AN 181 Midterm
loss of a minority group's cultural distinctiveness in relation to the dominant culture.
Acculturation
family relationships created through marriage
Affinal
groups of men who are close to one another in age and share similar duties or responsibilities
Age grades
named categories to which men of a certain age are assigned at birth
Age sets
interactions between members of distinct ethnic and cultural groups that reduce barriers between the groups over time
Amalgamation
pressure placed on minority groups to adopt the customs and traditions of the dominant culture.
Assimilation
married individuals live with or near an uncle
Avunculocal
the exchange of something with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specific time period
Balanced reciprocity
the smallest unit of political organization, consisting of only a few families and no formal leadership positions
Band
a form of temporary or situational leadership; influence results from acquiring followers
Big man
a man marries a woman who is both his mother's brother's daughter and his father's sister's daughter
Bilateral cross-cousin marriage
descent is recognized through both the father and the mother's sides of the family.
Bilateral descent
kinship (family) systems that recognize both the mother's and the father's "sides" of the family
Bilateral descent
payments made to the bride's family by the groom's family before marriage
Bridewealth
Areas with few usable resources have a lower_____ than those with many resources
Carrying capacity
the division of society into hierarchical levels; one's position is determined by birth and remains fixed for life
Caste system
large political units in which the chief, who usually is determined by heredity, holds a formal position of power
Chiefdom
the enclosure of an area by a geographic feature such as mountain ranges or desert or by the boundaries of a state
Circumscription
formal legal systems in which damages, crimes, remedies, and punishments are specified
Codified law
the process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service
Consumption
Which of these activiites is NOT considered a primary activity of foraging?
Cultivation
In a patrilocal residence, who leaves the household so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents?
Daughter
Applied anthropologists work in which of these fields?
Development antrhopology, educational, anthropology, medical anthropology (all of them)
payments made to the groom's family by the bride's family before marriagw
Dowry
societies in which there is no great difference in status or power between individuals and there are as many valued status positions in the societies as there are persons able to fill them. Feuds: disputes of long duration characterized by a state of recurring hostilities between families, lineages, or other kin groups
Egalitarian
people in a society who claim a distinct identity for themselves based on shared cultural characteristics and ancestry
Ethnic group
the degree to which a person identifies with and feels an attachment to a particular ethnic group.
Ethnicity
gradual emergence of new ethnicities in response to changing social circumstances
Ethnogenesis
The excavationi of material remians from the remote past is the task for the subfield of physical anthropology
Falase
Cultural relativism is the idea that one's own culture is most important and the best way to measure how advanced other cultures are in comparison
False
Qualittative anthropological research uses statistical, mathemetical, and/or numerical data to study human behavior
False
The subsistnce system of ofragers is based on small-scale cultivation of crops and small herds of domestic livestock
False
the family in which an individual is raised
Family of orientation
a new household formed for the purpose of conceiving and raising children
Family of procreation
usually collective ownership by kinship groups
Foragers
ideas designed to reinforce the right of powerholders to rule
Fueds
a medium of exchange that can be used in all economic transactions
General purpose money
giving without expecting a specific thing in return
Generalized reciprocity
Homo economicusa term used to describe a person who would make rational decisions in ways predicted by economic theories.
Homo economicus
the resources used to produce goods in a society such as land for farming or factories
Homo economicus
ranked societies, family centered, own the produce but not the land
Horticulturalists
What is economics?
How people make their living
The "one-drop" rule for determining blackness in the US is an example of the _____ concept of race
Hypodescent
a racial classification system that assigns a person with mixed racial heritage to the racial category that is considered least privileged.
Hypodescent
individuals who can trace or demonstrate their descent through a line of males or females back to a founding ancestor.
Ideologies
a term used to describe laws passed by state and local governments in the United States during the early twentieth century to enforce racial segregation of public and private places
Jim Crow
a very large extended family that includes multiple generations.
Joint family
the pattern of culturally recognized relationships between family members.
Kinship system
a man marries a woman who is his mother's brother's daughter.
Legitimacy
A(n) ________ is a custom whereby a man is obligated to marry his brother's widow
Levirate
the practice of a woman marrying one of her deceased husband's brothers
Levirate
kinship (family) systems that recognize only relatives through a line of female ancestors. Nation: an ethnic population
Lineage
a man marries a woman who is his mother's brother's daughter
Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage
kinship (family) systems that recognize only relatives through a line of female ancestors. Nation: an ethnic population
Matrilineal
the social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
Mode of production
Which of these is the term for any sequence of phonemes that carries menaing?
Morpheme
an attempt to get something for nothing; exchange in which both parties try to take advantage of the other
Negative reciprocity
punishments for noncompliance through fines, imprisonment, and death sentences
Negative reinforcements
newly married individuals establish a household separate from other family members
Neolocal residence
genetic traits that are inherited independently rather than as a package.
