American History Unit 9

A member of the KKK who was responsible for the bombing of 16th street Baptist church was arrested for having ___ sticks of dynamite without a permit. He wasn't found guilty of murder and he received a 100 dollar fine and 6 months in jail for having the dynamite.. The African American Community began to call on the help of MLK and so while in jail, King starts to organize what would become known as the Children's March.

122

During the freedom rides, ____ riders both black and white boarded an interstate bus heading south. The riders only encountered minor problems until the group split into 2 busses in Atlanta, Georgia and headed for the Deep South.

13

this amendment outlawed slavery

13th

this amendment granted African Americans citizenship

14th

this amendment gave African Americans the right to vote

15th

On September 15, 1963 (Sunday) Police estimate that at least 15 sticks of dynamite were used to blow up this church. The church was filled with at least 400 African Americans 80 of them being children, the blast seriously injured about 20 people and killed 4 young girls. The young girls were heading down to the basement to have a closing prayer on a sermon entitled "The Love that Forgives."

16th street Baptist church

The bombing of the ______________ was a 21st bombing in 8 years and the 4th in 4 weeks. Most of the bombings had not been solved, but for those that were, the consequences were minimal.

16th street Baptist church

this amendment eliminated the poll tax.

24th

During the Montgomery bus boycott, MLK had cars drive the regular bus routes and pick up people at the bus stops and drive them to their works or their homes. The city came out with an ordinance saying that these drivers would need a taxi license in order to do this and had to charge people at least ___ cents, which was more than the bus fare. So people started walking everywhere instead.

45

In March 1941, there was a massive march on Washington DC in which African Americans and sympathetic whites would come together and demand an end to discrimination against blacks in employment and in the armed forces. It was led by _________ whose proposal disturbed Franklin Roosevelt

A. Phillip Randolph

The purpose of the march on Washington 1963, was to focus national attention on Kennedy's civil rights bill. It was directed by ________.

A. Phillip Randolph

It had 2 goals, 1st was equal access to employment, and the second was end to discrimination in all public accommodations. Fred Shuttlesworth faced criticism by his own people for being too radical. They knew that he needed the help of MLK and the SCLC.

Alabama Christian movement for Human Rights

Shuttlesworth was the pastor of the first Baptist church in Selma Alabama and he moved to Birmingham. He doesn't understand why the African Americans in Birmingham are so fearful of whites. He wrote a letter to the police department demanding to have blacks on the police force. He had friends who helped him write the letter, but they all refused to sign it for fear of losing jobs, houses, or lives. This fear really concerned him so he started the organization called the __________.

Alabama Christian movement for human rights

it was the most segregated city in the south and the most dangerous for African Americans. The KKK had their reign of terror during this time. Many claimed to hold high positions in the government of Alabama.

Birmingham, Alabama

He was criticized by other activists for being what he became known as the great accommodator. They believed he needed to act more like an activist.

Booker T. Washington

in 1960, in the __________ case, the Supreme Court expanded its earlier ban on segregation to include interstate busses. The segregation ban before this was just local. As a result, bus station waiting rooms and restaurants that served interstate travelers could not be segregated either.

Boynton vs. Virginia

in this case, the court ruled that segregated public schools were "inherently" unequal and therefore unconstitutional. They said with all deliberate speed, which meant that some states interpreted that as that they could take their own time. Other states interpreted it that they should go fast. It meant that the government is leaning toward racial equality and it overturned Plessy vs. Fergusson.

Brown v. Board of Education

The children's march sometimes called the Children's Crusade, exposed ______ to the world as not a law enforcer but a bigot and abusive thug. The children were not committing any real crimes; it was the authorities who were acting like criminals.

Bull Conner

He was a police chief who was in charge of an all-white police force. He used the police department to oppress the African American community. He did this by instructing police forces to beat marchers with their night sticks; he told the forces to release police dogs on the forces and allowed the dogs to bite. He instructed the fire department to release the fire hoses on the marchers.

Bull Connor

when blacks and whites rode the busses together but there were certain places for each to sit. The black people were forced to sit in the back of the bus and the whites sat in the front. If all the white rows were full, the bus driver could forces the rows of the African Americans to get up or move back to allow the white people to sit.

Bus segregation

On April 16, 1962 the Letter from a Birmingham Jail. This letter influenced the ________.

Children's march

Before the Children's March President Kennedy regarded _________ as a local issue but with all the media attention, he knew he had to get involved on the federal level because it had awakened the nation to the violent, ugly, and unjust situation in Alabama. MLK was arrested for the march, so Kennedy made a phone call to the jail to get him released.

