All Of ICEV Veterinary Assisting
Microscopes
- Are used to analyze blood, fecal, urine and sperm microscopically - Helps determine if an animal is infected with disease, parasites or are reproductively sound
Animal Welfare Groups
- Include: National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) Animal 1WelfareCouncil The Humane Society of United States American Society for the Prevention of 2Crueltyto Animals (ASPCA)
Unlike exocrine glands, endocrine glands __________.
Are ductless
The peripheral nervous system includes the _________.
Autonomic nervous system
Which of the following hormones is released when dogs fight or feel threatened?
Epinephrine
External Factors
Include the following: environment communication 1courtship rituals threats to 2safety
The Upper GI Tract
Includes the following: mouth pharynx tongue esophagus stomach
Centrifuge - Fecal Examination Process
Includes: - collecting a fresh sample of feces which is free from rocks, soil, etc. - placing the stool into a specimen container - placing a small amount of fecal material into a test tube and mix it with a fecal flotation solution - running the centrifuge for at least five minutes - fecal debris will sink to the bottom and other material will float to the top - adding fresh fecal flotation solution to the tube until a (rounded) meniscus forms - placing the cover slip on top of the tube - removing the cover slip and place the liquid side down onto a glass slide top - examining the entire cover slip for parasite eggs
Increased Use of Technology
Includes:veterinarians adapting to new technology and getting information in new, innovative ways for example: using Dropbox and e-mail to send photos and 1radiographs to clients text messaging clients with 2appointment reminders using social media to promote their business
Protecting Animals in the Courtroom
Incorporates both: litigation legal proceeding in court to determine and 1enforce legal rights legislation act of making or enacting 2laws Secures and enumerates the rights of animals through many 1HSUSled or supported legal cases, such as:ending horse slaughter for human consumption conserving 2endangeredspeciesproviding proper care and treatment for research animals prohibiting animal fighting
Which of the following is currently NOT a pet spending trend?
Increased Veterinary Spending
Estrogen
Induces 1estrus and prepares the uterus for reception of a fertilized egg Causes females to be receptive to males for mating Attracts males from more than a 2mile away Clinic Corner: During estrus, also known as "heat", housecats experience an elevated release of estrogen causing agitated behavior.
Who founded People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals?
Ingrid Newkirk
Which element is administered to the general population through table salt?
Iodine
Malaria
Is a life threatening blood disease caused by parasites and is transmitted through mosquito cure bites Vaccinations are being tested on infected non-human primates, although a mosquito cure has not been found
Diabetes
Is a metabolic disease where the body is unable to produce enough insulin resulting in elevated levels of deficiency glucose in the blood Has been researched in dogs and resulted in the discovery of the following:an insulin glucose deficiency causes diabetes insulin-cells can be transplanted to the pancreas
Hepatitis B
Is a more serious infection transmitted through bodily vaccine fluids Has a bodily vaccine which was created after researching and testing on non-human primates
Nervous System
Is a network of nerves strokes and cells in the body which carries messages to and from the brain Studies in cats led to the understanding of how neurons function and how humans recover from the following: nerves stroke traumatic injuries Studies in cats allows for the exploration of retardation gangliosidosis, which causes the following:human skeletal disorders mental gangliosidosis retardation
Keratin
Is a protein formed within the epidermis Can be found in many forms within and animal Is a structural component of epidermal tissues, such as: hair and wool feathers hooves protein horns
Hepatitis C
Is also a serious infection transmitted through bodily fluids primates Does not have a vaccine, but non-human fluids primates are still being used for research to find one
Smooth Muscle
Is involuntary muscle tissue Forms thin layers or sheets of flat muscle Cells have one nucleus
Product Testing
Is performed on mice/rats to measure the safety of household items, such as: food additives fabric fabricadditivestreatmentscosmetics
Progesterone
Is produced in the 1ovaries and helps the body prepare for conception and pregnancy Regulates the monthly 2menstrual cycle Also plays a role in maintaining pregnancy Clinic Corner: Menstrual cycle is the process of ovulation and menstruation in women and other female primates.
Ethology
Is the study of animal behavior, especially in a natural environment Examines instinctive and adaptive nature in early development Observes natural processes such as communication , courtship, mating and self defense Monitors animal welfare influences by internal, external and learned factors Clinic Corner: Welfare is the health, happiness and well-being of an animal
Epidermis
Is the thin, outer layer of the skin Acts as a physical barrier to water loss Forms by a division of cells, which pushes other cells to the surface the old cells then die and are shed Produces different types of keratin which form hair, wool, hooves and horns Farm Fact: The epidermis contains melanin, which is responsible for skin, fur and wool pigmentation.
Aging
Is the time-related decline of bodily functions necessary for survival Is primarily researched in animals to develop new treatments for age-associated diseases in humans Clinic Corner: Researchers have created genetic lines of mice modeling neurodegenerative conditions, like Alzheimer's disease, providing great insight into the aging process.
Common Electrical Technology
Is used daily in veterinary clinics to help determine illness and the overall health of animals Includes: centrifuge autoclave microscope
Skeletal Muscle
Is usually voluntary muscle tissue Is connected to a bone Is elongated and striped Cells have many nuclei
In the late nineteenth century, who experimented on dogs to evaluate their "conditioned" responses, like salivation?
Ivan Pavlov
In the late nineteenth century, who experimented on dogs to evaluate their "conditioned" responses, like salivation? *
Ivan Pavlov
Elephant Conservation Acts
Signed into law in 11997 Reaffirm the endangered status of African and Asian elephants Allot money toward 2conservation practices
Behavioral Changes Due to Age
Varies among species, but commonly includes: decreased or impaired mobility weight loss aggression destructiveness Clinic Corner: In the wild, elderly female elephants become the leaders - "matriarchs" - of their herds
Heart attacks can result from a blockage of
coronary artery
Which chamber has the thickest muscular wall?
left ventricle
Working Animals - Are kept by humans and __________ to perform tasks - Examples include: guide dogs draft ________ herding dogs/horses
trained, horses
Which part of the large intestine travels across the body inferior to the stomach and the liver?
transverse colon
Companion Animal Care Guidelines - Were created by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) to ensure the proper care and humane ______________ of animals in: humane societies animal control pet stores boarding kennels dog training establishments grooming facilities _____________ veterinary hospitals and clinics
treatment, dealers
According to the segment, the most common way to bring a toxin into the body is through ingestion.
true
The left lung is composed of how many lobes?
two
Which of the following make up the small intestine? * - Duodenum - All of these - Jejunum - Ileum
- All of these
Chemical Indicator Strips
- Are commonly referred to as autoclave tape indicators - Show whether or not a specific temperature was reached in the autoclave when sterilizing material - Change colors after exposure to specific temperatures
Animal Rights Activists
- Are completely against: rodeos horse racing 1circuses life-saving medical research animals raising livestock for food petting zoos breeding purebred pets any other uses of animals -Often misinform the public, use violence and stunts in order to receive donations for their 2organizationsto help animals
Crystals
- Are made up of minerals and are sometimes found in the urine - May clump together and form bladder stones
Humane Societies
- Are organizations devoted to promoting humane ideas and 1treatmentof animals - Act 2independentlyfrom each other as there is no centrally organized branch outside the state level - Include: grassroots humane groups non-sheltering humane organizations the Humane Society of the United States
Grassroots Humane Groups
- Are primarily run by 1volunteers - Are involved in community outreach and child education programs as well as providing information on animals to the public - May offer a network of foster homes for 2abandonedanimals, some focusing on a shelter or region
Animal Welfare Advocates
- Believe the following: animals should not 1experiencepain and suffering animals should have basic needs (e.g., food, shelter and health) animals should not be used for human 2satisfaction (e.g., food, clothing, medical research, etc.) - Support regulations of animal sports, such as: rodeo horse racing 1FFA polo endurance - Use scientific evidence to provide standards for basic animal care and handling 2guidelines
Autoclaves
- Decontaminate and sterilize surgical instruments - Uses heat, steam and pressure above boiling temperature to clean instruments - Clinic Corner: decontamination is crucial to a veterinary practice and reduces contamination and hazards to people within the environment
Non-Sheltering Humane Organizations
- Do not run animal housing facilities - Are more 1involvedin educating people about animals, foster care, spay/neuter services and animal placement - May be informal 2grassroots groups or large non-profit organizations
The American Association of Veterinarian State Boards
- Identifies minimal 1standards required to enter the profession and remain in practice - Establishes procedures for identifying and, when needed, sanctioning or removing incompetent or 2unethical practitioners
Animal Rights Founders
- Include: Henry Bergh-American Society for the 1Preventionof Cruelty to Animals 2Ingrid Newkirk-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Mike Burgwin - initial chairman-National Animal Control Association - Includes: 1Fred Meyers - one of four people who formed the Humane Society of the United States Peter Singer- philosopher and activist focused on animal suffering and consequences Mark Twain- protested animal cruelty and research in "2A Dog's Tale"
Animal Rights Groups
- Include: People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (1PETA) 2Mercy for Animals Several state and local groups
Principles of Veterinary Ethics
- Include: being 1dedicated to providing competent veterinary medical care, with compassion and respect for animal welfare and human health providing veterinary medical clinical care under the 2terms of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship - Include: 3. upholding the standards of 1professionalism, being honest in all professional interactions and reporting veterinarians who are deficient in character or competence to the appropriate entities 4. respecting the law and also recognizing a responsibility to seek changes to laws and regulations which are 2contraryto the best interests of the patient and public health -Include: 5. Respecting the 1rightsof clients, colleagues and other health professionals and shall safeguard medical information within the confines of the law 6. Continuing to study, apply and advance knowledge, maintain a 2commitmentto veterinary medical education, make relevant information available to clients, colleagues, the public and obtain consultation or referral when indicated -Include: 7. Within the provision of 1appropriatepatient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate and the environment in which to provide veterinary medical care 8. Recognizing a 2responsibilityto participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health
Animal Rights
- Is a 1philosophical view in which animals have similar rights to humans - Are also known as animal liberation - Proponents believe no animal should be used for 2industry, entertainment, sport or recreation
Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
- Is a division of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - 1Regulates veterinary biologics (vaccines, bacterins, diagnostic kits and other products of a biological origin) - Ensures the veterinary 2biologics available for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of animal diseases are safe, pure, potent and effective - Performs work through the Center of Veterinary Biologics (CVB)
Animal Welfare
- Is a human responsibility which 1encompassesall aspects of animal well-being, including proper housing, management, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care, humane handling and, when necessary, 2humane euthanasia
Abnormal Behavior
- Is defined as individual behavior which is not similar to those of the same species For companion animals includes the following examples: showing aggression exhibiting a stiff body posture shaking avoiding direct eye contact laying ears flat or back on the head lowering their body or tail to the ground bearing teeth raising the tail
Centrifuge - Blood Examination
- Is used to measure the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, known as Packed Cell Volume (PCV) -for high PCV-condition is called polycythemia, which is common for animals with dehydration or diarrhea -for low PCV-condition would indicate the animal is anemic or bleeding
Board of Veterinary Medicine (BVM)
- Protects the health and 1safety of the public and animals through the regulation of the practice of veterinary medicine - Regulates in accordance with the state's veterinary 2practice act
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
- Was founded in 1866 - Often works with city animal control 1agencies to remove stray animals - Regularly rescues animals from abuse and neglect - Frequently aids 2shelters across the nation with resources to improve care and treatment of animals
The Humane Society of the United States
- Was founded in 1954 - Is the largest animal protection organization in the nation, 1committedto protecting animals through litigation, legislation, investigation, education, advocacy and field work - Is 2comprised of more than seven million members and constituents
Animal Welfare Council
- Was founded in 1979 - 1supportsanimals in: recreation industry sports entertainment - Promotes responsible and humane 2treatment of animals
People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
- Was founded in 1980 - Is the 1largestanimal rights organization in the world - Focuses on factory farms, clothing trade, laboratories and the entertainment industry - Believes animals are 2not meant to be: eaten worn experimented on used for entertainment abused exploited
National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA)
- Was founded in 1991 - Promotes 1welfareof animals - Strengthens human and animal relationships - Protects the rights of 2responsibleanimal owners, enthusiasts and professionals
Mercy For Animals
- Was founded in 1999 - Is dedicated to 1preventing cruelty to farmed animals - Focuses on factory farms - Promotes 2vegetarianism
Veterinarian's Oath
-Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the 1benefit of society through the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the 2promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge. -I will practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the principles of veterinary medical ethics. -I accept as a lifelong obligation to the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.
