diploe of flat bones, inner core of short and irr bones
A joint is not movable while an articulation is movable. t/f
false
All the internal organs are protected by bones.
false
Bones formed by intramembranou sossification are covered by an outer layer of hyaline cartilage. (T/F)
false
Sutures, gomphoses, and synchondroses are all families of fibrous joints. (t/f)
false
The formation of the long bones starts at the 8th week post-fertilization. At birth, all the hyaline cartilage has been replaced by osseous tissue.
false
a joint is not movable while an articulation allows some ROM (t/f)
false
all internal organs protected by a bony skeleton (t/f)
false
all synostoses are formed embryonically (t/f)
false
the endosteum that lines the medullary cavity of long bones is made of epithelial tissue (t/f)
false
Which of the following bones or group of bones are formed by endochondral ossification?
femur, cartilage bones, long bone, short and irr bone
joints are structurally classified as
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
bones that overall have the same thickness throughout are structurally classified as
flat
cranial bones are
flat bones
angular movements include
flex, ext, abd, add, circumduction, hyperex,
The tibiofemoral joint (main synovial joint of the knee complex) is a movement that allows which movements?
flexion extension hyperextension lateral rotation
What is the plural of gomphosis?
gomphoses
In which epidermal layer does apoptosis occur?
granulosum
sex hormones at puberty
growth spurts in adolescence
interphalangeal
hinge
tibiafemoral is ___
hinge joint
The tibiofemoral joint is structurally classified as a _____________ and functionally classified as a ______________.
hinge; uniax
What is the mode of secretion of the sebaceous glands?
holocrine
the ___ are the upper limb what the femurs are to lower legs
humeri
what covers the articular bone markings involved in freely movable joints
hyaline cartilage
considering tibiafemoral joint as a hinge, what movements allowed
hyperex; flex; ex
transverse
in a crosswise direction -open
progressive replacement of hylaine cartilage at the metaphyses by spongy bone tissue
interstitial
Which prenatal ossification process overall makes the flat bones and the clavicles?
intramembranous ossification
the vertebrae is a ____ bone
irregular
The root word arthr/o means _________.
joint/articulation
bones making up eye socket
lacrimal, ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, and maxilla
Select all the movements allowed at the glenohumeral joint (main synovial joint of the shoulder complex).
lateral and medial rotation add/abd flex/ext/hype circum
Which of these movements is not an angular movement? Select the best answer. circumduction abduction flexion lateral rotation adduction
lateral rotation
the fibula is ___ to tibia but the ulna is ___ to radius
lateral; medial
A bone that has a diaphysis belongs to which structural category of bones?
long
What is the only skin pigment? (no capital letter, 1 word only)
melanin
What do we call the bones formed by intramembranous ossification?
membrane bones
Choose all the receptors that are free nerve endings (in contrast to those classified as encapsulated) Ruffini receptors Merkel discs nociceptors Pacinian's receptors hair root plexus Meissner's receptors
merkel disc, nociceptors, hair root plexus
Which of these choices is a synonym of eccrine as in eccrine glands?
merocrine
fibrous joints are
mostly synarthroses but some like syndesmoses are amphiarthroses
Which of the following choices are not examples of structural groups of synovial joints? multiaxial ball and socket condyloid plane = gliding = arthrodial hinge
multiax
ball-in-socket is func
multiax
shoulder joint is
multiaxial
While the skeletal system provide the bony framework of the body, which other systems are interacting with the skeletal system to provide the entire functional supportive framework of the body?
muscular and integ
planar is func
non-axial
greenstick fracture
one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken
when a person makes pinching motion with thumb and forefinger, movement called
opposition
Which cells secrete bone matrix?
osteoblast
Select all the cell types required to initially form the membrane bones.
osteoblast and mesenchymal cell
cells in bone remodeling unit
osteoblast and osteoclast
In which cells do osteoblasts differentiate?
osteocyte
bone cell responsible for sensing changes in bone homeostasis
osteocyte
compact bone unit
osteon
which bone do not make the ventral part of the cranium
parietal
cranial bones that are paired
parietal and temporal
Where are sesamoid bones found?
patella -in tendons
Excepted for their articulating surface, all the bones are covered with a tough fibrous connective membrane called __________.
periosteum
the fibrous membrane covering the entire outer surface of the bone except where the bones are articulating is called
periosteum
atlanto axial joint
pivot
proximal radiounlar
pivot
the tibiafemora may also allow some rotation; therefor can be structurally classified as
pivot
intercarpal
planar
Trochanters, tubercles, tuberosity, and condyles are all examples of ___________.
projection
thyroid hormone in BH, BR, BG
regulate relative growth rate of bones (allometric growth
1st carpometacarpal joint
saddle
Which exocrine glands of the skin often get plugged, inflamed, and may even get infected in teenagers and young adults?
