American History Since 1877 Exam 1 Review: Quizzes (ch. 17-20)

The 1896 Supreme Court decision in _________________________________ legitimized racial segregation as constitutional by affirming the idea of "separate but equal."

"Plessy v. Ferguson"

The largest source of foreign immigration to the West during the second half of the nineteenth century came from which of the following regions? A. Sweden, Norway, Germany, and Ireland. B. Italy, Poland, Romania, and Greece. C. Japan, Korea, Russia, and Vietnam. D. Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, and Puerto Rico.

A. Sweden, Norway, Germany, and Ireland

__________________________________ is credited with submitting the patent for the telephone to the United States Patent Office in 1876.

Alexander Graham Bell

African Americans who migrated from the South to western lands, such as Kansas, were called which of the following terms? A. Forty-niners. B. Exodusters. C. Sodbusters. D. Redeemers.

B. Exodusters.

Which of the following was not an obstacle that small Western farmers faced during the second half of the nineteenth century? A. A constant battle with the surrounding natural environment, including hailstorms, tornadoes, prairie fires, and pests. B. Finding available lands to raise their livestock. C. Encountering a difficult time trying to plow through the heavy sod. D. Having to pay higher costs for needed farming supplies, including fertilizer, fencing, horses, and livestock.

B. Finding available lands to raise their livestock.

Which of the following organizations wanted to destroy the capitalist system and replace it with "One Big Union" of skilled and unskilled workers? A. Molly Maguires. B. Industrial Workers of the World. C. Congress of Industrial Organizations. D. American Federation of Labor.

B. Industrial Workers of the World.

The ___________________ was a movement started by Oliver H. Kelley to promote farmer-owned cooperatives for the buying and selling of crops.

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange)

The Open Door Policy (1899):

Proposed that foreign powers keep China open for trade with all nations on an equal basis.

The redeemers emphasized the restoration of:

White supremacy.

By the end of the Spanish-American War (1898): A. More American soldiers died from disease than actual fighting. B. The American victory in the decisive battle at Santiago de Cuba depended upon assistance from German forces. C. The United States sued for peace with the Spanish. D. The United States experienced a huge financial strain and went into an economic depression.

A. More American soldiers died from disease than actual fighting.

American imperialism in the late nineteenth century was stimulated by all of the following except: A. The fear that Bolshevik ideas would spread throughout the globe. B. Establishment of resupply stations for the United States naval forces. C. The continued fulfillment of "manifest destiny," or God's desire for the United States to expand and create new colonies. D. The ongoing need for access to new markets and the acquisition of natural resources.

A. The fear that Bolshevik ideas would spread throughout the globe.

The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) became known for: A. The war's brutality and the atrocities committed by both sides. B. Being the first American defeat in a foreign war. C. The lack of violence during the conflict. D. The military contributions of Theodore Roosevelt's "Rough Riders."

A. The war's brutality and the atrocities committed by both sides.

All of the following economic changes occurred in the United States after the Civil War except: A. Fewer women and children worked in the labor force. B. The emergence of industries led to the growth of industrial cities, such as Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Cleveland. C. American industries began to dominate the global production of steel, oil, wheat, and cotton. D. The nation's agricultural production more than doubled.

A. Fewer women and children worked in the labor force.

Which of the following statements is accurate about Herbert Spencer? A. He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" and held ideas that were at odds with those of Charles Darwin. B. He is famous for having co-written "On the Origin of Species" with Charles Darwin. C. He strongly disagreed with the ideas of a laissez-faire government and tried to move away from it. D. He believed evolutionary processes were completely separate from human social institutions.

A. He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" and held ideas that were at odds with those of Charles Darwin.

"A Century of Dishonor," which attempted to bring attention to the plight of the Native Americans, was written by which of the following authors? A. Helen Hunt Jackson. B. Harriet Beecher Stowe. C. Henry L. Dawes. D. Mark Twain.

A. Helen Hunt Jackson.

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mississippi Plan? A. It granted confiscated land to African Americans because white Southern legislators were desperate to see signs of African American financial success in order to ease the South's economic problems. B. It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant farmers or were illiterate, and thereby establishing a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow. C. It followed the lead of several other former Southern states in guaranteeing black civil rights as part of recognizing the important role former slaves had played in making King Cotton possible. D. It removed the poll tax because unlike other regulations that hurt poor African Americans, the poll tax also hurt many whites, and thus signaling the decline of the new wave of racism.

B. It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant farmers or were illiterate, and thereby establishing a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow.

All of the following statements accurately describe the Haymarket Riot/Affair (1886) except: A. Is considered America's first terrorist bombing. B. Led to growing support among the American population for labor unions. C. Workers and "scabs," or non-union workers, engaging in conflict at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company plant. D. Led to the hanging of four men who were convicted for being associated with the violent incident.