Abnormal behavior exotic animals
-For exotic animals include the following examples: plucking feathers self-mutilating rocking pacing showing aggression exhibiting defensive behavior biting
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
-Is a federal drug policy which regulates the manufacture and 1distributionof controlled substances -Categorizes drugs into five "schedules" or classifications based on their potential for 2abuse, status in international treaties and medical benefits
Animal Behavior examined
-Is studied to help understand human behavior, instincts and social interactions Is paired against human behavior in comparative psychology to analyze a specific action and see if the two share similarities -Is researched in evolutionary psychology to better understand how humans and animals have adapted to living in their environments over the years Helps scientists study sociobiology, which examines social behaviors in animals and humans and shows the evolutionary advantages of such behaviors -Research areas include: genetics instinct ethology aging body homeostasis
Microscope Parts
-Parts include: - (ocular lens) eyepiece allows the viewer to see the specimen - body tube-connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses - arm-connects the body tube to the base of the microscope - coarse adjustment - brings the specimen into a general focus - fine adjustment; fine tunes and increases the detail of the specimen, revolving nose piece; rotates the objective lenses -stage-where the specimen slide is placed -stage clips-metal clips which hold the slide in place - diaphragm-adjusts the amount of light which reaches the specimen - base-supports the microscope and is where the light or illuminator is located -light or illuminator- a steady light source which is mounted under the stage
Board of Pharmacy
-Regulates 1whole sale and pharmacy distribution of veterinary drugs -Regulates veterinarians which 2prescribe and distribute controlled substances
Keratin is found in which of the following locations? * /Hooves /All of the answer choices /Hair /Feathers
/All of the answer choices
At what age must wild horses be in order to be sold?
10
In what year was The Humane Society of the United States founded?
1954
Which year was the Animal Welfare Act signed into law?
1966
In which year was the Endangered Species Act signed into law?
1973
The Animal Welfare Council was founded in which of the following years?
1979
The trachea ends by splitting into two main ______________.
1bronchi
The larynx is made up of two major ______________.
1cartilages
The left ventricle must push blood through the _________ body.
1entire
Gas _______________ occurs within the lungs.
1exchange
In respiration, ______________ is taking air into the lungs, ______________ is expelling air from the lungs.
1inspiration, 2expiration
The right side of the heart is a _____________ system.
1low pressure
The heart is a ____________ organ. It is composed mostly of ____________ muscle.
1muscular, 2cardiac
Red blood cells carry ___________ from the lungs to the body's tissues. Red blood cells also carry ___________ from the tissues to the lungs to be expelled.
1oxygen, 2carbon dioxide
The ______________ trunk and arteries are the only arteries in the body which carry _________________ blood.
1pulmonary, 2deoxygenated
The _____________ veins are the only veins in the body which carry _____________ blood.
1pulmonary, 2oxygenated
The arrangement of the lobes are such that damage within any area of the lung can be _____________ without affecting other portions of the lungs.
1removed
The right and left sides of the heart are separated by the ____________.
1septum
The aorta is the ____________ artery in the body.
1thickest
The right lung has _________ lobes.
1three
The left lung has ________ lobes.
1two
We can divide the respiratory system into _________ portions, the __________ respiratory system and the lower system.
1two, 2upper
One difference between domestic animals and humans is that there is no ________ present.
1uvula
How many states have adopted laws allowing for pet protection orders?
26
Which of the following are parts of the small intestine? * =All of these =Jejunum =Duodenum =Ileum
=All of these
The wall separating the left side of the heart from the right side is the * A) None of these B) Atrium C) Bronchus D) Sulcus
A) None of these
Which of the following administers licenses and registration to research facilities?
APHIS
Which of the following administers licenses and registration to research facilities? *
APHIS
Who regulates the Animal Welfare Act?
APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service)
Who created the Companion Animal Care Guidelines?
AVMA
Which stomach compartment of ruminants is considered to be the true "stomach?" *
Abomasum
Cats
Account for less than one percent of animals used in research each year Contract similar diseases as humans leukemia and are used to study the following: AIDS leukemia humans type II diabetes breast cancer Are also used to research the following: nervous system anticoagulants
Spiny lobsters use which of the following pheromones to create safety in numbers by forming groups to wave spiny antennae in order to deter predators?
Aggregation pheromones
Which of the following pheromones is excreted from the stinger of a worker bee which signals other bees to the threat, explaining why once one bee has stung, others move in?
Alarm pheromones
Which of the following warns animals of possible predators?
Alarm pheromones
Trail Pheromones
Allow animals to follow one another Lead to food sources, new 1colonies and prey animals to kill 2permit lost animals to find the group by following scent Clinic Corner: When found walking in a straight line, ants are actually following the trail pheromone left behind from the ant in front of them
Which of the following is NOT an example of common practices for law enforcement in regards to animals?
Allowing the ownership of poisonous or dangerous animals
Which of the following is NOT an example of common practices for law enforcement in regards to animals? *
Allowing the ownership of poisonous or dangerous animals
The Muscular System
Allows an organism to move Represent endurance in dogs and allows them to jump, run and play Is highly evolved in cats and allows swift, agile movements used for catching prey and escaping predators Fun Fact: Cats have 32 muscles in each ear
In males, hormones which stimulate formation of male characteristics are called __________.
Androgens
Which act requires minimum standards of treatment and care for animals?
Animal Welfare Act
Which of the following was signed into effect in 1966 seeking to regulate who may possess or sell certain animals and to regulate animal living conditions?
Animal Welfare Act
Which of the following was signed into effect in 1966 seeking to regulate who may possess or sell certain animals and to regulate animal living conditions? *
Animal Welfare act
Which of the following was discovered after testing on cats and prevents the clotting of blood?
Anticoagulants
Steroid Hormones
Are 1crucial substances for the proper function of the body Are in charge of many physiological functions Affecting animal 2behavior include:sex hormones
Blood Vessels
Are a closed vascular structure in mammals transport blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart Include arteries, veins and capillaries Interesting Fact: Chocolate is poisonous to dogs and affects their hearts when consumed, often resulting in death.
Changing Practices
Are becoming a huge competition for 1clinic based veterinarian hospitals Include:mobile vet services natural and 2holistic alternative care specialized treatments or surgeries
Hormones
Are chemical substances in the body 1regulating specific physiological processes Affecting animal behavior Include the following: 2steroid hormone samino acid hormones
Pheromones
Are chemicals 1secreted by an animal which influence the behavior of others in the same species Include the following: aggregation alarm 2epideictic territorial trail sex
Amino Acid Hormones
Are derived from amino acids and 1secreted from the adrenal medulla Affecting animal behavior include:epinephrine2norepinephrine Clinic Corner: The adrenal medulla is located in the center of the adrenal gland which is located at the top of each kidney and produces hormones.
The Epididymides
Are enlarged tubes which lie along the edge of a testicle Start at the top of a testicle and end on the bottom Store sperm before ejaculation Transport sperm to the deferent ducts
Ethics
Are extremely important in veterinary 1medicine because the public holds veterinarian 2professionalsand staff members in very high regard and trust in their services Include:ethical behavior unethical behavior reasons for unethical behavior
Feathers
Are keratinous structures found on avian species originating from within the epidermis Provide efficient insulation and aides in the animal's ability to fly
Epideictic Pheromones
Are known as 1spacing pheromones Regulate population 2density Affect the colonization or extent of exploration of a plant resource Helps parasites identify healthy hosts from parasitized ones Clinic Corner: Flies will produce epideictic pheromones when laying eggs to deter other female flies from laying larvae in the same spot.