Civil Rights

the president had been trying to drum up American support for a war against Hitler, and his brutal treatment of religious and ethnic minorities.______ feared that a civil rights march of this scale would bring unwanted attention to the discrimination against African Americans in the US and embarrass administration.

FDR

On August 31st 1962, she decided with 17 others to try and register to vote. On the way home from the court house their bus was pulled over and they were arrested and sent to jail. The plantation owner got mad and told her that if she wanted to vote she couldn't live on his land anymore. She left the plantation and that night, night riders fired 16 bullets into the home of the family where she was staying.

Fannie Lou Hamer

she is a granddaughter of a slave and daughter of a sharecropper in Mississippi. She married another sharecropper. She was forced to drop out of school to help on the plantation at the age of 12. The SNCC came to town during Freedom Summer and convinced her to register to vote.

Fannie Lou Hamer

he was the governor of Alabama, he was an avid segregationist. He had done everything he could to impede the integration of schools. And once even stated that Alabama needed a few first class funerals to stop integration. He said, "Segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."

George Wallace

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the committee arranged with the conductor of the railroad and a private detective to detain _____ until he was arrested. They would need him to be arrested so they could take it to court. He is able to buy a ticket on the railroad and he attempted to board an all-white car. When doing so, he was detained and eventually arrested.

Homer

He was a light skinned person of mixed blood. The citizens committee recruited him because they said he could pass as white.

Homer Plessy

The march on Washington 1963 included religious leaders like MLK, and Fred Shuttlesworth as well as celebrities such as Jackie Robinson. It was peaceful and orderly and after many songs a speeches, MLK delivered what was to become his best known address ________.

I have a dream

During the freedom ride, the photos of the smoking bus horrified the nation, violence intensified in Birmingham and Montgomery. They weren't met with angry mobs here but were arrested on their arrival. The first freedom ride died out in __________ the Attorney General sent federal marshals to protect future freedom riders.

Jackson Mississippi

this was the different expectations that white people had. A black person would have to step off the sidewalk if a white person was walking towards them. A black person could not look a white person in the eye because it implied being socially equal. These are all part of the _________.

Jim Crow Etiquette

they are segregation laws in the south. Called this after an old song and dance number done by a white comedian in blackface called jump Jim Crow. It was more than a group of laws it was also a way of life.

Jim Crow laws

During the freedom ride _______ proposes the Civil Rights Bill to prohibit segregation in public places, ban discrimination wherever federal government was involved, and advance school desegregation. However powerful Southern segregationists in Congress kept it from coming up to a vote.

Kennedy

In April of 1962, since the police were using dogs and fire hoses it created a lot of media attention, the judge issued a statement that there would be no more marches or public protests, and MLK had never broken the law before, but he decided to disobey this order and he was sent to jail. After this we get the "_________________."

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

she was a third grader in Topeka Kansas in the 50's, she was forced to go to an all-black school even though a white school was a lot closer to her home. Black's schools were often inferior to the white schools, meaning they had used text books, not enough desks, and they were filthy which is not upholding the equal part of separate but equal.

Linda Brown

in 1890 Louisiana passed the ________________ that said blacks and whites had to ride on separate box cars on trains.

Louisiana Separate Car Act

For the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1956, The boycotts organizers selected ______ a 27 year old minister as their spokesperson, he was a Baptist preacher.

MLK

____ didn't intend on this march to be for the children. He was attending a meeting with several other people in Birmingham and was asking people to stand up with him and join him in a protest. To his surprise it was not the adults that stood up, but the children.

MLK

he grew up during the depression but his family was pretty well-off. He attended Morehouse College then he went to work on a tobacco farm so that he could identify with the poor people. He moved to Montgomery Alabama and became the pastor of a high class black church. He followed a policy of non-violent protests and civil disobedience (refusing to obey a law that is deemed immoral.) It involved using non-violence like marches, parades, and sit-ins.

MLK

He considered Little a slave name and considered X a symbolic marking out of his slave name (no longer a slave).

Malcolm X

He was a pretty good student and actually graduated middle school at the top of his class. He had dreams of being a lawyer but a teacher told him it was an unrealistic goal. He lost interest in school and dropped out. He moved to Boston where he had several different odd jobs and then moved to Harlem in NY where he committed crimes. By 1942 he was coordinating various narcotics, prostitution, and gabling rings. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison after being convicted on burglary charges in 1946.

