AMP Chapter Skeletal Test
If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation?
The epiphyseal plate is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates cause the lengthwise growth of long bone. Since this child is still growing and has not completed puberty, she may expect impaired growth in that one epiphyseal plate. Lucky for Sarah, there is an epiphyseal plate located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.
List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.
The female pelvis: a.has a larger and more circular inlet. b.is shallower than the male pelvis. c.has lighter and thinner bones. d.has a shorter and less curved sacrum. e.has a more rounded pubic arch. f.has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.
articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called _____
amphiarthroses; synarthroses
increase in bone diameter is called
appositional growth
shoulder joint
ball-and-socket joint
canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains
blood vessels and nerve fibers
Differentiate the roles of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in bone.
1.Osteoclasts are giant bone-destroying cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood. They are activiated by a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH). 2.Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. They add bone tissue to growing bones. 3.Osteocytes are mature bone cells. In their former lives, they were osteoblasts that laid down bone matrix, but became trapped in it.
Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint.
1.Synarthroses are immovable joints. These joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints since the bones are united by fibrous tissue. Skull sutures are one example of a fibrous joint. 2.Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as cartilaginous joints since the bone ends are connected by cartilage. The pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints are two examples. 3.Diathroses are freely movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as synovial joints since the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. There are many examples of synovial joints, including the elbow, knee, and shoulder.
Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in the body.
1.Unlike all other vertebra, atlas (C1) has no body. Axis (C2) has a large process called the dens or odontoid process. 2.The structural differences of these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate "no." The joint between these two vertebrae is a pivot joint.
the atlas is the
1st cervical vertebra
four stages in the healing of a bone fracture; what is the sequence 1 - bony callus formation 2 - bone remodeling 3 - fibrocartilage callus formation 4 - hematoma formation
4 3 1 2
presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that
bone length is increasing
true/false - ribs numbered 11 and 12 are true ribs because they have no anterior attachments
false
true/false - spinal curvatures that are present at birth are called primary curvatures (the cervical and lumbar curvatures) and those that develop later are secondary curvatures ( the thoracic and sacral curvatures)
false
true/false - the diaphysis of a long bone is composed of spongy bone
false
true/false - the spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra
false
the greater trochanter is located on the
femur
four of the five answers answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area
fibula
true/false - the master gland of teh body (pituitary gland) is housed in a saddle like depression in the temporal bone called the sella turcica
flase
sternum
flat bone
true ribs
flat bone
which of the following bone categories is composed of two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
flat bone
parietal bones
flat bones
a round or oval hole through a bone which contains blood vessels and/or nerves
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone is a
foramen
a shallow, basin-like depressino in a bone often serving as an articular surface
fossa
the head of the humerus fits into the _____ of the scapula
glenoid cavity
the disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints os called
gout
an incompete fracture or cracking of the bone without an actual separation of the parts (common in children)
greenstick
a fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more fleible than those of adults
greenstick fracture
blood cell formation is caled
hematopoeisis
the elbow joint is an example of a ____ joint in which movement occurs in only one plane
hinge
elbow joint
hinge joint
what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo
hyaline cartilage
fracture in which broken bone ends are forced into each other
impacted
a structure found on the femur is the ... anterior crest trochlea lateral malleolus intercondylar fossa medial malleolus
intercondylar fossa
atlas
irregular bone
coxal bone
irregular bone
the hyoid bone is unique because
it is teh only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called
lacunae
layers of calcification that are found in bone
lamellae
femur
long bone
fibula
long bone
ulna
long bone
the only freely movable bone in the skull is the
mandible
the sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called teh
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
which of these bones is NOT associated with the foot
metacarpals
bone formation can be referred to as
ossification
cells that build bony matrix
osteoblasts
what is a bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
what type of cell does PTH activate
osteoclast
cells that can dissolve the bony matrix
osteoclasts
what are giant cells that destroy bone
osteoclasts
* parietal bone * radius * humerus * femur * tibia an example of bone that forms fibrous membranes
parietal bone
which of these bones is NOT a long bone found in the leg
patella
fingers and toes are referred to as
phalanges
joint between atlas and axis
pivot point
wrist joint
plane joint
the disease in children whose diets lack calcium or vitamin D, where the bones fail to calcify
rickets
there are ____ vertebrae in the neck region
seven cervical
periosternum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue fibers called
sharpey's fibers
patella
short and sesamoid bone
carpals
short bone
cube-shpaed bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called
short bones
a fracture where the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is a
simple/closed fracture
the sella turcica is part of the _____ bone
sphenoid
the suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is teh
squamous suture
the function of yellow marrow in adults
store adipose tissue
factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled
stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton
the external acoustic (auditory) meatus is found on the ____ bone
temporal
compound fracture can be described as when...