Parathyroid Glands
Are located behind the thyroid gland in the neck Are responsible for maintaining calcium levels Release a hormone to boost calcium levels when they sense the calcium level in blood is too low
Adrenal Glands
Are located on top of each kidney Release hormones in response to stress or excitement Produce the following hormones:aldosterone: regulates salt and water balance in the body cortisol: controls carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
The Ovaries
Are located right behind the s kidneys Contain eggs which are waiting to be fertilized Produce hormones such as estrogen and progesterone
Vibrissae
Are long or 1stiff hairs on the face or nostrils of an animal also known as whiskers Responsible for tactile or touch sensation Are possessed by many 2mammalian creatures, including livestock Is derived from the Latin word "Vibro," which means to vibrate
The Deferent Ducts
Are muscular tubes which begin at the tail of the urethra and empty into the urethra Transport sperm from the epididymides to the epididymides using strong contractions along the muscle wall
Eye Disorders
Are often studied in rabbits and include the following:entropiona disorder when opticeyelashesare turned inward glaucomaa disease which damages the eyelashes optic nerve and leads to vision loss
Pigs
Are often used for research because they are closely related to humans in the following ways: skin body systems xenograft anatomy Have been used to research the following: anatomy xenograft CAT scan
Client Concerns
Are on the rise due to owners who view their pets as 1family members Include problems for the veterinarians, such as:2lawsuitsdue to disagreement with care provided by the veterinariannon-compliance with medical advice such as preventative care
Horns
Are permanent projections which grow on the head of various hoofed animals Consist of a bone core, attached to the animal's skull Include the following uses: fighting for dominance of territory mating and courtship defense Farm Fact: Bird beaks and talons are composed of keratin structurally similar to horns. Turn from 1connective tissue to bone as an animal matures Are often removed early in an animal's life before bone is fully formed dehorning is done to prevent injury and 2bruising of animals
The Institutional Animal Care & Use Committees (IACUC)
Are required at researchoverseesinstitutions by the Animal Welfare Act Are used to overseesresearchand evaluate the institution's animal care and use program Responsibilities include:reviewing the facility's animal care and use programinspecting the animal labs at least twice a yearmonitoring research complaintsprotocolresponding and acting upon protocolcomplaintsreporting improper use and care
Sex Hormones
Are responsible for sexual development and reproduction Include the following 1female hormones:estrogenprogesterone Include the following 2male hormone:testosterone
Cat Friendly Practices
Are the 1keyto veterinary job growth cats represent 80 percent 2clinicalgrowth potential are 13 percent more prominent than dogs visit veterinarians 30 percent less Vet Voice: The total number of cats owned in the U.S. is 95.6 million and the total number of dogs owned in is 83.3 million
Mice/Rats
Are the most commonly used in research due to the following:small sizelow genescostprolific Share more than 90 percent of costgeneswith humans Clinic Corner: Mice and rats are prolific, meaning they have a short gestation period, which results in having babies quickly and very often Are often used in research of the following: cancer product testing abnormal toxicology virology
Mammary Papilla
Are the openings which lead to the 1mammary glands Can be found on both male and female mammals Is known as an udder in cows, sheep and goats Farm Fact: Mammary papilla can also be referred to as 2teats.
Hooves
Are the tips or the toes of a mammal with hooves, also referred to as an ungulate Can be accompanied by a smaller structured hoof farther up the leg known as a dewclaw Farm Fact: Many livestock species contain a cloven hoof, which is split into two toes.
Hair & Wool
Are threadlike pigmented structures which grow from follicles within the dermis Differ compositionally due to different keratin types varies among species Acts as an insulator and assists in regulating the temperature of the body
Veterinary Prescription Drugs
Are to be used or prescribed only within the 1context of a veterinarian-client-patient relationship -must be properly labeled before dispensing -dispensing and 2treatment records must be filed -should be dispensed in quantities required for treatment; avoiding unlimited refills
Anatomical Terms of Location
Are universal terms readily understood Eliminate confusing, descriptive words such as "top and bottom" Do not vary among species Include: dorsal ventral caudal cranial proximal distal
Anticoagulants
Are used to prevent the first clotting of blood Were first clotting discovered after being studied on cats
Who was amongst the first to experiment on animals?
Aristotle
Who was the first to divide organisms into two groups - plants and animals?
Aristotle
Who was the first to divide organisms into two groups- plants and animals?
Aristotle
Courtship Rituals
Attract members of the opposite sex for mating Include jumping, 1dancing , singing or displaying decorations Cause males to become more 2territorial and aggressive, often leading to a fight with rival suitors Clinic Corner: Male grasshoppers can produce more than 400 mating songs, each with a different meaning
Sex Pheromones
Attract the opposite sex in animals Allow animals to 1know when the opposite sex is ready to mate Are often used by predators to 2lure prey into capture Clinic Corner: When a female dog is in heat, she is exerting sexual pheromone which can attract male dogs from more than a mile away
Where is the most common place to put a tag which identifies an animal?
Auricle
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is known as the:
Bicuspid valve
Which of the following explains why a dog curls into a ball and uses its tail to cover its nose to minimize heat loss during cold weather?
Body homeostasis
The trachea divides into two branches called the _________.
Bronchi
Before building dams, builders must consult with which group to prevent fish migration from being inhibited?
Bureau of Fisheries
The cartilaginous rings which make up the trachea are _________.
C-shaped
Aggressive Behavior
Can be categorized into the following: - social: establishing order within a group - territorial: protecting resources, such as domain, food, mate or owner fear protecting self from perceived threat - maternal: protecting offspring - predatory: attacking prey for food
Voluntary Muscles
Can be controlled by thought Consist mainly of skeletal muscle Include muscle found in the arms and legs
Muscles
Can be divided into the following:voluntary involuntary smooth rough skeletal cardiac
Identify the waste gas removed from the blood during expiration.
Carbon dioxide
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart Obtain blood under high pressure from the ventricles of the heart Contain three layers which allow them to stretch each time the heart beats therefore more blood is pumped out
Veins
Carry blood to the heart Receive blood from organs and tissues transport waste products away from organs and tissues
Which of the following animals can contract a condition similar to human AIDS?
Cat
What is different about the mouth structure of ruminants compared to that of humans?
Cattle, sheep and goats have a dental pad instead of upper incisors.
Which of the following animals are ruminants?
Cattle; Sheep; Deer
In humans, which part of the brain contains 80 percent of its weight?
Cerebrum
Who created the Theory of Evolution?
Charles Darwin
Which researcher was known as the prince of vivisection?
Claude Bernard
The Spinal Cord
Consists of a long bundle of nerve tissue Starts at the bottom of the brain and continues down the spine Allows nerves to branch out, forming the peripheral nervous system Is protected by vertebrae
The Public Health Service Policy
Consists of nine principles established by the U.S. government, said to be the foundation of 1humane care and use of research animals Is not federal law, but organizations must comply with it in order to receive funding from its' member agencies, which include the Food and Drug Administration and the Center for 2Disease Control and Prevention
The Endocrine System
Consists of organs which excrete hormones to control the body's responses to stimuli and functions Regulates growth, development and reproduction Produces, uses and stores energy Works with the nervous system to maintain the body's nutrition, metabolism and balance of salt and water Consists of the following glands: pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas
The Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of the following cranial nerves: are located on the brain and carry impulses to the head and neck spinal nerves: extend from the spine and provide information to areas of the body below the neck autonomile nerves: responsible for involuntary body functions such as breathing and digestion
Cardiovascular
Consists of the following: heart blood blood vessels
Involuntary Muscles
Contract without conscious control Consist primarily of muscle lining organs Include muscle found in the stomach, intestine and bladder
Blockage of a _____________ artery results in a heart attack.
Coronary
Which of the following causes male grasshoppers to produce more than 400 mating songs, each with a different meaning?
Courtship rituals
Which of the following refers to the region of the body towards the head?
Cranial
Charles Darwin
Created the Theory of 1Evolution in 1859 supported testing of animals for 2advancements in physiology and medicine Clinic Corner: The Theory of Evolution is the process by which organisms change over time due to heritable physical or behavior traits and became the scientific reason for using animal experiments to learn more about humans.
Territorial Pheromones
Define the claimed area of specific organisms Warn other animals of nearby 1dominant animal Can be used to 2recognize other animals, such as an ant from another colony Clinic Corner: Dogs deposit territorial pheromones, present in their urine on landmarks to mark the boundaries of their terrain.
Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles?
Dermis
Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles? *
Dermis
Body Homeostasis
Describes an environment which supports the survival of cells inside an organism Is achieved by all body systems working together to maintain body temperature, acidity and oxygen levels Occurs at different levels in different animals Operates both internally and externally Clinic Corner: A dog will curl into a ball and use its tail to cover its nose to minimize heat loss during cold weather.
Chemoreception
Describes the physiological response to a chemical stimulus Includes recognizing and exhibiting 1pheromones and identifying substances based on taste Explains behavior in animals such as constant 2licking and sniffing Clinic Corner: Butterflies have chemoreceptors on their feet allowing them to sense different strengths and types of nectar
Veterinary Responsibility
Dictated by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) includes: Veterinarian 1Oath Principles of Veterinary 2Ethics
The Canine Skeleton
Differs from the human body in that it is designed to allow the dog to run fast, hunt and chase Is not tightly attached to the shoulder blades, allowing for a higher potential of greater motion and flexibility Consists of an average of 319 bones, while the human skeleton consists of 206
The Feline Skeleton
Differs from the human body in two major ways:their backbone contains more bones than ours, mainly due to the tail, and their vertebrae are not as tightly connected, allowing for higher flexibility they do not have a collarbone
Surgical procedures were often first studied on which animal?
Dog
Which of the following types of animals depend on humans for food and shelter?
Domesticated
What is the name of the highest point on most four legged animals?
Dorsal
Which of the following are parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Which of the following make up the small intestine?
Duodenum; Ileum; Jejunum
Which animals are threatened with extinction?
Endangered animals
Which of the following are proteins produced by living organisms and which function as catalysts?
Enzymes
Which of the following are proteins produced by living organisms and which function as catalysts? *
Enzymes
Which of the following are known as spacing pheromones?
Epideictic pheromones
Which of the following pheromones helps regulate population density?
Epideictic pheromones
Which of the following hormones can attract a male from more than a mile away?
Estrogen
Which of the following observes natural processes such as communication, courtship, mating and self defense?
Etheology
Animal Behavior
Examines the reaction of an animal to a certain stimulus Indicates how an animal reacts with its environment reflects internal and external factors as well as learned activities Clinic Corner: Stimulus is an agent, action or condition causing a response
The Anus
Excretes feces Consists of specialized linings which allow it to detect whether the contents are liquid, solid or gas Is surrounded by sphincter muscles which allow for the control of stool Sphincter Muscle - a ring of muscle which contracts to close an opening
Ivan Pavlov
Experimented on dogs, in the late nineteenth century, to evaluate their "1conditioned" responses (salivation), which also led to the study of behaviorism
Mechanoreception
Expresses an animal's response to a physical stimulus Includes communicating through 1vibrations Includes the following: -substratum: through the 2ground or other foundation - acoustic: through the air or water Clinic Corner: Spiders use their web to "pluck" (i.e. send vibrations) mating calls to one another
True or False The small intestine is also known as the colon.
False
True or False Long bones are found in the wrist and ankle regions.
False
Pet owners spend the most money on which of the following?