Malcolm X

he grew up as Malcolm Little in Lansing, Michigan. His father was an outspoken Baptist minister and involved in Civil Rights activism in the early 20th century. Their house in Michigan was burned to the ground in 1929 and his father was killed by the KKK in 1931. His mother suffered a break down after this and the children were spilt up into several different foster homes.

Malcolm X

He was a social activist born in Jamaica in 1887. He founded the universal Negro improvement association (UNIA). He was dedicated to promoting African Americans and resettlement of Africa. He tried to promote a separate black nation. Eventually he was convicted of mail fraud and deported back to Jamaica but continued to work for resettlement in Africa.

Marcus Garvey

The violence of the riders firing 16 bullets into the home of the family where she was staying angered her and so she joined the SNCC and the SCLC in their efforts for voter registration. On June 3, 1963 while working with the SNCC she and the others were ordered off their bus, arrested, taken to jail, and beaten. Fannie then helped form the ____________ to protest how presidential nominations were done in her state. She was successful in giving African Americans a voice in the nomination process.

Mississippi freedom democratic party

In the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1956, the civil rights leaders in the city immediately went to work to organize a massive boycott of the city busses in _______. They issued flyers to the blacks to alert them of the boycott. The leaders felt this would be effective because the blacks made up 60-70% of total ridership.

Montgomery

So Malcolm left the organization (the nation of Islam) and he formed his own organization called the ____________. He them leaves for a pilgrimage for Mecca and he came back a transformed man. He saw that the true Muslim religion taught the equality of all races and he was now willing to work with the white man and wanted equality instead of black supremacy.

Muslim Mosque Incorporated

Linda's father was Oliver Brown and he was one of the 13 families recruited by the ______ to prepare for a legal battle to challenge the separate but equal ruling from Plessy vs. Fergusson.

NAACP

Formed in 1909 by a group of Americans committed to greater racial equality. The oldest civil rights organization and is still around today. As the civil rights movement grew from regional to national concern which was the 1930-1940's. It stood out as the leading representative of organizations.

NAACP (national association for the advancement of colored people)

Malcolm X used his time in jail to educate himself on law and then was intrigued by a visit from his brother who told him about converting to the Muslim religion and joining a new group called the _______.

Nation of Islam

it follows the teachings of the founder/supposed living prophet Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad spoke of armed violence against whites. Members are commonly known as Black Muslims.

Nation of Islam

In the ___________ case, in court the lawyer claimed that segregation and Jim Crow laws violated the 14th and 15th amendment. The court ruled constitutional. The case was eventually appealed and went to the Supreme Court. They ruled constitutional. Separate but equal would be the law of the land.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Most people were shocked by this and were saying the children were too young to get up and march. But another speaker at the meeting _____________ posed these questions. He said are they too young to go to segregated schools, are they too young to be kept out of amusement parks, are they too young to be refused a hamburger at a restaurant. The crowd responded with a "No" to which he responded, "Then they are not too young to want their freedom."

Reverend James Bevel

in December of 1955, ______ a seamstress and secretary for the Montgomery Chapter of the NAACP was convinced by local and civil rights leaders to act. She gets on the city bus and sat in the front most row of the black section and refused to move to the back when a white man boarded and wanted her seat. She was arrested and taken to jail because she refused to move.

Rosa Parks

about 60 black ministers formed the _________. MLK was chosen as its first leader. It was dedicated to non-violence and civil disobedience and it became an integral organization for voting rights, an end to segregation, and equality for all.

SCLC (southern Christian leadership conference)

During the freedom summer, the _____ trained people at Miami University in Oxford Ohio; they trained them on voter registration, non-violence, and Miss. History. The first group to go to the south never made it, they were murdered. This illustrates how dangerous it was for interracial groups to be political in the south. They actually convinced 17,000 African Americans to fill out registration forms but only 1600 actually registered.

SNCC

It was an interracial organization made up of mostly college students. It started out as part of the SCLC, but then the students wanted a voice of their own. Ella Baker was their leader. They are famous for holding sit-ins.

SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)

It was a civil rights group in N.O. In 1892 they decided to test the constitutionality of this law. They recruited a man named Homer Plessy.

The Citizen's Committee

An interracial organization formed in 1942. The leader was James Farmer, and he worked without pay in order to keep the organization alive. It worked for equality of all races.

The Congress of Racial Equality

_____ (and Muhammad) taught that white society actively worked to keep African Americans from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic, and social success. Among other goals the nation of Islam fought for a state of their own separate by one inhabited by white people. By the time Malcolm was paroled in 1952, he was a devoted follower with the new surname X.

