AMP Chapter Skeletal Test

If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation?

The epiphyseal plate is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates cause the lengthwise growth of long bone. Since this child is still growing and has not completed puberty, she may expect impaired growth in that one epiphyseal plate. Lucky for Sarah, there is an epiphyseal plate located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.

List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.

The female pelvis: a.has a larger and more circular inlet. b.is shallower than the male pelvis. c.has lighter and thinner bones. d.has a shorter and less curved sacrum. e.has a more rounded pubic arch. f.has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.

articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called _____

amphiarthroses; synarthroses

increase in bone diameter is called

appositional growth

shoulder joint

ball-and-socket joint

canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Differentiate the roles of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in bone.

1.Osteoclasts are giant bone-destroying cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood. They are activiated by a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH). 2.Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. They add bone tissue to growing bones. 3.Osteocytes are mature bone cells. In their former lives, they were osteoblasts that laid down bone matrix, but became trapped in it.

Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint.

1.Synarthroses are immovable joints. These joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints since the bones are united by fibrous tissue. Skull sutures are one example of a fibrous joint. 2.Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as cartilaginous joints since the bone ends are connected by cartilage. The pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints are two examples. 3.Diathroses are freely movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as synovial joints since the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. There are many examples of synovial joints, including the elbow, knee, and shoulder.

Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in the body.

1.Unlike all other vertebra, atlas (C1) has no body. Axis (C2) has a large process called the dens or odontoid process. 2.The structural differences of these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate "no." The joint between these two vertebrae is a pivot joint.

the atlas is the

1st cervical vertebra

four stages in the healing of a bone fracture; what is the sequence 1 - bony callus formation 2 - bone remodeling 3 - fibrocartilage callus formation 4 - hematoma formation

4 3 1 2

presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that

bone length is increasing

true/false - ribs numbered 11 and 12 are true ribs because they have no anterior attachments

false

true/false - spinal curvatures that are present at birth are called primary curvatures (the cervical and lumbar curvatures) and those that develop later are secondary curvatures ( the thoracic and sacral curvatures)

false

true/false - the diaphysis of a long bone is composed of spongy bone

false

true/false - the spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra

false

the greater trochanter is located on the

femur

four of the five answers answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area

fibula

true/false - the master gland of teh body (pituitary gland) is housed in a saddle like depression in the temporal bone called the sella turcica

flase

sternum

flat bone

true ribs

flat bone

which of the following bone categories is composed of two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

flat bone

parietal bones

flat bones

a round or oval hole through a bone which contains blood vessels and/or nerves

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone is a

foramen

a shallow, basin-like depressino in a bone often serving as an articular surface

fossa

the head of the humerus fits into the _____ of the scapula

glenoid cavity

the disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints os called

gout

an incompete fracture or cracking of the bone without an actual separation of the parts (common in children)

greenstick

a fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more fleible than those of adults

greenstick fracture

blood cell formation is caled

hematopoeisis

the elbow joint is an example of a ____ joint in which movement occurs in only one plane

hinge

elbow joint

hinge joint

what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo

hyaline cartilage

fracture in which broken bone ends are forced into each other

impacted

a structure found on the femur is the ... anterior crest trochlea lateral malleolus intercondylar fossa medial malleolus

intercondylar fossa

atlas

irregular bone

coxal bone

irregular bone

the hyoid bone is unique because

it is teh only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called

lacunae

layers of calcification that are found in bone

lamellae

femur

long bone

fibula

long bone

ulna

long bone

the only freely movable bone in the skull is the

mandible

the sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called teh

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

which of these bones is NOT associated with the foot

metacarpals

bone formation can be referred to as

ossification

cells that build bony matrix

osteoblasts

what is a bone-forming cells

osteoblasts

what type of cell does PTH activate

osteoclast

cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

osteoclasts

what are giant cells that destroy bone

osteoclasts

* parietal bone * radius * humerus * femur * tibia an example of bone that forms fibrous membranes

parietal bone

which of these bones is NOT a long bone found in the leg

patella

fingers and toes are referred to as

phalanges

joint between atlas and axis

pivot point

wrist joint

plane joint

the disease in children whose diets lack calcium or vitamin D, where the bones fail to calcify

rickets

there are ____ vertebrae in the neck region

seven cervical

periosternum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue fibers called

sharpey's fibers

patella

short and sesamoid bone

carpals

short bone

cube-shpaed bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called

short bones

a fracture where the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is a

simple/closed fracture

the sella turcica is part of the _____ bone

sphenoid

the suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is teh

squamous suture

the function of yellow marrow in adults

store adipose tissue

factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled

stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton

the external acoustic (auditory) meatus is found on the ____ bone

temporal

compound fracture can be described as when...