Food
Abnormal behavior large animals
For large animals include the following examples: laying ears flat or back on the head weaving circling chewing cribbing showing aggression kicking biting
History of Animals - Includes:First veterinary school founded by Claude Bourgelat in Lyon, _________ in 1761 - The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) established in the _______________
France, United States
Which of the following controls walking?
Genetics
Which of the following controls walking? *
Genetics
Which of the following studies the science of heredity and variation of inherited traits among related organisms?
Genetics
In addition to the bald eagle, the Bald Eagle Protection Act also includes protection of which of the following?
Gold Eagle
The Chimpanzee Sanctuary Act
Guarantees lifetime care for chimpanzees used, agenciespurchasedor bred for research at the following facilities:Food and Drug AdministrationNational Institutes of Healthother U.S. purchasedagencies
Which human disease is related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which effects non-human primates?
HIV
What is a human's organ of prehension?
Hand
Controversy Over Vaccines
Has been an issue for several years in which some believe 1vaccinesdo not need to be administered annually Resulted in:the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommending core vaccines every three years Requires more 2testingand information due to the division of veterinarians on the issue
Pet Obesity
Has been shown in recent studies that over 150 percent of all pets in the U.S. are over-weight or obese Causes many health problems, such as:diabetesjoint disease respiratory problems Requires veterinarians to create a plan for pet owners to 2decreasethe weight and improve the animal's well being
Cost of Care
Has increased because of the following:significant fee increases more 1sophisticated care available increased hospital fees pets are living longer, therefore requiring more 2routine care and a higher chance of developing serious diseases Causes pet owners to avoid veterinarian care
Centrifuge - Urine Analysis
Helps examine sediments in the urine Detects if the urine contains the following: -increased amount of red blood cells -increased amount of white blood cells -casts from an inflammatory condition -crystals from bladder stones or infection Clinic Corner: sediments are substances found in the urine
All venous blood leaving the intestines travels through which structure?
Hepatic portal vessel
Which of the following supports the survival of cells inside an organism?
Homeostasis
Chemical molecules which travel through blood to affect body systems are called __________.
Hormones
Which of the following is NOT an example of a production animal?
Horses
The Mouth
Houses teeth which are used to tear, scrape and chew food Includes the salivary glands which produce saliva, breakdown carbohydrates and lubricate the passage of food Contains the tongue which manipulates food for chewing and swallowing
The Scrotum
Houses the testicles Functions as a temperature regulator for the testicles and epididymides Lies toward the back of the abdomen between the hind legs in dogs Lies just below the anus in cats
Prehension is a term referring to:
How an animal gathers food
Which group is a branch of the Unites States Department of Agriculture?
IACUC
The Immune System
Identifies and kills pathogens Divides into two categories depending on how specific their functions are, the innate and adaptive immune systems Pathogen - any disease causing agent, such as a virus or bacteria Acts as the first line of defense Is nonspecific, meaning it tries to prevent everything from coming in Is nonadaptive does not have a memory will not learn to keep substances out even after repeated exposure Includes skin, fur, saliva, stomach acid and mucous
Which of the following explains the reason for rapid learning which occurs during a brief receptive period, often right after birth or hatching?
Imprinting
Which of the following explains the reason for rapid learning which occurs during a brief receptive period, often right after birth or hatching? *
Imprinting
Other Organs of the Digestive System
Include the following: pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes liver: produces bile to aid in digestion of fats gallbladder: stores bile until needed Bile - a bitter liquid which aids in absorption and digestion
Regulatory Agencies
Include: - federal: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)Occupational Safety & 1Health Administration (OSHA) -2state:Board of Veterinary Medicine (BVM)The American Association of Veterinary State Boards Board of Pharmacy professional liability insurance
Non-traditional Treatment Methods
Include: 1preventative dental care chiropractic acupuncture herbal remedies, natural supplements, minerals and vitamins 2hip replacements blood transfusions cancer treatment Vet Voice: Job growth for veterinarian is expected to increase 27.6 percent by 2016
Trends in Veterinary Medicine
Include: increased use of technology non-traditional 1treatment methods2 cat-friendly practices
External Components of Livestock
Include: skin keratinous structures auricles nares vibrissae mammary papilla tail
Issues in Veterinary Medicine
Include:veterinarian supply and pet owner demand cost of care has 1increased client concerns pet obesity changing practices 2controversy over vaccines
Animal Protection
Includes protecting animals in the following ways:in the courtroom through education through investigation 1through field work with law enforcement
Animal Research
Includes the following founders and supporters: Aristotle Charles 1Darwin Louis Pasteur Rudolph Jaenisch 2Ivan Pavlov Activists want an end to all animal research, 1regardlessof the consequences Includes the following activists:Peter 2SingerPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
The Female Reproductive System
Includes the following: ovaries uterus vagina vulva mammary glands
The Male Reproductive System
Includes the following: scrotum testicles epidiymides deferent ducts prostate gland penis
The Central Nervous System
Includes the following: skull brain spinal cord
The Lower GI Tract
Includes the following: small intestine large intestine anus
The Integumentary System
Includes the skin, fur, nails and sweat glands of an animal Distinguishes, protects and separates an animal from its surroundings communicates to the animal by acting as a receptor for touch, pain, pressure and temperature Acts as an innate immune system
Environment
Includes the surroundings, influences and 1conditions placed upon an organism Influences how an animal feeds and reproduces Shapes how animals will 2respond to new situations, including the introduction of humans Includes:threats to safety
Protecting Animals with Law Enforcement
Includes upholding local city ordinances, the most common of which include the following:prohibiting the running at large of animals, 1specifically cats and dogs limiting the number of animals a resident may own restricting the ownership of 2poisonous or dangerous animals such as certain snakes and spiders controlling animal noise such as barking dogs Includes: The National Animal Control Associationassists in training and relaying 1informationto animal control officersallows for a constant line of 2communicationbetween members across the nationis not required by law, but is recommended
Autoclave Safety
Includes: - being cautious of hot surfaces when loading and unloading - keeping face, body and hands away from escaping heat and steam -asking for assistance if the contents are heavy -inspect cords and plugs -not placing materials which are not autoclave safe into the autoclave, including non heat resistant plastics and glass
Centrifuge - Urine Analysis Process
Includes: - collecting a urine sample by using a clean, dry container - pouring urine into centrifuge tube - placing in the centrifuge - applying a small drop on a clean cover slip and slide after a few minutes - evaluating the urine under a microscope
Microscope Care & Maintenance
Includes: - dusting with pressurized air or a soft brush -cleaning smudges, oils and fingerprints with a soft clean cloth -cleaning the body and stand with a moist, soft cloth and mild detergent -always covering and storing in a dry place away from direct sunlight -always following the manufacturers manual -contacting a reputable equipment company for major service or repairs
Centrifuge Safety
Includes: - insuring the centrifuge bowl and tubes are dry - checking the balancer - cleanliness of the spindle - avoiding overfilling tubes and bottles - insuring rotor is properly placed - insuring proper placement of O-rings - using a cleanliness balancer - securely shutting the lid
Unloading the Autoclave
Includes: - making sure all items are dry when pulled out and the indicator tape has changed color -indicator tape will have black lines -always wearing gloves when pulling out sterilized items
Centrifuge Care & Maintenance
Includes: - thoroughly cleaning the sample/rotor chamber - use a sponge, warm water and mild detergent -removing stains with a plastic scrub pad - lubricating motors to avoid unleveled movements - decontaminating and disinfecting if there is ever an occurrence of tube breakage - contacting a reputable equipment company for major service repairs - always following the manufacturers manual
Loading the Autoclave
Includes: - wrapping the instruments in a sterilized pouch and applying indicator tapesome instruments do not need to be wrapped - checking the water level -only use distilled water to fill -loading autoclave with all contents evenly distributed - sealing the chamber -selecting the sterilize setting allowing the autoclave to begin -sterilizing the instruments - sterilizing sealing general surgical packs and wrapped items for at least 30 minutes in at least 250°F (121°C)
Autoclave Care & Maintenance
Includes: -cleaning trays and racks with a mild detergent and non-scratch pad -completely draining water weekly and refilling with distilled water - inspecting cords and plugs - thoroughly inspecting, cleaning, testing and calibrating once a year - always following the manufacturers manual - contacting a reputable equipment company for major service or repairs
Centrifuge - Blood Examination Process
Includes: collecting a blood sample from a vein with a syringe or needle -inserting blood into a test tube and wait 20 to 30 minutes for clotting time -placing in the centrifuge -making sure the serum and plasma have separated after 10 minutes -sending the blood sample out for further testing
Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
Includes:the veterinarian: -has taken 1responsibility for the health of the patient and the client has agreed to follow the instructions provided -has made a diagnosis and has kept up with the care of the patient with timely visits -is available for follow-up evaluation or has arranged care and treatment -provides 2oversight of treatment, compliance and out come -maintains patient records Record keepingincludes: 1maintaining treatment records for at least two years providing a 2VCPRowners of food animals must also keep treatment records
Pregnancy
Inhibits activity among females, decreasing the amount of time spent walking or standing and increasing the amount of time sleeping Increases the amount of food a female will 1consume Causes females to become more 2agitated and aggressive towards other animals and humans Clinic Corner: The Asian Elephant's pregnancy last for 22 months
Protecting Animals Through Field Work
Inspired the HSUS to join forces with the American Red Cross to aid animals in disasters Led to creating 1RuralArea Vet Services, a program which allows animals in remote areas to receive veterinarian 2assistance at no cost to their owner Established two 1emergency animal shelters along the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina hit, allowing for the rescue and shelter of an estimated 10,000 animals Organized a hay drop for nearly 300 starving 2horsestrapped by heavy snows in Nevada in 1969
Which of the following allows a spider to build a perfect web for the first time despite having no previous experience with webs?
Instinct
Which of the following tells a newly hatched herring gull to peck a small red spot on its mother's beak in order to be fed?
Instinct
What does IACUC stand for?
Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee
Reasoning
Involves an animal responding correctly to a 1stimulus the first time presented Takes place when an animal uses past 2experiences to make a decision regarding its actions
Protecting Animals Through Education
Involves publishing books and 1pamphlets on many subjects, including the following:recommended shelter adoption standards suggested treatment of animals in research laboratories use of animals in high school science classes and fairs 2alternativesto animals in research
Protecting Animals Through Investigation
Involves the HSUS sending members into 1laboratories, zoos, shelters and other institutions housing animals to ensure all standards are met and laws 2
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Is a 1division of the U.S. Department of Justice Enforces the 2Controlled Substances Act of 1970
Tail
Is a 1flexible appendage attached to the trunk which contains the coccygeal vertebrae Can be used for the following:brush away 2biting insects and flies show social signaling and indicate an animal's emotion
The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
Is a 1subdivision of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regulates the following: -animal drugs -animal feed -2veterinary devices
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Is a U.S. federal executive department whose responsibilities include governing policies of farming, agriculture, forestryCommittees and food Includes the following:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)Institutional Animal Care & Use Committeesforestry (IACUC)
Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Is a branch of the USDA and is responsible for protecting and promoting U.S. animal health, administering licenseChimpanzee and registration of regulated research facilities and regulating the following:Animal Welfare ActThe Chimpanzeelicense Sanctuary Act
Cancer
Is a disease caused by the division of abnormal curing cells, which spread into tissues throughout the body Is researched using mice and rats in order to understand the development, prevention and curing abnormal of the disease
Type II Diabetes
Is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin or cells ignore the decrease insulin Is studied in cats to understand proteins which decrease insulin insulin production and may eventually lead to a cure for the disease
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
Is a scientific, regulatory and public health agency with 1jurisdiction encompassing the following: -human and animal drugs -therapeutic agents of biological origin -medical devices -2radiation- emitting products -cosmetics -animal feed Enforces the Animal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
Rudolf Jaenisch
Is a scientist who used mice to produce the first transgenic mammal which lead to a more advanced understanding of cancer, neurological and connective tissue diseases and 1developmental abnormalities
CAT Scan
Is a special x-ray models test which makes cross sectional images of the body Was developed by using swine as x-ray models for humans
Cholesterol
Is a waxy substance created in the liver which is then circulated through the blood Is used to produce monitoredsteroidhormones required for normal development and functioning Is harmful to the body if there are excess amounts Levels are monitoredsteroidand studied in rabbits Clinic Corner: A medicine called Probucol was tested on rabbits and was found to lower cholesterol and slow the hardening of arteries.
Epinephrine
Is also known as adrenaline Is a hormone released in 1response to short term stress Increases the 2heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose levels Is closely related to norepinephrine
The Poliomyelitis Virus
Is also known as polio and is a highly primates contagious viral infection which can lead to paralysis, breathing problems and even death Was studied in non-human primate shighly to research the production and testing of the polio vaccine
The Large Intestine
Is also known as the colon Is composed of the following: cecum: aids enzymes in breaking down molecules into nutrients the body can usecolon: extracts water from fecesrectum: temporarily stores feces Enzymes - proteins produced by living organisms causing or speed up a chemical reaction without being effected
Norepinephrine
Is also known as the flight or fight hormone Releases in response to physical or 1mental stress such as fear or injury Accelerates heart rate and raises blood pressure Is released during a 2fight , resulting in animals being aggressive for several hours afterwards Clinic Corner: When dogs fight or feel threatened, high levels of norepinephrine are released causing them to become hostile to both the aggressor and surrounding animals
Hepatitis A
Is an acute infection transmitted through fecalvaccine contamination of infected animals Has a vaccinefecal which was created after researching and testing on non-human primate
AIDS
Is an immune system disorder which heightens susceptibilityvaccineto opportunistic diseases and infections Is studied in cats and has led to the creation of a susceptibility vaccine which is being researched as a model for a human AIDS vaccine
Playing
Is an important way of learning for animals Helps animals learn 1movements and become more successful predators as adults Prepares young animals for 2survival in adulthood
Acute Respiratory Disease
Is an infection which interrupts normal breathing chimpanzees and often leads to a viral infection of the respiratory system Affects both humans and breathing chimpanzees and vaccines are being tested on chimpanzees
Instinct
Is an innate or fixed behavioral response Causes a newborn kangaroo to crawl into the mother's pouch and begin nursing Tells a newly hatched herring gull to peck a small red spot on its mother's beak in order to be fed Allows a spider to build a perfect web for the first time despite having no previous experience with webs
Cardiac Muscle
Is an involuntary muscle tissue Is found specifically in the heart Has adapted to the continuous rhythmic contractions of the heart
Breast Cancer
Is any type of cancerous women growth in the breast tissue and is the greatest killer in cancerous women Is studied in cats to understand the disease which may eventually lead to a cure
Educational Information
Is available through each city's animal control center Is often given to 1community groups, schools and other agencies concerning bite and attack prevention training, the importance of spay/neuter programs and 2registration of animals
Leukemia
Is cancer of the bone cats marrow which inhibits the normal manufacturing of red and white blood cells as well as platelets Is studied in marrow cats to understand the disease and may eventually lead to a cure
Unethical Behavior
Is characterized as an action which is not considered 1morally right within a profession Examples include:not upholding to standards or protocol giving uplying not speaking up when someone is doing something wrong 2falsifyingin formation tolerating carelessness
Communication
Is classified and described based on the ways animals receive signals Includes the following: chemoreception mechanoreception 1visual communication vocal communication 2courtship rituals
The Heart
Is composed of an involuntary cardiac muscle Pumps blood throughout the body using blood vessels Consists of four chambers - atria: top two chambers - ventricles: bottom two chambers
Skin
Is composed of the following three layers:epidermis: outermost layer of skin dermis: connective tissue which provides the body with cushioning from stress and strain as well as housing sweat glands, hair follicles and nerve endings subcutaneous tissue: provides insulation and nutrient storage
The Small Intestine
Is composed of the following: duodenum: connects the stomach to the jejunum and is where the most chemical digestion takes place jejunum: connects the duodenum to the ileum and absorbs carbohydrates and proteins ileum: absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, water and other products not absorbed by the jejunum Bile Salts - chemicals which aid in digestion by making vitamins easier to absorb from the small intestine
The Urinary System
Is comprised of the following:kidneys: filter blood to form and excrete urine as well as regulate fluid and electrolyte balance bladder: hollow muscular organ which stores urine urethra: excretes urine from the body Electrolyte - a chemical substance which separates into ions and gives cells the energy needed to function
The Nervous System
Is constructed of specialized tissue which controls the actions and reactions of organisms to their environment Coordinates the activity of muscles Involves sensory stimulation to evoke motor response Is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems Motor Response - activities which result in muscular reaction
Normal Behavior
Is defined as individual behavior which is similar to those of the same species For animals includes the following examples:relax edalertstand, sit or lie comfortably ears up and forward
Professional Liability Insurance
Is highly encouraged for veterinarians Provides: -coverage for non-veterinarian 1employees -payment for legal defense fees and court costs -qualified veterinarians reviewing every 2malpractice allegation -consent to settle clause no claim will be settled without a veterinarians written consent protects reputation and unneeded lawsuits
The Penis
Is housed within a prepuce when not erect Acts as the male sexual organ Contains specialized connective tissues and blood vessels which allow it to become erect Prepuce - protective tubular sheath of skin
Aristotle
Is known as the father of biology Was a Greek 1philosopher and scientist who was among the first to experiment on animals Divided organisms into two groups plants and animals Divided animals into three groups based on how they moved walking, 2flyingor swimming
The Spleen
Is located in the abdomen destroys worn out red and white blood cells breaks them down and returns needed iron to the blood while excreting the excess material as waste
The Thyroid Gland
Is located in the neck next to the trachea Controls how fast the body burns energy, makes proteins and the sensitivity of the body to other hormones Regulates the rate of metabolism
The Pancreas
Is located in the upper abdomen Secretes insulin which metabolizes sugar Releases glucagon and somastatin which regulate energy and metabolism in the body
The Pituitary Gland
Is located on the underside of the brain Produces specific hormones to respond to the needs of the body, including the following: growth hormones to stimulate the growth of cells and tissues prolactin which stimulates milk production after birth
Vocal Communication
Is made by the giving and receiving of audible noises from one animal to another In 1dolphins and whales include making clicks and squeals to inform others of feeding, migration and location In elephants involve emitting 2low pitched sounds, below the level of human hearing, which draws in other elephants from miles away
Imprinting
Is rapid learning which occurs during a brief 1receptive period, often right after birth or hatching Is 2irreversible
The Excretory System
Is responsible for the elimination of wastes from the body Regulates the amount of water and ions present in bodily fluids Ions - an atom or group of atoms which have a positive or negative electrical charge Includes the following: urinary system liver spleen lymph nodes
Research
Is the act of making extensive effectivenessinvestigations in order to discover or revise facts, theories or applications Clinic Corner: Because initial research of a medicine product, etc. cannot be conducted with humans, animals with similar traits to humans are utilized
Hypodermis
Is the innermost region of the integumentary system Responsible for attaching the skin to muscle and bone Also referred to as the subcutaneous layer
Centrifuge - Fecal Examination
Is the most common method used to detect parasites Allows:examination of fecal samples for worm eggs, larvae and protozoa identification of zoonotic parasites which can be a risk to children or family prevention of parasites
Cancer Implementation
Is the process in which cancer cells are injected into rabbits Is used in immunotherapy rabbits to study the following: chemotherapy and rabbits immunotherapy prevention of cancer Clinic Corner: Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the use of the chemical substances. Immunotherapy is the prevention or treatment of disease with substance which stimulate the immune response.
Toxicology
Is the science or the study of accidental chemical substances and their effects on living organisms Testing is performed on mice/rats for the following reasons:to study short to long term effects monitor continuous and chemical accidental exposure examine if irritant to skin or eyes Testing on rabbits is performed to test the following: cosmetics household products personal products
Virology
Is the science or the study of pre-clinicalvirusesand the diseases in which they cause Is used in virusespre-clinical studies to determine effects of various vaccines Clinic Corner: Pre-clinical is defined as a study which tests a drug, procedure or other medical treatment on animals Studies on mice/rats have led to the development of several vaccines, which have yellow-fevercombatedthe following diseases: influenza polio combatedyellow-fever rabies
The Vagina
Is the site where males deposit semen during reproduction Provides a passageway from the outside to the inside of the uterus Provides a protected passage for fetuses to move from the uterus to the outside during birth
Skin
Is the soft outer covering of an animal Is the largest organ on the body Consists of three layers: epidermis dermis hypodermis Farm Fact: The skin is one of the first systems affected for sick animals.