The Nation of Islam

The military was segregated during WWII, the Navy had started to integrate, but the other braches remained segregated. ______ had legislations passed through congress to integrate all branches even though the army remained segregated until well into the Korean War.

Truman

Booker T. Washington was a slave in 1856 before the civil war. Education after the civil war. He went on to become the first leader of a teacher's school in Alabama called the _________. He believed the way to racial equality was through education and compromise.

Tuskegee Institute

he was born in 1868, he was labeled as more radical than Washington. He was highly educated. He was the first black to earn a doctorate from Harvard in history. He became the head of the NAACP in 1910 and the founder and editor of its journal the crises. He was a critic of Washington for his accommodating approach to civil rights.

W.E.B Du Bois

In 1965, several riots start to break out across the nation due to police brutality, unemployment, run down communities, and de facto (social segregation) segregation. One of the most famous riots was in a community in Los Angeles called _____.

Watts

Police pulled over a young black man that they suspected of drunk driving and a crowd of on-lookers started taunting the officer. A second officer was called in and he started beating the crowd with his baton. News of the police brutality spread around the neighborhood and combined with all the other feelings of discontent it sparked a massive riot around the neighborhood. By the end of the riot (5 days) 34 people were killed, thousands were injured and about 200,000,000 dollars of property was destroyed.

Watts Riot, 1965

The first day of the children's march, at least 1000 children and young adults showed up to march. Of course they were hauled off to jail, on the second day even more showed up and the same for the third day. Eventually over 1000 people were in jail. On the second and third day, fire hoses and dogs were released on the children. __________ were finally willing to negotiate because all of the bad media was hurting their businesses and they didn't want the nation to keep insulting them.

White business owners

The mayor of little rock asked president Eisenhower for help, so Eisenhower sent in the 101st airborne division of the US army and placed the Arkansas national guard under federal command. On Wednesday September 25, 1957, with the protection of the army, the National Guard, the 9 students entered the school. They were still subjected to verbal and physical abuse. One girl had ____ thrown in her eyes, they would spit on them, verbally and physically abuse him.

acid

FDR called Randolph to the Whitehouse for a meeting where Randolph made the following 3 demands: 1) immediate end to segregation and discrimination and federal government hiring. 2) To end segregation in the ______. 3) Government support for an end to discrimination and segregation in all American employment.

armed forces

During the Selma March, armed state troopers on horseback charged into the crowd with whips, clubs, and teargas. It turned into a riot known as this. President Johnson put the Alabama National Guard under federal control and ordered them to protect the marchers. By the end of the march 25,000 marchers joined them by the time they reached Montgomery.

bloody Sunday

Brown and the 12 others tried to enroll their children in an all-white school knowing they would be rejected. The NAACP filed a lawsuit against the _______. These lawsuits as well as the other lawsuits from the other states were filed together in the Supreme Court.

board of education

It was a common site in Birmingham to see all black churches getting bombed. In fact Birmingham was often referred to as _______.

bombingham

it outlawed segregation in all public accommodations

civil rights act of 1964

MLK decides to help Shuttlesworth with the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights for 4 reasons, 1) he needed the ______ 2) he needed money for his organization 3) and he realized that if there was a victory in Birmingham, they could have a victory anywhere 4) Birmingham was already organized

credibility

segregation by situation

de facto

segregation by law

de jure

Roosevelt refused to meet all of Randolph's demands but they did reach a compromise. In June 1941, in exchange for Randolph calling off the march. Roosevelt issued executive order 8802 created the _________.

fair employment practices committee (FEPC)

Truman also proposed a bill to make lynching a ______, congress rejected this proposal but despite Truman's many defeats, he was the first 20th century president that supported Civil Rights movement. (Anti-lynching laws)

federal crime

During the freedom ride, in Anniston, Alabama, a heavily armed white mob met the first bus at the terminal. They slashed the tires and so the bus flees but the tires blow out on the outskirts of the city. When it does the mob threw a ______ into the bus, riders escaped before the bus burst into flames only to be beaten by the mob.

fire bomb

The SNCC and the COR organized the _______. Which is a tactic designed to test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling and allow African Americans to exercise their newly gained rights.

freedom rides

the purpose was to promote equal voting opportunity for African Americans and to educate African Americans on their voting rights. It also gave them a chance to learn about their own history. Sometimes this was the first time African Americans would actually have books and materials. They taught about 2000 students and 41 schools. It gained attention nationally for the Civil Rights Movement.