Nonconcordant
the practice of calling on a deity to bear witness to the truth of what one says
Oaths
the practice of excluding a person with any non-white ancestry from the white racial category
One-drop rule
a test used to determine guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous, painful, or risky tests believed to be controlled by supernatural forces
Ordeal
the practice of marrying a male or female cousin on the father's side of the family
Patrilateral cousin marriage
kinship (family) systems that recognize only relatives through a line of male ancestors
Patrilineal
a kinship group created through the paternal line (fathers and their children).
Patrilineal descent
married individuals live with or near the husband's father's family.
Patrilocal residence
residents of a state who earn a living through farming
Peasants
a society characterized by strong correlation between a person's skin color and his or her social class
Pigmentocracy
an approach in anthropology that investigates the historical evolution of economic relationships as well as the contemporary political processes and social structures that contribute to differences in income and wealth
Political economy
marriages with one wife and multiple husbands
Polyandry
families based on plural marriages in which there are multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands.
Polygamous
marriages in which there is one husband and multiple wives.
Polygyny
secret societies for men and women, respectively, found in the Mande-speaking peoples of West Africa, particularly in Liberia, Sierra Leone, the Ivory Coast, and Guinea
Poro and sande
rewards for compliance; examples include medals, financial incentives, and other forms of public recognition.
Positive reinforcements
a process through which farmers are removed from the land and forced to take wage labor employment
Proletarianization
an attempt to categorize humans based on observed physical differences.
Race
the process of defining and redefining racial categories in a society.
Racial formation
short-term uses of physical force organized and planned to achieve a limited objective
Raids
societies in which there are substantial differences in the wealth and social status of individuals; there are a limited number of positions of power or status, and only a few can occupy them.
Ranked
the accumulation of goods or labor by a particular person or institution for the purpose of
Redistribution
the process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is accepted as "truth."
Reified
a marriage system in which only two extended families can engage in this exchange
Restricted exchange
societies in which people reject attempts by any individual to exercise power
Reverse dominance
The idea that language controls howhuman groups see relatiy comes from
Sapir and Whorf
a hierarchy of lineages that contains both close and relatively distant family members
Segmentary lineage
marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other.
Serial monogamy
the division of society into groups based on wealth and status
Social classes
a concept developed by society that is maintained over time through social interactions that make the idea seem "real."
Socially constructed
a system used to encourage solidarity or feelings of connectedness between people who are not related by family ties
Sodality
the practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife.
Sororate marriage
the most complex form of political organization characterized by a central government that has a monopoly over legitimate uses of physical force, a sizeable bureaucracy, a system of formal laws, and a standing military force
State
societies in which there are large differences in the wealth, status, and power of individuals based on unequal access to resources and positions of power
Stratified
a form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs
Structural violence
people who raise plants and animals for their own consumption, but not for sale to others
Subsistence farmers
norms that permit persons of higher rank to enjoy greater social status by wearing distinctive clothing, jewelry, and/or decorations denied those of lower rank
Sumptuary rules
limited or occasional displays of ethnic pride and identity that are primarily for public display
Symbolic ethnicity
a system of classification
Taxonomy
How did warfare in agricultural states differ from warfare in band societies?
They used full-time and/or professional armies
political units organized around family ties that have fluid or shifting systems of temporary leadership
Tribe
Cultural norms are not always followed by everyone within the same gropu
True
Culture is defined as a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are leanred and shared. Together, they form an all-encompassing, integrated whole that binds people together adn shapes their worldview and lifeways
True
Foodways are the cultural norms an dattiudes surrounding food adn eating
True
Proxemics is the study of the social use of space, including the amount of space an individual tries to maintain around themselves in their interaction with others
True
The etic approach provides a descriptoin of the studied culture from the perspective of the observer or outsider
True
With training, barring disability, any human can utter the sounds found in any language
True
kinship (family) systems that recognize only one sex-based "side" of the family
Unilineal descent
Unilineal descent is when a person is affiliated with a group of kin through links within one sex only, thus
a unilineal descent is either patrilineal or matrilineal
status gained through actions/abiliites, egalitarian socieites
achieved status
status gained by inheriting the position based on family, ethnicity; ranked socieites
ascribed status
the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; exchange occurs within a specified time period; social purposes usually motivate the exchange
balanced reciprocity
A small, kin-based group found among foragers is known as a
band
self-help familial
band
The four subdisciplines of anthropology are
biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics
intermediate form between tribe and state that featured differential access to resources and a permanent political structure
cheifdom
a group of people who have a general notion of common descent that is not attached to a specific biological ancestor
clan
differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area. In a cline, a trait may be more common in one geographical area than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous, with no sharp breaks.
cline
An example of a non-kin sodality in trabal sodalities is the...