Hepatitis
Is the strains inflammation of the liver caused by various infectious agents or toxins, including alcohol Includes the following inflammation strains:A, B and C
Xenograft
Is the transplantation swine of living tissue from one species to another Is often completed on human burn victims using swine tissue Procedures have been so successful that xenograft transplantation is now being looked at in transplantation swine, which will allow organs to be transplanted into humans
Animal Research
Is the use of effectivenessnon-human animals in experiments Most commonly focuses on disease treatment and prevention Assesses the safety and non-humaneffectivenessof medication and cosmetics Clinic Corner: Animal research has played an important role in the development of penicillin, blood transfusions, insulin for diabetics, and many other medical advancements Utilizes the Three Rs, which include: refinement minimizing animal distress or pain reduction reducing the number of animals used in experiments replacement replacing distress animal experiments with non-animal experiments Clinic Corner: For the last 50 years, the Three Rs have been used by scientists before conducting any experiments in order to protect the welfare of animals
Centrifuge
Is used for the separation of fluids by spinning a vessel holding material at a high speed Force separates the heavier material from the lighter material within the vessel Uses include:fecal examination urine analysis blood examination
Which act prohibits the illegal trade of any fish or wild animals which were taken, possessed, transported or sold in violation of any law, treaty or regulation of the United States?
Lacey Act
Which act prohibits the illegal trade of any fish or wild animals which were taken, possessed, transported or sold in violation of any law, treaty or regulation of the United States? *
Lacey Act
Professional Licensing
Laws are in place to protect the public -it takes special 1knowledge and skills to practice the profession -the public needs protection from incompetent or unethical practitioners Is required in each state or province where a veterinarian practices -many 2jurisdictionsrequire veterinary technicians be licensed as well
Visual Communication
Leads to competition among males for the most impressive displays to attract females Wards off other 1male competitors Is displayed through facial expressions and 2body language Alerts predators to the position of their prey Clinic Corner: Male peacock's brightly colored tails are used to impress and attract female peacocks, but also attract predators.
Which of the following is not directly involved in mechanical processing?
Liver
Which of the following animals are raised and cared for by humans to produce food?
Livestock animals
Who invented the process of pasteurization?
Louis Pasteur
Which animal rights activist protested animal cruelty and research in "A Dog's Tale"?
Mark Twain
Which animal rights activist protested animal cruelty and research in "A Dog's Tale"? *
Mark Twain
The stomach performs which of the following functions?
Mechanical processing; Digestion; Secretion
Which animal is most often used in research and contains more than 90 percent of the same genes as humans?
Mice
Reasons for Unethical Behavior
Might include the following:needing to meet sales, profit or budget goals no recognition politics in the work place poor 1communication balancing work and familywork loadlack of management support personal 2worries insufficient resources
Who was the initial chairman of the National Animal Control Association?
Mike Burgwin
In ruminants, the esophagus carries feed from the:
Mouth to the rumen; rumen to the mouth
Temperature Regulation
Must be completed because dogs and cats do not sweat like humans to help cool their body Occurs when animals pant, which replaces the warm air in the body for the cooler outside air
Records of Controlled Drugs
Must be kept in records of orders, receipts, uses, discards and thefts of controlled substances for 1two years by a 2registered veterinarian and authorized handlers
Which of the following is NOT an animal rights group?
National Animal Interest Alliance
Which animal shares the most common behavioral and biological characteristics with humans?
Non-Human primates
Which structures prevent heart valves from being forced backward into the wrong chamber? Sulci Bronchi Cusps None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following hormones is released during a fight, resulting in animals being aggressive for several hours afterwards?
Norepinephrine
Which of the following takes place when one animal watches the actions of another and learns from those actions?
Observation
Learned Behavior
Occurs as a result of experience, transforming animals to be more adaptive than 1innate in behaviors Includes the following: habituation conditioning 2observation playing reasoning imprinting
Habituation
Occurs when an animal becomes accustomed to a particular situation due to 1frequent repetition Results from exposure to an event which merits no reward or punishment Leads to an animal completely ignoring an event it once would consider dangerous, such as 2deer becoming accustomed to passing cars
Conditioning
Occurs when animals learn to respond to a stimulus in a certain way due to reinforcement from a reward or punishment Includes the following forms:conditional pairs a neutral stimulus with one eliciting a response until the neutral stimulus itself causes the response operant causes an animal to associate a certain behavior with pain or pleasure to either reinforce or discourage this behavior
Threats to Safety
Occurs when predators attack, unknown creatures appear or animals feel trapped Cause animals to become 1tense and aggressive Result in a 2flight or fight situation
Which of the following provides federal funding for animal research facilities?
PHS (Public Health Service)
Which of the following structures aids in absorption?
Papillae; Villi; Microvilli
Which structure holds the chordae tendineae to the interior walls of the heart?
Papillary Muscles
Which structure holds the chordae tendineae to the interior walls of the heart? *
Papillary muscles
Which of the following is any disease causing agent such as a virus or bacteria?
Pathogen
What does PETA stand for?
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Which of the following is the largest animal rights organization in the world?
People for the Ethnical Treatment of Animals
Waves of muscular contractions which push food through the esophagus are part of the process known as ______.
Peristalsis
Which law provides legal recourse to people who purchase animals from pet dealers which are later found to have a disease or defect?
Pet Purchase Protection Law
Who suggested primates were capable of human emotions?
Peter Singer
Who wrote against animal experimentation with his book Animal Liberation?
Peter Singer
Which of the following is a protective tubular sheath of skin covering the penis?
Prepuce
Aggregation Pheromones
Promote the 1cohesion of animals Attract both male and female animals Influence animals to form groups of 2protection , migration and mating Clinic Corner: Spiny lobsters use aggregation pheromones to create safety in numbers by forming groups to wave spiny antennae in order to deter predators.
Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
Protection, Locomotion, Blood production
U.S. Public Health Service (PHS)
Provides federal funding for animal research facilities and certifies facilities adhereHumaneto the following:Public Health Service Policy on HumaneadhereCare & Use of Laboratory AnimalsGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Which of the following is NOT a federal law, but organizations must comply with it in order to receive funding from PHSP member agencies?
Public Health Service Policy
Blood leaving the right ventricle enters the _________.
Pulmonary Artery
The only type of artery in the body which carried deoxygenated blood is _________.
Pulmonary Artery
The only type of vein in the body which carries oxygenated blood is _________.
Pulmonary vein
Which structure governs the passage of food material into the small intestine?
Pylorus or pyloric valve
Which structure governs the passage of food material into the small intestine? *
Pylorus or pyloric valve
Which animal has been used in research pertaining to the eyes?
Rabbits
The Brain
Receives messages from all over the body and tells it how to react Houses billions of neurons Is protected by the skull Neurons - impulse conducting cells which carry and transmit electrical signals throughout the nervous system
Distal
Refers to a region farthest from a point of reference opposite of proximal Is derived from the Latin word "Distar," which means to stand away from Farm Fact: The point of reference is commonly the midline of the body. Therefore, the ankle is distal to the knee.
Proximal
Refers to a region nearest a major point of reference Can also be referred to as basal Is derived from the Latin word "Proximus," which means nearest Farm Fact: The point of reference is commonly the midline of the body. Therefore, the knee is proximal to the ankle.
Dorsal
Refers to the back of the body opposite of ventral Is the superior surface, or the highest point, of most four-legged animals Is derived from the Latin word "Dorsum," which means back Farm Fact: The dorsal region is also known as the trunk.
Ventral
Refers to the belly, underside, of the animal Is derived from the Latin word "Venteror," which means abdomen
Auricle
Refers to the external portion of the ear Is used to collect and focus the sound toward the ear canal Where an ear tag is attached Farm Fact: An ear tag is a plastic or metal object used to identify the animal, prevent theft and control disease outbreaks in livestock.
Dermis
Refers to the middle layer of the skin Is responsible for:regulating temperature supplying the epidermis with nutrient-saturated bloodhousing the hair follicles, nerve endings and pressure receptors
Cranial
Refers to the region of the body or toward the head Is located in or around the skull, or cranium, of the animal Can also be referred to as the anterior
Caudal
Refers to the region of the body toward the tail opposite of cranial Can also be referred to as the posterior Is derived from the Latin word "Cauda," which means tail
Nares
Refers to the two external openings of the nose which lead to the nasal cavity Are the location of air entry and exit from the animal's respiratory system Can also be referred to as: nose muzzle nostril nasal
Dogs
Represent less than one percent of animals used in research each year Resemble the human surgical respiratory and cardiovascular systems Have been used to study the following: respiratory surgical procedures diabetes
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Requirements for veterinary hospital safety includes 1implementing or posting: -job safety and health protection posters -summaries of petitions for variances from standards or record keeping procedures -copies of all OSHA citations for violations of standards -summary of occupational injuries and illnesses and records -appropriate warning or 2identification signs
Testicles
Reside in the scrotum Contain seminiferous tubules which manufacture sperm Produce testosterone Testosterone - sex hormone responsible for developing male secondary sex characteristics
Which of the following is not a type of bone in dogs and cats?
Round
Which researcher used mice to produce the first transgenic mammal?
Rudolf Jaenisch
Mammary Glands
Run from the groin to the chest Are composed of connective tissue to provide support and structure Provide groin for any offspring
Which situation would most likely involve active expiration?
Running a marathon
Which type of animal can breed on their own but have undergone physiological or behavioral changes due to captivity?
Semi-domesticated animals
The Skeletal System
Serves many different functions throughout the body Is composed of five different types of bone Divides into three parts including the axial, appendicular and visceral skeletons Fun Fact: Almost 10 percent of a cat's bones are in its tail Supports the body Provides a system of levers which are used in movement Protects the red organs inside the body Produces red blood cells
What type of pheromones does a female dog excrete while she is in heat which attracts male dogs from more than a mile away?
Sex pheromones
Non-Human Primates
Share more behavioral and biological chimpanzees traits with humans than that of any other animal Include the following: gorillas chimpanzees macaques Have been used to research and study the following diseases: poliomyelitis virus HIV hepatitis malaria acute respiratory disease
Rabbits
Share similar physiology to humans and often suffer from the same diseases Are often used in research of the following:cancer implementationeyecholesteroleyeimplementationdisorderstoxicology Clinic Corner: Half of a million (i.e. 500,00) rabbits are used annually for scientific research.
