AnaPhy Ch. 17 The Special Senses
Auditory ossicles develop from the
1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches
The adult eyeball measures ___ in diameter
2.5 cm or 1 inch
Gustation or taste, is a chemical sense (like olfaction)
5 primary tastes - sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami
Increase in the curvature of the lens for nearer vision is called
ACCOMMODATION
Degenerative disorder of the retina in persons 50 years of age and older; Abnormalities occur in the region of the macula lutea
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DISEASE (AMD)
At the end of each canal is a swollen enlargement
AMPULLA
The space anterior to the lens and has 2 chambers is?
ANTERIOR CAVITY
The chamber that lies between the cornea and the iris
ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Both chambers are filled with a transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea
AQUEOUS HUMOR
Either the cornea or lens has an irregular curvature; Vision is blurred or distorted
ASTIGMATISM
Extending across the middle ear and attached to it by ligaments are the three smallest bones in the body which are connected by synovial joints
AUDITORY OSSICLES
Consists of both bone and elastic cartilage, connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx
AUDITORY TUBE or PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE or EUSTACHIAN TUBE
A flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared end of a trumpet and covered by skin
AURICLE
Stem cells found at the periphery of the taste bud near the connective tissue layer, produce supporting cells, which can develop into gustatory receptor cells
BASAL CELLS
Stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cells; Continually undergoes cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells
BASAL CELLS
This membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani
BASILAR MEMBRANE
The optic disc is also called the __ because it contains no rods or cones
BLIND SPOT
The dilation and congestion of the blood vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva due to local irritation or infection are the cause of __
BLOODSHOT EYES
Sensitive to blue light
BLUE CONES
A series of cavities in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
BONY LABYRINTH
This conjunctiva passed from the eyelids onto the surface of the eyeball, where it covers the sclera but not the cornea, which is the transparent region that forms the outer anterior surface of the eyeball
BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA
Trans-retinal completely separates from the opsin making the opsin look colorless
Bleaching
A loss of transparency of the lens; Often occur with aging
CATARACT
Bundled together with the optic nerve are the __
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY,
Contains a few hairs and specialized sweat glands called __ that secrete earwax or cerumen
CERUMINOUS GLANDS
An infection of the tarsal glands produces a tumor or cyst on the eyelid called __
CHALAZION
Melanin in the choroid absorbs stray light rays, which prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball
CHOROID
The anterior portion of the vascular tunic; Appears dark brown in color; Consists of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle
CILIARY BODY
A circular band of smooth muscle; Its contraction and relaxation alters the shape of the lends. adapting it for near or far vision
CILIARY MUSCLE
Protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body; Contains blood capillaries that secret aqueous humor
CILIARY PROCESSES
These type of papillae form an inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue
CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE or CIRCULAR VALLATE PAPILLAE
A bony spiral canal that resembles a snail's shell and makes almost three turns around a central bony core
COCHLEA
A continuation of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea
COCHLEAR DUCT or SCALA MEDIA
A device that translates sounds into electrical signals that can be interpreted in the brain
COCHLEAR IMPLANT
Inherited inability to distinguish between certain colors
COLOR BLINDNESS
Caused by the impairment of the external and middle ear mechanisms for transmitting sounds to the cochlea
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
Brighter lights stimulate __; Produces color vision
CONES
A thin. protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported by areolar connective tissue
CONJUNCTIVA
A narrowing of the whole through which light enters the eye due to the contraction of the circular muscles of the iris
CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPIL
Refers to the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both directions are directed towards the object
CONVERGENCE
A transparent coat that covers the colored iris; Helps focus light onto the retina
CORNEA
The ampulla contains a small elevation called the __
CRISTA
Within the cells of the lens, proteins arranged like the layers of an onion make up the refractive media of the lens
CRYSTALINS
Covering the crista is a mass of gelatinous material called
CUPULA
An enzyme called retinal isomerase converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal
Conversion
An infection of the lacrimal sacs is called __
DACRYOCYSTITIS
Visual sensitivity increases slowly over many minutes; Light to dark
DARK ADAPTATION
A significant or total hearing loss
DEAFNESS
This may occur due to trauma, eye disorder, or age-related degeneration; Detachment occurs between the neural portion of the retina and the pigmented epithelium
DETACHED RETINA
The energy in the form of waves that radiates from the sun
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
A range of electromagnetic radiation; Gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radio waves
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Balance
EQUILIBRIUM
These empty the tears onto the surface of the conjunctiva of the upper lid
EXCRETORY LACRIMAL DUCTS
This region consists of the auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum
EXTERNAL (OUTER) EAR