B. Led to growing support among the American population for labor unions.

The following statements are all accurate of anarchists except that they: A. Wanted to eliminate any form of government. B. Were led by Karl Marx. C. Believed that wealthy capitalists bribed elected officials to exploit the working poor. D. Used dramatic acts of violence to achieve their political goals.

B. Were led by Karl Marx.

What is the name of the June 25-26, 1876, conflict in which Lieutenant George A. Custer and 210 men of the Seventh Cavalry were annihilated in the southeastern Montana Territory?

Battle of Little Big Horn

All of the following factors helped accelerate the country's industrial growth after the Civil War except: A. The expansion of transportation systems and development of communication systems. B. The abundance of natural resources, including forests, mineral wealth, and coal, in the United States. C. The implementation of federal regulations that limited the marketplace. D. The growing number of immigrants migrating to the United States allowed for a large pool of potential laborers.

C. The implementation of federal regulations that limited the marketplace.

Building eastward from Sacramento, California, the Central Pacific (CP) Railroad primarily relied upon which group of workers to perform dangerous tasks and endure low pay?

Chinese "coolies."

In 1882, Congress passed legislation that excluded immigrants from which of the following countries? A. Russia B. Vietnam C. Japan D. China

D. China

An early and major American victory in the Spanish-American War (1898) occurred at which of the following locations? A. Havana B. Guayama C. Santiago de Cuba D. Manila Bay

D. Manila Bay

One reason that the United States went to war against Spain was: A. Cuban cigar manufacturers in Florida insisted that war was necessary to protect their markets. B. The leaders of the Democratic Party pushed for war. C. The aggressive actions of Spain. D. Strong support from the American people for going to war.

D. Strong support from the American people for going to war.

Which of the following statements is accurate of the U.S. battleship "Maine"? A. The ship delivered Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders from Tampa to Cuba and carried much of their ammunition. B. The ship became famous for sinking the entire Spanish fleet in Manila without a single American loss of life. C. The ship disappeared at sea with no trace, but newspaper reporters claimed that Cuban rebels had ordered to sink it. D. The ship exploded in Havana Harbor, allegedly because of the Spanish, and fueled calls within the United States for war with Spain.

D. The ship exploded in Havana Harbor, allegedly because of the Spanish, and fueled calls within the United States for war with Spain.

Which of the following towns in Kansas was the first successful cowtown? A. Liberal. B. Wichita. C. Dodge City. D. Abilene.

D. Abilene.

Samuel Gompers was the leader of which of the following organizations? A. Standard Oil Company. B. United States Steel Corporation. C. Knights of Labor. D. American Federation of Labor.

D. American Federation of Labor.

During the Gilded Age, the Democratic Party generally consisted of which of the following group of voters? A. Moral reformers, Protestants, and political insiders. B. Catholics, social reformers, and prohibitionists. C. Nativists, African Americans, and Catholics. D. Southern whites, Northern Catholics of Irish or German backgrounds, and people opposed to social reformers.

D. Southern whites, Northern Catholics of Irish or German backgrounds, and people opposed to social reformers.

Which of the following statements is not accurate about the "New South" ideology? A. By transforming their economic and social foundation, advocates for the "New South" movement believed that these changes also would lead to improvements in education, regional prosperity, sectional peace, and racial harmony. B. Supporters of the "New South" advocated for the creation of "a perfect democracy" in the region rather than being governed by the planter aristocracy. C. "New South" supporters sought to diversify the South's economy by including an industrial sector within the economy rather than relying solely upon agricultural production. D. The "New South" ideology could be described as being a pessimistic, defeatist view of the South's future.

D. The "New South" ideology could be described as being a pessimistic, defeatist view of the South's future.

Which of the following happened as a result of the presidential election of 1896? A. As president, William Jennings Bryan eliminated the gold standard and instead expanded the coinage of silver. B. The Panic of 1893 worsened and led to further unrest across the country. C. After winning the election, the Republicans adopted much of the Democratic Party's platform, including the increased coinage of silver. D. The Populist Party disintegrated, but later reformers enacted many of the parties' ideas.

D. The Populist Party disintegrated, but later reformers enacted many of the parties' ideas.

All of the following are accurate about the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) except: A. The act was used against labor unions, as well as corporations. B. The act was rarely enforced in its early years. C. The act prohibited companies from conspiring to establish monopolies. D. The act established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).

D. The act established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).

Why did W.E.B. DuBois disagree with what he called Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"?

DuBois argued that Washington's ideas aimed to satisfy powerful whites, thereby giving credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior.

In what way was Gilded Age politics different from American politics today?

During the Gilded Age, most political activity was focused on the state and local levels, with the federal government an insignificant force in the daily lives of most citizens.