the broken bone is exposed to the outside

true/false - fontanels allow for growth of the brain

true

true/false - hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavity of certain bones

true

true/false - in anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the fibula

true

true/false - the heaviest, strongest bone in the body is the femur

true

true/false - the zygomatic bones the cheekbones

true

true/false - there are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae

true

which is the correct order of ribs from superior to inferior

true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

a large rounded projection on a bone is called a

tuberoisity

all of the following facial bones are paired except one; which of the following is the unpaired facial bone A - palatine B - lacrimal C - vomer D - maxillae E - zygomatic

vomer

area where bone growth takes place

epiphyseal plate

the middle nasal conchae are part of the

ethmoid bonE

true/false - all flat bones are formed from hyaline cartilage

false

true/false - most of the stress on the vertebral column occurs on the sturdiest vetebrae in the sacral region

false

true/false - osteoblasts respond to the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

false

transverse foramina are found in the

cervical vertebrae

the tailbone is teh

coccyx

fracture where bone fragments into many pieces

comminuted

a bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a

comminuted fracture

osteons are characteristic of ____

compact bone

the axial skeleton contains: 1 - skull 2 - arms and legs 3 - ribs and sternum 4 - vertebrae 5 - pelvic girdles

1 3 4

Discuss the two factors that cause bone remodeling throughout life.

1. Calcium levels in the bloodstream determine when bone is to be broken down. When calcium levels in the bloodstream drop below normal, the parathyroid glands produce and release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood. PTH activates osteoclasts (giant bone-destroying cells in bone) to break down bone and release calcium into the blood. Conversely, when calcium levels in the bloodstream are too high, osteoblasts (bone-forming cells in bone) are activated and calcium is deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts. 2. Stresses of muscle pull and gravity acting on the skeleton determine where bone matrix is to be broken down or formed so that the skeleton can remain strong for as long as possible. Long bones grow in length and in thickness as the body increases in size and as a result of the activity of bulky muscles. At these sites, osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) lay down new matrix and become trapped within it. Once they are trapped, they become osteocytes or true bone cells.

List and discuss the structures of a long bone.

1. Diaphysis—the shaft of the long bone: a) it is made of compact bone; b) it is covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane, the periosteum. The periosteum is securely held to the compact bone beneath by connective tissue fibers called perforating or Sharpey's fibers; c) it contains a hollow cavity called the medullary cavity that stores adipose tissue as yellow marrow, and is the site of hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation) in infants when it contains red marrow. 2. Epiphyses—somewhat rounded ends of the long bone: each epiphysis has an outer layer of compact bone covering an inner core of spongy bone. The external surface is covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage, instead of a periosteum, called articular cartilage. This provides for a smooth, gliding joint. 3. Epiphyseal line/plate—the junction between the epiphyses and the diaphysis. During growth years is made of hyaline cartilage and is called the epiphyseal plate. It causes the lengthwise growth of the bone. By the end of puberty, long bones stop lengthening when the plate has been replaced by bone. It now appears as a thin bony ridge and is called the epiphyseal line.

Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

1. Support—the skeletal system forms the body's internal structural framework. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall. 2. Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. 3. Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs. 4. Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus. 5. Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation occurs within the red marrow of certain bones.

Define fontanel and discuss its functions. Identify the four fontanels in the infant and cite their locations.

Fontanels are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones of the infant skull. They serve two functions: they allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during childbirth and they allow the infant brain to grow during the later part of pregnancy and early infancy. The four fontanels are: 1. Anterior fontanel—this is the largest fontanel and is located between the pareital bones and the frontal bone. It is diamond-shaped. 2. Mastoid fontanel—superior to the posterior part of the temporal bone on a lateral view of the cranium. 3. Posterior fontanel—smaller, triangular fontanel located posteriorly on the lateral view of the cranium. 4. Sphenoidal fontanel—superior to the anterior part of the temporal bone on the lateral view of the cranium.

List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or bloodfilled swelling, forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die. Step 2 is fibrocartilaginous callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap. Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus). Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture site.

the heel bone is called the

calcaneus

most important minerals stored in bones

calcium and phosphorus

bone cells within lacunae receive nourishment from blood vessels through passageways

canaliculi

small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

canaliculi

type of fracture in which bone is crushed

compressino

a fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a...

compression fracture

knuckle joints

condyloid joint

wrist and ankle bones - long bones arm and leg bones - short bones skull bones - flat bones coxal bones - irregular bones cranium - sesamoid bones * which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape

coxal bones - irregular bones

the part of the ethmoid bone that contains holey areas with fibers that carry impulses from the olfactory receptors of the nose to the brain is the

cribriform plate

type of fracture in which the broken bone portion is pressed inward

depressed

correctly compare female and male pelvis a - angle of the female pubic arch is smaller b- distance between the female ischial spines is greater c- distance between the femae ischial spines is greater d - female iliac bones are less flared e - female pelvis is deeper with heavier and thicker bones

distance of female ischial spines is greateer