freedom schools

a voter drive organized by the SNCC. The goal was to register African Americans to vote and to educate African Americans on their constitutional rights. They established Freedom Schools in the Mississippi delta to educate poor African Americans.

freedom summer

designed to make sure those white Americans who could not pass the illiteracy test or poll tax could still vote. Law said that if your father or grandfather was allowed to vote before 1866 which is right after the civil war, then you would be allowed to vote.

grandfather clause

Even if blacks were allowed to vote they were met with _______when they showed up at the polls. Many were even met with violence when they went to register to vote. The violence was coming from white supremacy groups like the KKK but also from regular people and even the police.

great violence

It seemed to make sense to have the children march. 1) The adults were scared of losing their ___ and they had responsibilities 2) the children had nothing to lose and they seemed to be more interested in their freedom 3) what effect would children being hauled to jail have on the nation.

jobs

some states required voters to pass a ______ in order to be allowed to vote. Different tests were given to blacks and whites. The black tests were a lot harder than the whites test and were nearly impossible to pass.

literacy test

consequences for breaking the Jim Crow Etiquette would result in fines, time in jail, or even ______.

lynching

(The Little Rock Nine, 1957) When the 9 get there they find the entrance is blocked on the day the 9 students were supposed to start high school the governor of Arkansas sent out ______ troops to block the entrance. They were also met with segregationists blocking their entrance to the school. The President and the others (Eisenhower) they were upset by this.

national guard

states required citizens to pay a special tax to be allowed to vote. Most African Americans could not get good jobs in southern cities. So if they didn't have a good job many of them could not afford this tax. This also kept poor whites from voting as well.

poll tax

The march on Washington, 1963, Kennedy pushed for the civil rights act in June of 1963, but it wasn't passed until after he was assassinated and then Johnson kept pushing for it. It passes in 1964, which prohibited discrimination because of ____, religion, national origin, or gender.

race

(The Little Rock Nine, 1957) The governor was ordered to disband his National Guard troops and allow the students entry into the school. The little rock police were instructed to guard the front door against the mob of angry white segregationists (parents and students) and quietly sneak the 9 students in the back door. When the angry mob heard the students were inside, they began to _____ and the students were escorted out again.

riot

a separation of the races

segregation

is when they would sit in places where blacks were not allowed and refused to leave. Often they were arrested for civil disobedience and were often met with violence from segregationists and police force

sit ins

In April of 1962, a series of marches and _____ started happening. With these things happening the police department started using fire hoses and dogs on people.

sit-ins

The original purpose of the children's March, was to desegregate _____ in downtown Birmingham. What it really did was give MLK a global stage and leverage to demand more. The Country, not just the south, was starting to become more united under civil rights.

stores

In the Montgomery Bus Boycott, African Americans were not trying to get busses desegregated completely; they were trying to get a permanent dividing line so no African American would ever have to give up a seat. About a year later, the judge outlawed segregated buses altogether so the boycott was _______.

successful

the focus was once again voting rights. In Selma, Alabama, blacks were arrested just for standing in line to register to vote. MLK organized a march from Selma to Montgomery. In March on 1965, marchers set out. It becomes known as bloody Sunday.

the Selma march

in 1957, Brown vs. Board paved the way for other African Americans to enter all white schools. In little rock Arkansas, the super intendant of the school board came up with a plan to gradually integrate the schools and started with enrolling 9 students in central high school.

the little rock nine

Malcolm X became the spokesperson for ________ and really became a media magnet because of his angry speeches. He spoke of black supremacy and violently eliminating white society. Eventually he would split from the group. He found out that Elijah Muhammad was having relations with at least 6 women in the organization. It was the teaching of the nation of Islam to remain celibate until marriage, and Malcolm had always followed the rules of the religion and was very upset by his leader's deception.

the nation of Islam

Put federal government in charge of elections. Federal officials could register voters in places where officials were blocking registration of African Americans. It eliminated the literacy test and the grandfather clause. Voting tripled after this act was passed.

voting rights act of 1965

neighborhoods, restaurants, _________, public transportation, schools, parks, waiting rooms. Some mail and grocery stores were also segregated.

water fountains

A black man could not talk to a _________ without being spoken to first. A black man could not offer his hand to shake hands with a white man because it implied being socially equal. Black people were introduced to white people, never the other way around. White people would not use the courtesy titles as Mr., Mrs., mam, or sir when speaking to or of black people but black people had to use them when speaking to or of white people. They were not allowed to call whites by their first names. White motorist had the right of way at all intersections. These are all part of Jim Crow Etiquette.

white woman