The 28 Hour Law
Signed into law in 11873 Addresses transporting animals across state lines, especially those raised for food production Requires that animals may not be transported for more than 28 consecutive hours without being 2unloadedfor five hours, allowing for rest, water and food Excludes travel by air or water
The Lacey Act
Signed into law in 1900 Prohibits the illegal trade of any fish or wild animals which were taken, possessed, transported or sold in 1violation of any law, treaty or regulation of the United States Ensures the animals taken in violation of the act are 2confiscated
The Bald Eagle Protection Act
Signed into law in 1940 1Prohibits the possession, sale, purchase, barter and offer to sale, purchase, barter, import or export the bald eagle Now includes gold eagles which were hunted and often led to the 2accidental killing of bald eagles Can be excluded by Native Americans, who may receive a permit to use bald eagles in religious ceremonies
The Humane Slaughter Act
Signed into law in 1958 Prevents 1sufferingby stunning animals into unconsciousness prior to slaughter Ensures slaughter is done in a humane manner Excludes animals slaughtered in 2accordance with religious laws
The Fish & Wildlife Coordination Act
Signed into law in 1958 Protects fish and 1wildlifewhen federal action is taken to control or alter natural streams or bodies of water Provides assistance to state and federal agencies in order to protect, rear, stock and increase the supply of game and fur 2bearing animals Calls for research on the effects of 1sewageand other pollutants on wild animals and their environment Requires consultation with the 2Bureau of Fisheries prior to building dams to ensure fish migration is not inhibited
The Fur Seal Act
Signed into law in 1966 Prohibits taking, transporting, importing or 1possessingfur seals and sea otters Entitles the Pribilof Islands as a special reservation for the conservation, protection and management of the 2North Pacific fur seal and other wildlife 1Exempts Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos dwelling on the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean from this law as they use the animals for 2subsistencepurposes
The Animal Welfare Act
Signed into law in 1966 Seeks to regulate:who may 1possessor sell certain animals animal living conditions Is enforced by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Violating the 2AWA may result in:criminal penalties civil penalties revocation of permits
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act
Signed into law in 1966 Sets minimum standards for all animals of animal dealers and 1laboratories Requires identification of animals to prevent 2theft Requires dealers must be licensed and laboratories must be registered
The Wild Horses & Burro Act
Signed into law in 1971 Provides protection for wild horses and 1burros living on land managed by the 2Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management Assigns the Forest Service and Bureau of Land 1Managementto monitor the population of wild horses and burros to see if overpopulation is occurring or if aid is needed Amended to say that a wild horse may only be sold after it has reached 10 years of age or has been 2unsuccessfullyoffered for adoption on three occasions
The Marine Mammal Protection Act
Signed into law in 1972 Is a regulatory act which protects marine 1mammals including whales, dolphins and seals Prohibits the removal of marine mammals from U.S. waters or by U.S. citizens in the high seas as well as the 2importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products
Endangered Species Act
Signed into law in 1973 Lists 1endangered species, for example: bald eagle grizzly bear gray whale whooping crane Offers protection for animals and their 2habitats to prevent extinction Is enforced by the Fish and Wild Service
The Wild Bird Conservation Act
Signed into law in 1992 Responded to the population threat of 1non-indigenous birds the U.S. is the number one importer of exotic birds Imposed immediate 2moratorium on importing certain exotic birds, including most parrots, cockatoos and macaws
The Great Apes Conservation Act
Signed into law in 2000 Includes:chimpanzeegorillaorangutan1gibbon Provides financial 2assistanceto countries home to great apes with conservation programs
The Chimpanzee Sanctuary Act
Signed into law in 2000 Secures lifetime care for the retirement of 1chimpanzees which were used, purchased or 2bred for research at:National Institutes of Health Food and Drug Administration other U.S. Agencies
The Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act
Signed into law in 2006 Requires states and local emergency authorities to show how they will accommodate 1households with pets or service animals in evacuation situations must be present in disaster 2preparedness plans to receive funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency
Companion Animal Protection Act
Signed into law in 2011 Is a pet protection act which keeps shelters from selling found pets to organizations for a period of 1five days to prevent the following:pets from being stolen animals being used for 2scientific testing animals being used for illegal activities such as fighting
A neuron has ________.
Soma; axom; nucleus
Acts & Legislation
Specifically created to 1protectanimals include:28 Hour LawLacey ActBald Eagle Protection ActFish & Wildlife Coordination ActHumane Slaughter ActAnimal Welfare ActLaboratory Animal Welfare Act2Fur Seal ActWild Horses & Burro ActMarine Mammal Protection Act Specifically created to protect animals include: Endangered Species Act Wild Bird Conservation Act 1ElephantConservation Act Chimpanzee Sanctuary Act Great Apes Conservation Act Pets Evacuation & Transportation Act Companion Animal Protection Act Public Health 2ServicePolicy
HIV
Stands for human vaccines immunodeficiency virus and is the virus which causes AIDS Is related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) which effects non-human primates, whose:immunodeficiency vaccines are administered to stop viral progression which are being researched to apply to humans with HIV
Ethical Behavior
Starts at the top of any organization and is characterized by honesty, fairness and respect towards professionals, coworkers and clients Examples include:fixing problems being 1enthusiasticand creative building on strengths improving skills being 2accountable making sure that future goals can be me tasking the right questions
Animal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994
States: -legalized extra-label drug use by vets is acceptable as long as certain 1parametersare meton non-food animals -there must be a vet-client-patient relationship -limited to 2circumstances when the health of the animal is threatened, suffering or death may result from failure to treat -cannot be used in or on animal feed Clinic Corner: Extralabel use is when a veterinarian uses a drug in a manner which is not in accordance with the approved labeling; for example: the dosage, interval, route or species may differ
Testosterone
Stimulates the development of the male sex organs and sperm Leads to a hierarchy in most animals, the 1dominant male having the highest level of testosterone Causes males to seek females for 2mating and accounts for aggressive behavior toward other males during this time Clinic Corner: When two male dogs are seeking the same female, the dog with higher level of testosterone will succeed in obtaining the female
Genetics
Studies the science of heredity and variation of inherited traits among related organisms Explain instincts , which animals are born with Control some behaviors, such as walking , which is shared by most animals whereas other actions are unique to certain animals Clinic Corner: Instinct are an inborn pattern of behavior which is characteristic of a species, often a response to their environment.
Which of the following causes animals to communicate through the ground or other foundation?
Substratum
Which of the following causes animals to communicate through the ground or other foundation? *
Substratum
The grooves in which the coronary arteries lie are known as which of the following?
Sulci
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the beliefs and actions of animal rights groups?
Support regulations of animal recreational sports
The Digestive System
Takes in and digests food eliminates solid wastes from the body Is also known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) which can be broken into the upper and lower GI tract
The Respiratory System
Takes in oxygen Eliminates waste gases such as carbon dioxide regulates temperature Includes the following: mouth: oral cavity where air is admitted and released nose: admits and releases air in conjunction with the mouth trachea: tube which transports air gained from the mouth or nose into the body and out lungs: transport oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body
Observation
Takes place when one animal 1watches the actions of another and learns from those actions Occurs when a young 2chimpanzee learns social behavior from watching its mother and other members of the group
Which of the following pheromones can be used to recognize other animals?
Territorial pheromones
When two male dogs are seeking the same female, the dog with a higher level of which of the following hormones will obtain the female?
Testosterone
Which of the following addresses transporting animals across state lines?
The 28 hour Law
The Pharynx and Esophagus
The pharynx:is located in the throat allows the passage of air and food directs food to the esophagus The esophagus :lies between the pharynx and the stomach allows for the passage of food directs food to the stomach
Why are magnets administered to cattle?
To catch wire and bolts
The right ventricle must exert enough pressure to push the blood where?
To the lungs and back to the left atrium
Which of the following is the science of chemical substances and their effects on living organisms?
Toxicology
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. *
True
Smooth muscles are involuntary. *
True
True or False Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
True
True or False Smooth muscles are involuntary.
True
True or False The atria are the top two chambers of the heart.
True
Which of the following is responsible for enforcing the Endangered Species Act?
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Expiration is _____ _____.
Usually passive
What structure helps to prevent food from entering the sinus cavity during swallowing?
Uvula
Signs of Aggressive Behavior
Varies among species, but commonly includes: - standing still and rigid - focusing intensely on target - signaling with sound (i.e., bark, growl, neigh, squeal, etc.) and bearing teeth in threatening way - lunging at target - lowering or raising tail and head -cats lower tail -horses raise tail -raising hair on the back flattening ears against head
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical location term?
Vibrissae
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical location term? *
Vibrissae
Alarm Pheromones
Warn animals of possible 1predators Trigger 2defensive and aggressive behavior Emitted by one animal in a group will cause others to respond Clinic Corner: Alarm pheromones excreted from the stinger of a worker bee singles other bees to the treat, explaining why once one bee has stung, others move in
Louis Pasteur
Was a French chemist and biologist who experimented on the origins of bacteria Proved the germ theory by using anthrax in sheep and invented the process of 1pasteurization Explained the importance of prevention by vaccination Developed the 2rabies vaccine
Claude Bernard
Was a French physiologist and was known as the "Prince of Vivisection" Studied the physiology of digestion, 1metabolism and contributed to discovery of homeostasis Argued the effects of experimenting on animals is 2vital to the health of humans Clinic Corner: Vivisection is defined as performing operations on live animals for experimentation or scientific research
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
Was founded in 1980 Is the 1largest animal rights organization in the world Focuses on 2factory farms, clothing trade, laboratories and the entertainment industry Believes animals are not meant to: eat wear experiment on use for entertainment abuse exploit
Animal Welfare Act
Was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1966 Protects animals from inhumaneanesthesia treatment Requires minimum standards of treatment and care Guarantees research animals the following:veterinary careanesthesiainhumane or pain relieversopportunity to exercise daily Requires Institutional Animal Care & Use Committees at research institutions
Surgical Procedures
Were often studied first in dogs and include the following:heart surgeries, which include: pacemaker coronary bypass surgery artificial heart valve surgery coronary pacemaker installation replacements Studied in dogs also include:transplantation coronary of the heart, limbs, liver and kidney sangioplasty the unblocking of coronary transplantations arteries
Red Blood Cells
Which are found in large numbers in urine generally indicate bleeding in the urinary tract
White Blood Cells
Which are found in large numbers in urine may indicate inflammation of the bladder or a kidney infection
Animal Control
Workers aim to serve the public in protecting the health and safety of both humans and animals Programs focus on public health and safety, 1law enforcement, protecting pets and people by providing education and prevention and communicating safe practices to the community Laws and 2policies vary in cities and states
Peter Singer
Wrote against animal 1experimentation with his book "Animal Liberation" Suggested 2primates were capable of human emotions
Which of the following is the transplantation of living tissue from one species to another?