sebaceous gland
Blackheads, pimples, and boils can be caused by bacteria metabolizing the secretions of _______________.
sebaceous glands
Which of these glands has a holocrine mode of secretion?
sebaceous glands
A burn that causes blisters where fluid forms between the epidermis and dermis but where hair follicles and glands are not injured is a ______________.
second
oblique fracture
slanted across -complete -closed
Platarflexion
special
supination
special
eversion
special movement of the foot achieved by turning the sole laterally
red bone marrow found in
spongy
trabeculae found in
spongy
canaliculi found in
spongy and compac
lamallae, canaliculi, and lacuna are in both
spongy and compact
osteocytes in lacuna
spongy and compact
growth hormone
stimulate growth in length in infancy & early childhood
You would predict the arrector pili muscles (APM) that attach the hair follicles to the dermis to contract in response to __________.
stress, cold or fright
Select all the answers that are minor imbalances of the skin.
stretch marks, blisters, and calluses
The classification of the joints based on the presence or not of a fluid-filled joint cavity and on the nature of connective tissue directly connecting the bones is a ___________ classification.
structural
Identify the structural and functional classifications of the epiphyseal plate (also called growth plate).
structural: cartilaginous / temporary synchondrosis; functional: synarthrosis
special movements
supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, opposition
Which of these choices rank types of joints from the most to the least stable?
sutures, syndesmosis, synovial
gomposes, synchondroses, sutures, and synosteses all belong to which func category
synarthroses
3 main functional groups of joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Which of the following is not a structural class of joint? cartilaginous syndesmosis fibrous synovial
syndesmosis
What type of joint replaces the sutures and the temporary synchondrosis after the bones have fused?
synostosis
Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
synovial
Which structural class of joints have a fluid-filled cavity?
synovial
joint capsule
synovial membrane + fibrous capsule
tibia and fibula will articulate distally with
talus
Which joint of these joints allows protraction and retraction?
temporomandibular
bone resorption
the removal of osseous tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the nails? scratching protection thermoregulation helping grasping and handling things
thermoregulate
Why are osteoclasts required in endochondral ossification?
to break the hyaline cartilage
A very heavy object falls on the proximal part of one of your nails. Chances are that you have damaged the nail root and nail matrix and that you nail will fall off.
true
Bones are highly vascularized (t/f)
true
In the anatomical position, the atlanto-occipital joint is extended. (t/f)
true
Some fibrous joints are non-movable (synarthrotic joints) while others are slightly movable (amphiarthrotic joints). true/false
true
The accessory structures of the skin (hairs, nails, and glands) derive from the epidermis.
true
The dermal papillae are genetically determined, with a pattern that is unique for each individual. (t/f)
true
The dermal papillae house the Meissner's corpuscles which makes them very close to the surface of the skin. They are fast adapting tactile receptors which makes them very sensitive to light touch (ideal to read braille). (t/f)
true
The skin has an endocrine function. This is through via vitamin D, a precursor for the hormone calcitriol that plays animportant role in regulating calcium ion homoestasis. (t/f)
true
bone marking involved in synovial joint are covered with hyaline cartilage instead of periosteum (t/f)
true
each bone is a single organ (t/f)
true
several synovial joints may be found in same articular cap (t/f)
true
since ligaments are types of joints, they belong to skeletal system (t/f)
true
synovial joints are part of the lever system where they serve as fulcrum (t/f)
true
the more movable a joint, the least stable (t/f)
true
there are more joints that bones (t/f)
true
Hair color depends on which pigment(s)?
type of melanin
What is the fate of vitamin D?
ultimately converted into the active hormone calcitriol, a hormone that promotes calcium absorption from the diet.
interphalange is func
uniax
radioulnar joint
uniaxial
The ankle joint more precisely called the talocrural or the tibia-fibula-talus joint is functionally _________ and structurally _________.
uniaxial; hinge
synostoses are
usually cart joint that have ossified
Which of the following choices is not correct about the joints? -Joint can structurally be classified in fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. -A joint is a point of contact between 2 or more bones or between cartilage and bone(s) or between a tooth and a bone. -There are more joints than bones in the body. -Joints can functionally be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
-Joints can functionally be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
temporal bone marking
-MASTOID PROCESS (BIG C SHAPE ON LEFT) -POINTY THING (ZYGOMATIC PROCESS) -SHARP POINT TYPE (STYLOID PROCESS)
femur bone marking
-two projection below head: greater trochanter and lesser trochanter -distal end: lateral condyle and medial condyle
scapula BM
-where the humerus connects is glenoid fossa -acromion is up -coracoid process is down
How many ossification centers form in the process of intramembranous ossification?
1
How many types of ossification centers are required for endochondral ossification?
2: 1 primary and a secondary
With which type of burn on the fingertips would you predict to "loose" the fingerprints for sure?