Who was the leader of the Filipino nationalist movement that helped Commodore George Dewey take control of the Philippine Islands? Make sure to answer the question using a full, complete sentence.

Emilio Aguinaldo helped George Dewey take control of the Philippines.

Who was the founder and leader of the American Railway Union? Make sure to answer the question with a full, complete sentence.

Eugene V. Debs was the founder and leader of the American Railway Union.

Between 1880 and 1890, the traditional pattern of immigration changed in that most new immigrants were:

From Southern and Eastern Europe.

Several technological advancements in the late nineteenth century allowed cities to start expanding both horizontally and vertically. Describe one technological innovation that allowed for the horizontal expansion of urban areas. Describe one technological innovation that allowed for the vertical expansion of urban areas.

Horizontal: Cable cars that were driven by central power source (underground cable) Electric Trolleys Subways Horse-drawn railways Vertical: Heating units that allowed steam to circulate through radiators, no longer had to rely upon fireplaces Development of the elevator, allowed for taller buildings Development of cast-iron and steel-frame construction, buildings could be higher than brick buildings

What was the significance of the de Lôme letter?

In the letter, a Spanish ambassador referred to President William McKinley as being a weak and cowardly leader, which increased the likelihood of war with Spain.

In "Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois" (1886), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that:

Individual states could not regulate railroad rates.

Why was the Roosevelt Corollary significant?

It asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America to prevent the military involvement of other countries there.

Why was Birmingham, Alabama, named the "Pittsburgh of the South"?

It contained significant deposits of iron ore, which was used to produce steel.

Why was the development of the alternating current (AC) electric system significant?

It enabled electricity to be transmitted across long distances.

What is "yellow journalism"?

It refers to sensationalist news coverage that was designed to sell papers and manipulate public opinion.

The use of the trusts, also referred to as a trust device, for consolidating multiple industries originated with:

John D. Rockefeller.

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892:

Led to union leaders being charged with murder and treason.

Those in the Republican Party who could not support their candidate for president, James Gillespie Blaine, in 1884 were named:

Mugwumps

Was the crop-lien system successful? Why or why not?

No, it was self-destructive because overplanting tobacco and cotton led to the terrible erosion of farmland and was a post-Civil War version of economic slavery for poor white and black people.

Although ahead of its time, the __________________________________ advocated for progressive labor reforms, including the establishment of an eight-hour workday, elimination of convict-labor competition, and equal pay for equal work by men and women.

Noble Order of the Knights of Labor

The Platt Amendment (1901):

Placed restrictions on the Cuban government's independence, including that Cuba could not sign a treaty with a third power that would jeopardize Cuban independence.

In the 1890s, anti-imperialists included:

Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie, and William James.

President Grover Cleveland's response to the Pullman Strike of 1894 was to:

Send federal troops to keep the trains running.

Roscoe Conkling led the _____________________________, who remained loyal to President Ulysses S. Grant and had mastered the patronage system, whereas James G. Blaine led the _____________________________, who were only half-loyal to President Grant and only half committed to reform of the patronage system.

Stalwarts; Half-Breeds

In 1864, Colorado territorial governor John Evans ordered soldiers under the leadership of Colonel John M. Chivington to attack a Native American encampment near Fort Lyon, Colorado. As a result of this conflict, nearly two hundred Native American were killed in the attack. What was the name of this 1864 conflict? Make sure to answer the question using a full, complete sentence.

The 1864 conflict that lead to the massacre of nearly two hundred Native Americans was the Sand Creek Massacre.

"Seward's Folly" involved:

The United States' purchasing of Alaska from Russia.

Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" explained:

The virtues of accumulating wealth and the responsibilities of promoting philanthropic efforts.

______________________________ was an American doctor who proved that mosquitoes carried yellow fever.

Walter Reed

In response to social Darwinism, Lester Frank Ward became a strong supporter of Reform Darwinism. What did Ward argue that Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and William Graham Sumner overlooked when discussing the evolvement of humans? Make sure to answer the question using a full, complete sentence.

Ward argued that Darwin, Spencer, and Sumner overlooked the human brain, which can show compassion for others, collaborate, and cooperation.

What distinguished the Granger movement from the Farmers' Alliance?

Whereas the Grange failed to address declining crop prices and the inadequate amount of money in circulation, the Farmers' Alliances were created expressly to solve this problem.

In 1888, Wovoka, also known as Jack Wilson, had a vision in which he visited the spirit world. During his visit to the spirit world, Wovoka learned of a deliverer or messiah who would come and rescue the Native Americans and restore their lands. To hasten this deliverance, what did Wovoka tell Native Americans that they must do? Make sure to answer the question using a full, complete sentence.

Wovoka told Native Americans that they must participate in a Ghost Dance, or a ceremonial dance, at each new moon.