Xenograft
Which of the following is the transplantation of living tissue from one species to another? *
Xenograft
Which of the following animals are ruminants? * a) all of these b) sheep c) deer d) cattle
a) all of these
Material leaving the omasum enters which structure?
abomasum
Which stomach compartment of ruminants is considered to be the true "stomach?"
abomasum
What is it called when an animal communicates through water or air vibrations?
acoustic
Which of the following hormones is secreted from the adrenal medulla?
amino acid hormones
Stimulus
an agent, action or condition which causes a response
The Adaptive Immune System
attacks specific threats to the body Designs different methods of attack for different invaders Is adaptive has a memory remembers how to defeat an infection and will be able to overcome it faster if exposed again Works with the innate immune system to prevent disease and remember how to treat previous attacks Includes the spleen and lymph nodes
Keratin is found in which of the following locations? a).Feathers b).All of the answer choices c).Hair d).Hooves
b).All of the answer choices
The shoulder and hip joints are considered what kind of joints?
ball and socket joints
Humans are considered ________.
bipeds
Which of the following terms is the Latin word for tail?
cauda
What do butterflies have on their feet which allows them to sense different strengths and types of nectar?
chemoreceptors
Which bone is present in humans, but absent in four-legged animals?
clavicle
The Liver
clears blood of drugs and toxic substances metabolizes and alters the chemical structure of foreign material in blood Excretes these waste products in the form of bile Metabolize - the processing of a specific substance within the living body
Pet Spending Trends - Include: organic and natural premium pet food _________ and costumes pet medical insurance travel-related pet services nutritionists - Fun fact: an estimated $330 million was spent on pet Halloween costumes in 2014.
clothes
Which of the following occurs when animals learn to respond to a stimulus in a certain way due to reinforcement from a reward or punishment?
conditioning
Capillaries
connect arteries and veins Exchange oxygen, water, salts and carbon dioxide between blood and surrounding body tissues Remove wastes from the surrounding connect
The Stomach
connects the esophagus and the small intestine Acts as a storage spot for food during a meal Secretes many acids which are used to break down foods
Elective Surgical Procedures - Include: tail docking, ear cropping AVMA believes, for ____________ reasons, it does not benefit the animal AVMA opposes routine tail _____________ of cattle; it does not provide benefits to the animal
cosmetic, docking
Animal Trends & Issues -Include: animal ___________ elective surgical procedures abandoned and feral cats companion animal care and protection pet __________ knowledge pet spending
cruelty, owner
The lung's lobed structure: a) Can be helpful when treating patients with lung cancer b) Allows removal of part of a lung c) Has a different number of lobes on each side d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which structure helps to prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing? a) The uvula b) The epiglottis c) The vocal cords d) All of the above
d) All of the above
The wall separating the left side of the heart from the right side is the _____. a) Sulcus b) Bronchus c) Atrium d) None of the above
d) None of the above
Companion Animal Care & Protection - Issues include: state regulations for dog breeders and ___________ Companion Animal Care Guidelines Pet Purchase _____________ Laws
dealers, Protection
Animal Cruelty -Is defined as either ___________ abuse or failure to take care of an animal Issues include: ____________ animal abuse discouraging animal cruelty and domestic violence
deliberate, reporting
Elective Surgical Procedures -Include: debarking (________________) AVMA believes this should only be performed by qualified, licensed veterinarians as a final option declawing AVMA believes this should only be performed to prevent the cat from using its claws destructively or if there is a ___________ risk
devocalization, zoonotic
Surgical procedures were often first studied on which animal? *
dog
History of Animals: - Includes:_________─ first to be domesticated 15,000 years ago in Asia Descended from wolves raised from pups to be obedient to humans utilized for hunting - sheep─ domesticated 11,000 years ago in the Middle East raised for meat, milk and wool production - __________─ domesticated 10,000 years ago in Middle East raised for meat, milk and pelt (i.e., animal skin) production
dogs, goats
Which of the following hormones is released when dogs fight or feel threatened?
epinephrine
Endangered Animals - Are faced with the threat of _____________ - Become endangered due to excessive hunting as well as environmental or ________________ - Examples include: chimpanzee blue whale snow leopard
extinction, biologicalchanges
How many chambers are in the heart?
four
How many stomach compartments does a ruminant have?
four
We all have a _______ chamber heart. All of our blood vessels are set up in _______ with ___________ and veins distributing blood to the body and bringing it back to the heart.
four, pairs, arteries
Bile is stored and concentrated in the _______.
gallbladder
Which of the following occurs when an animal becomes accustomed to a particular situation due to frequent repetition?
habituation
Federal Agencies
healthenforce the protection, safety and well-being of research animals Include the following:U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)U.S. Public enforcehealth Service
Pet Spending - Is at an all-time ______ - In 2013, was _______________
high, $55.72 billion
The Uterus
hollow muscular organ Two long, nearly straight horns Serves as the site of implantation of fertilized eggs and fetus development The top two sections are called uterine horns and extend from each ovary to join with the uterus when pregnant, the fetuses are arranged in a row in both horns Implantation - the attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterus
Which external component can be used for defense?
horns
History of Animals - Includes:___________─ domesticated 6,000 years ago in Central Asia raised initially for food and milk production raised for riding and draft work about 1,000 years later - ___________─ became popular in medieval Europe during the 13th century among the rich - Columbus bringing livestock to the West Indies in 1493 - Cortez bringing cattle and sheep to Mexico in 1519
horses, pet keeping
Animal Cruelty & Domestic Violence -Issues include: protecting animals in _________________ affected by domestic violence 26 states and the District of Columbia have ________________laws allowing for pet protection orders
households, adopted
Deoxygenated blood from the body arrives at the heart through the superior vena cava and the _____________.
inferior vena cava
State Regulations For Dog Breeders & Dealers - Has become an increasingly popular issue majority of states provide some regulation of breeders, ___________, pet dealers and pet shops. ____________ adopted "Model Bill and Regulations to Assure Appropriate Care for Dogs Intended for use as Pets" in April 2010
kennels, AVMA
Pet Owners - Are becoming increasingly more ___________________ and influential regarding pet care - Utilize convenient sources, such as online resources and pet store associates, for pet care ____________ and consultation - Fun Fact: in order to compete in this trending environment, veterinarians must engage pet owners through social media, online stores and educational websites.
knowledgeable, advice
Pet Purchase Protection Laws - Also referred to as "__________ laws" - Provide legal recourse to people who purchase animals from pet dealers, which are later found to have a _____________ or defect Include: replacement of animal refund of the purchase price reimbursement of veterinary expenses
lemon, disease
What is a horse's organ of prehension?
lips
Before traveling to the rest of the body, all absorbed nutrients or toxins must pass through the _______.
liver
Which organ produces bile?
liver
Food Production Animals - Are often referred to as ____________ animals - Are raised and cared for by humans to produce food for human _________________, such as: meat, eggs, milk/dairy products
livestock, consumption
Is composed of the following five types of bone:
long bones: found in the limbs short bones: only in the wrist and ankle regions flat bones: found in the pelvis and head irregular bones: found in the vertebral column and parts of the skull sesamoid bones: found in locations where tendons pass over joints, such as the knee Tendon - tissue which serves to connect muscle with a bone
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the skin?
mesodermis
Common Animals Researched Include:
mice/rats rabbits catsgenesdognon-human primatespigs
Which of the following is NOT an example of animal classifications?
multi-domesticated
Animals: - Are living, _______________ organisms with specialized senses, organs and nervous systems allowing them to respond rapidly to ____________ - Can be classified as the following: domestic, semi-domesticated, non domestic
multicellular, stimuli
Which of the following occurs when a young chimpanzee learns foraging and social behavior from watching its mother and other members of the group?
observation
Which gland is most closely associated with the thyroid gland?
parathyroid
Companion Animals - Are also referred to as _______ - Are domesticated animals whose physical, emotional, _______________ and social needs can be met with a relationship with humans - Rely on humans - Examples include: cats dogs birds guinea pigs
pets, behavioral
Semi-Domestic Animals - Breed on their own but have undergone __________________or behavioral changes due to captivity - Are commonly found in ________ - Examples include: bison wild boar red deer Asian elephant
physiological, zoos
History of Animals: - Includes: cats─ domesticated 9,500 years ago in the Middle East descended from five different types of wild cat raised to control mice and rat infestations - ________─ domesticated 8,000 years ago in the Middle East and Chinaraised for food production - __________─ domesticated 8,000 years ago in the Middle Eastraised for food and milk production, as well as draft work
pigs, cattle
Which of the following helps animals learn movements and become more successful predators as adults?
playing
Which of the following causes females to become more agitated and aggressive towards other animals and humans?
pregnancy
Which of the following hormones helps maintain pregnancy?
progesterone
Which of the following takes place when an animal uses past experiences to make a decision regarding its actions?
reasoning
The "honeycomb" refers to which structure?
rectilium
The SA node is located in the _________.
right atrium
When blood leaves the right atrium, it enters the _____.
right ventricle
Which of the following is not a type of bone in dogs and cats? *
round
Animals - Are also used for research in ____________________ experiments - Who are used for research include many different _______________, such as: mice dogs cats rabbits
scientific, species
The body's release of enzymes, water and acid into food is known as _______.
secretion
Food Production Animals - Examples include: cattle (beef or dairy) swine poultry __________ goats
sheep
The bones of the hand are called ________.
short
The brain is directly protected by the _________.
skull
The central nervous system includes the _________.
spinal cord
The mesentery carries blood to the ______.
stomach
Abandoned & Feral Cat - Issues include: AVMA _______________ actions to reduce the problem of free-roaming, abandoned and feral cats there are millions of __________ cats in the U.S. most will suffer from disease, starvation or trauma poses a risk for zoonotic diseases -Fun Fact: Feral cats are not socialized with people and do not live indoors. Outdoor cats have existed for over 10,000 years!
supporting, feral
Domestic Animals - Depend on humans for food, water and shelter - Are _________ and kept by humans for the following: - work - food - clothing and shelter - _________________
tamed, companionship
Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of the male sex organs and sperm?
testosterone
The right lung is composed of how many lobes?
three
The pressure exerted by the left ventricle must push blood where?
to the body
Reporting Animal Abuse - Issues currently includes: requiring licensed ________________, in 11 states, to report certain suspected animal cruelty violations -American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Veterinary Practice Act encourages veterinarians to ____________ animal abuse
veterinarians, report
Which of the following causes male peacocks to use their brightly colored tails to impress and attract female peacocks?
visual communication
Which of the following is made by the giving and receiving of audible noises from one animal to another?
vocal communication
Which of the following terms is also know as vibrissae?
whiskers
Non-domestic Animals - Are also referred to as _______ animals - Live ____________ of humans - Include: endangered species
wild, independently