the broken bone is exposed to the outside
true/false - fontanels allow for growth of the brain
true
true/false - hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavity of certain bones
true
true/false - in anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the fibula
true
true/false - the heaviest, strongest bone in the body is the femur
true
true/false - the zygomatic bones the cheekbones
true
true/false - there are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae
true
which is the correct order of ribs from superior to inferior
true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
a large rounded projection on a bone is called a
tuberoisity
all of the following facial bones are paired except one; which of the following is the unpaired facial bone A - palatine B - lacrimal C - vomer D - maxillae E - zygomatic
vomer
area where bone growth takes place
epiphyseal plate
the middle nasal conchae are part of the
ethmoid bonE
true/false - all flat bones are formed from hyaline cartilage
false
true/false - most of the stress on the vertebral column occurs on the sturdiest vetebrae in the sacral region
false
true/false - osteoblasts respond to the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
false
transverse foramina are found in the
cervical vertebrae
the tailbone is teh
coccyx
fracture where bone fragments into many pieces
comminuted
a bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a
comminuted fracture
osteons are characteristic of ____
compact bone
the axial skeleton contains: 1 - skull 2 - arms and legs 3 - ribs and sternum 4 - vertebrae 5 - pelvic girdles
1 3 4
Discuss the two factors that cause bone remodeling throughout life.
1. Calcium levels in the bloodstream determine when bone is to be broken down. When calcium levels in the bloodstream drop below normal, the parathyroid glands produce and release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood. PTH activates osteoclasts (giant bone-destroying cells in bone) to break down bone and release calcium into the blood. Conversely, when calcium levels in the bloodstream are too high, osteoblasts (bone-forming cells in bone) are activated and calcium is deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts. 2. Stresses of muscle pull and gravity acting on the skeleton determine where bone matrix is to be broken down or formed so that the skeleton can remain strong for as long as possible. Long bones grow in length and in thickness as the body increases in size and as a result of the activity of bulky muscles. At these sites, osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) lay down new matrix and become trapped within it. Once they are trapped, they become osteocytes or true bone cells.
List and discuss the structures of a long bone.
1. Diaphysis—the shaft of the long bone: a) it is made of compact bone; b) it is covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane, the periosteum. The periosteum is securely held to the compact bone beneath by connective tissue fibers called perforating or Sharpey's fibers; c) it contains a hollow cavity called the medullary cavity that stores adipose tissue as yellow marrow, and is the site of hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation) in infants when it contains red marrow. 2. Epiphyses—somewhat rounded ends of the long bone: each epiphysis has an outer layer of compact bone covering an inner core of spongy bone. The external surface is covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage, instead of a periosteum, called articular cartilage. This provides for a smooth, gliding joint. 3. Epiphyseal line/plate—the junction between the epiphyses and the diaphysis. During growth years is made of hyaline cartilage and is called the epiphyseal plate. It causes the lengthwise growth of the bone. By the end of puberty, long bones stop lengthening when the plate has been replaced by bone. It now appears as a thin bony ridge and is called the epiphyseal line.
Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.
1. Support—the skeletal system forms the body's internal structural framework. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall. 2. Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. 3. Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs. 4. Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus. 5. Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation occurs within the red marrow of certain bones.
Define fontanel and discuss its functions. Identify the four fontanels in the infant and cite their locations.
Fontanels are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones of the infant skull. They serve two functions: they allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during childbirth and they allow the infant brain to grow during the later part of pregnancy and early infancy. The four fontanels are: 1. Anterior fontanel—this is the largest fontanel and is located between the pareital bones and the frontal bone. It is diamond-shaped. 2. Mastoid fontanel—superior to the posterior part of the temporal bone on a lateral view of the cranium. 3. Posterior fontanel—smaller, triangular fontanel located posteriorly on the lateral view of the cranium. 4. Sphenoidal fontanel—superior to the anterior part of the temporal bone on the lateral view of the cranium.
List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.
Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or bloodfilled swelling, forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die. Step 2 is fibrocartilaginous callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap. Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus). Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture site.
the heel bone is called the
calcaneus
most important minerals stored in bones
calcium and phosphorus
bone cells within lacunae receive nourishment from blood vessels through passageways
canaliculi
small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone
canaliculi
type of fracture in which bone is crushed
compressino
a fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a...
compression fracture
knuckle joints
condyloid joint
wrist and ankle bones - long bones arm and leg bones - short bones skull bones - flat bones coxal bones - irregular bones cranium - sesamoid bones * which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape
coxal bones - irregular bones
the part of the ethmoid bone that contains holey areas with fibers that carry impulses from the olfactory receptors of the nose to the brain is the
cribriform plate
type of fracture in which the broken bone portion is pressed inward
depressed
correctly compare female and male pelvis a - angle of the female pubic arch is smaller b- distance between the female ischial spines is greater c- distance between the femae ischial spines is greater d - female iliac bones are less flared e - female pelvis is deeper with heavier and thicker bones
distance of female ischial spines is greateer