3rd and 4th
there are ___ cranial bones and ___ facial bones
8; 14
c1 vertebra
ATLAS -no body and a foramina -2 small holes and one big hole
Bones connected by hyaline cartilage are structurally classified as __________- joints and functionally classified as _________ .
CARTILAGINOUS; SYNCHONDROSIS
Which of these choices lists joints from the least stable to the most stable?
DIARTHROSIS, AMPHIARTHROSIS, SYNARTHROSIS
LONG BONES FORMED BY
EC
cartilage bones formed by
EC
progressive ossification of bones made of hyaline cartilage
EC
vertebrae formed by
EC
prenatal ossification
EC an IM
femur formed by
EC oss
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Which of the following is not a risk factor for skin cancer? genetic sex age amount of sun exposure skin type genetics / family history
GENETIC SEX
Which of the following summarizes the principle of endochondral ossification?
Hyaline cartilage is progressively replaced by bone tissue.
FLAT BONES FORMED BY
IM
mandible formed by
IM
membrane bones formed by
IM
mesenchymal cells required by which process
IM
ossification of bone by condensation of osteoblast within mesenchyme
IM
clavicle formed
IM oss
What would you predict to happen to a bone that has been cooked/baked (not until it reaches ashes of course!)?
The collagen fibers would be denatured and the bone would lose its flexibility. Thus, the bone would be brittle.
Select all the choices that apply to the first carpometacarpal joint (thumb).
This is the only joint of the body that allows opposition (and reposition). Structurally, this synovial joint is the only true saddle joint of the body.
pivot is func
UNIAXIAL
You have a mole that is relatively symmetrical, homogenous in color with sharp boundaries, about 3 mm diameter, and albeit it has quickly grown to that size, it has remained unchanged since.
You continue monitoring it but don't panic. It is likely a common mole.
moving limb away from body w/in a frontal place is
abduction
socket of coxal joint is
acetabulum
what does the diaphysis of adult long bone contain
adipose tissue to store triglycerides
Choose all the choices that apply to melanin. The genetic condition where melanocytes do notsynthesize any melanin is called albinism. Synthesized by melanocytes in the epidermis. Protects the skin against UV (photoprotection) Exposure to the sun increases the production of melanin as a defense mechanism Melanocytes release specific vesicles containing melanin, called melanosomes. Those are transferred to the keratinocytes in the deepest epidermal layers. Vitiligo is most likely autoimmune and leads to patchy discoloration of the skin due to death of the melanocytes. Several types of melanin with different colors exist.
all
What component of the ground substance of the osseous tissue allows the bone to resist tensile strength?
amount of collagen fibers
cartilaginous joints are mostly
amphiarthosis but some like synchondroses are synarthroses
what is the func classification of the interosseous membrane bw the tibia and fibula
amphiarthrosis
What determines the flexibility of the bones?
amt of collagen fibers
adduction is
angular
circumduction is
angular
hyperextension is
angular movement
Sweat glands hormonally activated at puberty and located in the axillary and inguinal regions as well as around the nipples are the _________ sweat glands.
apocrine
Which sudoriferous glands are associated with body odor?
apocrine sweat glands
progressive addition of new osteons at or beneath the periosteum
appositional
postnatal ossification
appositional and interstitial
When the bone marking of a bone is involved in a movable articulation, it is covered with _________.
articular cartilage made of hyaline
Areas of the bones (mostly long bones) that are involved in movable articulations are covered with ________.
aticular cartilage made of hyaline cartilage
coxal joint
ball and socket
glenohumeral is ___
ball-in-socket joint
The most common form of skin cancer is ______________.
basal cell carcinoma
Which skin cancer is most common but also the one with the best prognosis mostly because of the slow growth of the cancer cells and the low risk for metastasis?
basal cell carcinoma
glenohumeral joint is
between humerus and scapulae
knuckle
biax
saddle is func
biax
thumb is
biax
The group of movements (flexion-extension-hyperextension) occurs in a single plane. A joint that allows flexion/extension/hyperextension and also adduction/abduction is functionally classified as a __________ joint.
biaxial
Identify the origin of the pigments that may influence the skin color. bilirubin hemoglobin carotene
bilirubin- liver hemoglobin- blood carotene- exogenous diet
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
injury of pcl
bone goes in ; knee sticks out
osteoblast
bone-forming cell
osteoblast required by
both
only bone of skull involved in freely movable joint
mandible
Sternum parts top to bottom
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
spongy aka
cancellous
symphysis are
cartilaginous amphi joint
moving the index finger so it describes a cone in space is called
circumduction
OSTEON found in
compact
Secondary ossification center
epiphysis
sutures are
fibrous synarthrotic joints
intercarpal is func
non-ax
bone deposit
occurs where bone is added bone
lateral rotation
rotational
Joints belong the _______ system.
skeletal
synchondroses can be
temp or perm
spongy bone unit
trabeculae (web)
hinge is func
uniaxial