Is a curved tube about 2.5 cm long that lies in the temporal bone and leads to the eardrum
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
Arch transversely above the upper eyelids, help protect the eyeballs from foreign objects, perspiration, and the direct rays of the sun
EYEBROWS
These projects from the border of each eyelid
EYELASHES
The upper and lower __ or __, shade the eyes during sleep, protect eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretions over the eyeballs
EYELIDS or PALPEBRAE
Superficial to deep, each eyelid consists:
Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue Fibers of the orbicularis oculi muscle Tarsal plate Tarsal glands Conjunctiva
The superficial layer of the eyeball and consists of the anterior cornea and posterior sclera
FIBROUS TUNIC
Pointed, thread-like structures contain tactile receptors but no taste buds; covers the entire surface of the tongue
FILIFORM PAPILLAE
These type of papillae are located in small trenches of the lateral margins of the tongue
FOLIATE PAPILLAE
A small depression in the center of the macula lutea, contains only cones
FOVEA CENTRALIS
These type of papillae are mushroom-shaped elevations scattered over the entire surface of the tongue; 5 taste buds each
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
Persistent intraocular pressure results in progression from mild visual impairment to irreversible destruction of neurons of the retina, damage to the optic nerve, and blindness; It is painless and the other eye compensates largely
GLAUCOMA
It contains ball-like arrangements called
GLOMERULI
Sensitive to green light
GREEN CONES
__ project from each gustatory receptor cell to the external surface through an opening in the taste bud
GUSTATORY MICROVILLI
Collectively the stereocilia and kinocilium are called
HAIR BUNDLE
Sensory receptors in the macuale
HAIR CELLS and SUPPORTING CELLS
The ability to perceive sounds
HEARING
An opening at the apex of the cochlea
HELICOTREMA
The rim of the auricle is called the
HELIX
These two cells are present in the bipolar cell layer of the retina
HORIZONTAL CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS
A narrow channel that is inconspicuous in adults and runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens
HYALOID CANAL
Paralysis of the stapedius muscle is associated with __, which is abnormally sensitive hearing
HYPERACUSIA
When the eyeball length is short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens
HYPEROPIA or FARSIGHTEDNESS
A reduced ability to smell, affects half of those over the age 65 and 75% of those over 80%
HYPOSMIA
The middle bone of the series, articulates with the head of the last or third bone
INCUS
It is also called the labyrinth because of its complicated series of canals
INTERNAL (INNER) EAR
The pressure in the eye that produced mainly by the aqueous humor and partly by the vitreous body
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
The colored portion of the eyeball; Flattened donut shape; Suspended between the cornea and the lens attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes
IRIS
The conversion of when the cis-retinal absorbs a photon of light straightens out to a shape called trans-retinal
Isomerization
A group of structures that produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears in a process called lacrimation
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
A small, reddish elevation found in the medial commissure; Contains sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands
LACRIMAL CARUNCLE
Each about the size and shape of an almond, secrete lacrimal fluid
LACRIMAL GLANDS
A refractive surgery that's also a popular alternative to wearing glasses or contact lenses; Corrects the curvature of the cornea
LASIK
This angle is narrower and closer to the temporal bone
LATERAL COMMISSURE
Behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the eyeball
LENS
The upper eyelid is more movable than the lower and contains in its superior region the __
LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
Your visual system adjusts seconds to the brighter environment by decreasing its sensitivity; Dark to light
LIGHT ADAPTATION
The inferior portion of the auricle is the
LOBULE
Surface ectoderm thickens to form
Lens Placodes
Lens Placodes invaginate into
Lens Vesicles
Lens vesicles develop into
Lenses
Attached to the inner walls of both the utricle and the saccule is a small, thickened region
MACULA
A yellow spot in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina, at the visual axis of the eye
MACULA LUTEA
The handle of this bone attaches to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane
MALLEUS
This angle is broader and nearer the nasal bone
MEDIAL COMMISSURE
A series of epithelial sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth that have the same general form as the bony labyrinth and house the receptors for hearing and equilibrium
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
Results from the increased amount of endolymph that enlarges the membranous labyrinth
MENIERE'S DISEASE
A small air-filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that is lined by epithelium
MIDDLE EAR
Axons of olfactory receptor receptor cells converge into
MITRAL CELLS
A central bony core
MODIOLUS
A condition which results when there is a conflict among the senses with regards to motion
MOTION SICKNESS
When the eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens
MYOPIA or NEARSIGHTEDNESS
The connective tissues develop from
Mesenchyme
The minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with a maximum accommodation
NEAR POINT OF VISION
A multilayered outgrowth of the brain that processes visual data extensively before sending nerve impulses into axons that form the optic nerve
NEURAL LAYER
There is a damage to the optic nerve with a corresponding loss of vision, even though intraocular pressure is normal
NORMAL-TENSION GLAUCOMA
Chemicals that bind to and stimulate the olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia
ODORANTS