council of elders
The practices of the levirate and the sororate emphasize tha tmarriage
creates kinship obligations
Many anthropologists of the 19th century believed that cultures transformed over time into more complex and superiorr cultures. This type of thinking is called
cultural (unilineanl) evolutionism
relationships that provide members with a sense of identity and social support based on ties of shared ancestry
descent groups
Humans have the ability to talk about things, times, and places that are not within their immediate experience. The term for this is
displacement
Every language has a limited number of sounds and rules for combining them to create units of meaning. Tihis charateristic of language is called
disreteness
_______ is the work associated with obtaining food for the family or household
domestic economy
a term that can be used to describe a group of people who live together even if members do not consider themselves to be family
domestic group
The ____ of a society consists of the social relationships that organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
economy
a term describing expectations that individuals must marry within a particular group
endogamy
"Hispanic or Latino" is a(n) ______ category
ethnic
The tendency to view one's own cluture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging others is called
ethnocentrism
a term describing expectations that individuals must marry outside a particular group
exogamy
An independent variable _____ the dependent variable
explains
a family of at least three-generations sharing a household
extended family
the smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to one another.
family
be able to identify what symbols represent female, male, marriage relationship, parent-child relationship, and sibling relationship
female-circle male-triangle marriage relationship-equal sign parent-child relationship-vertical line sibling relationship-bracket
Requiring an ethnic group to adopt the lnaguage, religion, and manner of dressing the dominant ethnic group is an example of
forced cultural assimilation
the giving of goods without expectation for return of equal value at any definite time in the future
general reciprocity
What are the three types of reciprocity?
general, balanced, negative
family members who reside together
household
Becuase culture is leanred socially
human infants are able to learn the culture of any human group, cultural knowledge from one generation is available to members of future generations, human groups can change their ideas and behairos very rapidly
private ownership, mechanized production in factories or agriculture by specialized wage laborers
industrial
What does ethnographic fieldwork consist of?
interviewing, observing, and participating in activiies
Chiefs (chiefdoms) acted as _______ in disputes
judges
Property rights in tribal societies are
kin-based
term used to describe culturally recognized ties between members of a family, the social statuses used to define family members, and the expected behaviors associated with these statuses.
kinship
charts used by anthropologists to visually represent relationships between members of a kinship group.
kinship diagrams
the terms used in a language to describe relatives.
kinship terminology
term used to describe any form of descent from a common ancestor.
lineage
a society in which women have authority to make decisions
matriarchal
a kinship group created through the maternal line (mothers and their children).
matrilineal descent
couples live with or near the wife's parents
matrilocal
married individuals live with or near the wife's mother's family.
matrilocal residence
Nuclear family households have become more common than extended family households in industrial and postindustrial states due to
mobility related to finding work
Peasants sharing food resources and labor in agricultural states is a form of
moral economy
maintenance of multiple cultural traditions in a single society.
multiculturalism
exchange motived by the desire to obtain goods, in which both parties try to gain all they can from the exchange while giving up as little as possible; haggling
negative reciprocity
Dressing correctly at a wedding is an example of what component of culturla knowledge?
norms
a parent or parents who are in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, along with minor or dependent children.
nuclear family
The word "lower" contains
one free morpheme and one bound morpheme
Fraternal polyandry refers to marriage between ________
one woman and multiple brothers
In witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, suspected witches were thrown into water to see if they drowned or lived. This pracice is most similar to which tribal conflict resolution practice?
ordeals
The way of life in which people tend, breed, and harvest the products of livestock is termed
pastoralism
ranked societies, grazing land is communal
pastoralists
couples live with or near the husband's parents
patrilocal
Leadership in band societies is based on...
personal qualities
The unique indidvidual sounds that make a difference in the meanings of words are called
phonemes
one woman with multiple husbands
polyandry
One man with multiple wives
polygyny
service/knowledge based economy
post-industrial
Descendants of those who _____ are typically those who can tolerate digestion of dairy as adults
practiced pastoralism
what are the three forms of exchange in an economic system?
reciprocity, redistribution, market
Taxes are a form of
redistributional exchange
the set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status
role
Jim Crow laws in the US enforced policies of
segregation
Honorifics are used to linguistically distinguish
social leveles
institutions that serve to unite geographically scattered groups
sodalities
simple court system mediation
some tribes
formal governmental structure and socioeconomic stratification
state
courts regulation
states
any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting.
status
a version of an extended family that includes an older couple and one of their adult children with a spouse (or spouses) and children.
stem family
A society with specialized occupations such as craftspeople is more likely to be
stratified
A(n) is the set of skills, practices, and technologies used by members of a societ to acquire and distribute food
subsistence system
The earliest plan domestication occured in
the Middle Ease (fertile crescent)
Enculturation is
the process by which the young learn the culture of those around them
What is one way that anthropolgists might preserve the confidentiality of their informants?
the use of pseudonyms
One of Franz Boas's principal criticsm of nineteenth-century anthropolgists was
their theories were based on "armchar anthropology" and not their own fieldwork
economy based on horticulture and pastoralism
tribe
self-help mediator
tribes
descent is recognized through only one line or side of the family.
unilineal
A people's beliefs about the way of life that is most desirable for them and their society are callled
values