40 or so bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form the right and left
OLFACTORY (I) NERVES
The olfactory nerves pass through the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and extend to parts of the brain
OLFACTORY BULBS
Sites of olfactory transduction; extends from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell
OLFACTORY CILIA
Occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
Produces mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts; Moistens the the olfactory epithelium and dissolves odorants so that transduction can occur
OLFACTORY GLANDS or BOWMAN'S GLANDS
First order neurons of the olfactory pathway
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS
Binding of an odorant to an olfactory receptor protein in an olfactory cilium stimulates a membrane protein called a G Protein
OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION
The science that deals with the eyes and their disorders
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Can be viewed through an instrument that shines light into the eye and allows an observer to peer through the pupil providing a magnified image of the retina and its blood vessels as well as optic (II) nerve
OPHTHALMOSCOPE
A glycoprotein part of the photopigments associated with vision
OPSIN
The site where the optic (II) nerve exits the eyeball
OPTIC DISC
The ciliary body extends from the jagged anterior margin of the retina, to a point just posterior to the junction of the sclera and cornea
ORA SERRATA
Bony depression of the skull where the eyeballs sit
ORBITS
An acute infection of the middle ear caused mainly by bacteria and associated with infections of the nose and throat
OTITIS MEDIA
Scattered among the hair cells are columnar supporting cells that probably secrete the thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer called the
OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE
A layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals that extends over the entire surface of the otolithic membrane
OTOLITHS
The science that deals with the ears, nose, pharynx, and the larynx and their disorders
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
May be examined by a viewing instrument that illuminates and magnifies the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane
OTOSCOPE
Optic vesicles invaginate forming
Optic Cups
Eyes begin to develop about 22 days after fertilization when the ectoderm bulges out to form a pair of shallow grooves called
Optic Grooves
Optic grooves grow and become known as
Optic Vesicles
Otic placodes invaginate to form
Otic Pits
Thickening of the surface ectoderm called
Otic Placodes
Otic pits turn into
Otic Vesicles
This conjunctiva lines the inner aspect of the eyelids
PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA
The space between the upper and lower eyelids that exposes the eyeball is the __
PALPEBRAL FISSURE
Taste buds are found in elevations on the tongue called __ ; Increase the surface area and provide a rough texture to the upper surface of the tongue
PAPILLAE
The tearing of the tympanic membrane is called a
PERFORATED EARDRUM
The fluid, which is chemically similar to cerebrospinal fluid
PERILYMPH
The extrinsic muscles are surrounded in the orbit by a significant quantity of __
PERIORBITAL FAT
A colored protein that undergoes structural changes when it absorbs light
PHOTOPIGMENT
The process by which light energy is converted into a receptor potential in the outer segment of a photoreceptor
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
A sheet of melanin-containing epithelial cells located between the choroid and the neural part of the retina
PIGMENTED LAYER
The chamber that lies behind the iris and in front of the zonular fibers and lens
POSTERIOR CHAMBER
Age progressive loss of hearing in both ear
PREBYCUSIS
With age, the lens loses elasticity and thus its ability to curve to focus on objects that are close; Old people cannot read print at the same close range as young people do
PRESBYOPIA
The principal function of the iris is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the ___ ; The hole in the center of the iris
PUPIL
Sensitive to red light
RED CONES
When light rays travelling through a transparent substance pass into a second transparent substance with a different density, they bend at the junction between the two substances
REFRACTION
The third and inner layer of the eyeball; Lines the posterior three-quarters of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway
RETINA
A derivative of vitamin A; The light absorbing part of all visual photopigments
RETINAL
Allows us to see dim light
RODS
The directly below the oval window which is enclosed by a membrane called the secondary tympanic membrane
ROUND WINDOW
Cis-retinal can bind to opsin, reforming a functional photopigment; Resynthesis of a photopigment
Regeneration
Detects linear acceleration or deceleration that occurs in a vertical direction
SACCULE
The channel below the cochlear duct is the __, which ends at the round window
SCALA TYMPANI
The channel above the cochlear duct is the __, which ends at the oval window
SCALA VESTIBULI
The "white" of the eye; A layer of dense connective tissue made up mostly of collagen fibers and fibroblasts; Covers the entire eyeball except the cornea
SCLERA
An opening at the junction of the sclera and cornea; Where aqueous humor is drained
SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS
Sebaceous glands at the base of the hair follicles of the eyelashes release a lubricating fluid into the follicles
SEBACEOUS CILIARY GLANDS
Projecting superiorly and posteriorly from the vestibule are three bony__
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
Detect rotational acceleration or deceleration
SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
Portions of the membranous labyrinth that lie inside the bony semicircular canals are call
SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
Caused by either impairment of hair cells in the cochlea or damage of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve.
SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS
Are alternating high and low pressure regions travelling in the same direction through some medium
SOUND WAVES
Rests on the basilar membrane
SPIRAL ORGAN or ORGAN OF CORTI
This muscle is supplied by the facial (VII) nerve is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body
STAPEDIUS
The base or the footplate of this bone fits into the oval window
STAPES
At the apical tip of each hair cell are __ that extend into the endolymph of the cochlear duct
STEREOCILIA
Infection of these glands, usually by bacteria, causes a painful, pus-filled swelling called __
STY
Are columnar epithelial cells of the mucous membrane lining the nose; Provides physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory receptor cells; Detoxifies chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium
SUPPORTING CELLS
6 Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Lateral Rectus Medial Rectus Superior Oblique Inferior Oblique
Embedded in these are is a row of elongated modified sebaceous glands that secrete a fluid that helps keep the eyelids from adhering to each other
TARSAL GLANDS or MEIBOMIAN GLANDS
A thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support the eyelids
TARSAL PLATE
Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells are known as
TASTANTS
People and animals quickly learn to avoid a food if it upsets the digestive system
TASTE AVERSION
An oval body consisting of three kinds of epithelial cells
TASTE BUD
An opening in the taste bud
TASTE PORE
A flexible gelatinous membrane, covers the hair cells of the spiral organ
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
This muscle is supplied by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve, limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noises
TENSOR TYMPANIC
It is a thin, semitransparent partition between the external auditory canal and middle ear; Covered by epidermis and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE or EARDRUM
A surgical procedure employed if otitis media occurs frequently; Insertion of a small tube into the eardrum to provide a pathway for the drainage fluid from the middle ear
TYMPANOTOMY
Detects linear acceleration or deceleration that occurs in a horizontal direction and also head tilt
UTRICLE
Vestibule has 2 sacs
UTRICLE and SACCULE
The posterior portion of the vascular tunic, lines most of the internal surface of the sclera; Numerous blood vessels; Contains melanocytes that produce pigment melanin, causes this layer to appear dark brown in color
VASCULAR TUNIC
Receptor organs for equilibrium
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the
VESTIBULAR GANGLIA
This membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli
VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE
The oval central portion of the bony labyrinth
VESTIBULE
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging about 400-700 nm
VISIBLE LIGHT
The act of seeing; Extremely important to human survival because it allows us to view potentially dangerous objects in our surroundings
VISION
Collection of debris may cast a shadow on the retina and create the appearance of specks that dart in and out of the field of vision; Harmless; Common in older individuals
VITREAL FLOATERS
A transparent jelly-like substance that holds the retina flush against the choroid, giving the retina an even surface for the reception of clear images
VITREOUS BODY
The larger posterior cavity of the eyeball; In between the lens and the retina
VITREOUS CHAMBER
Distance between two consecutive peaks of an electromagnetic wave
WAVELENGTH
Extends from the ciliary process that attach to the lens; Consists of thin, hollow fibrils that resemble elastic connective tissue fibers
ZONULAR FIBERS or SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
Other name for incus
anvil
Both eyes focus on only one set of objects
binocular vision
The middle layer of the eyeball; Composed of three parts:
choroid, ciliary body, and iris
The ear is divided into three main regions
external ear, middle ear, internal ear
Other name for malleus
hammer
First portion of the ear to develop is the
internal ear
What are the three smallest bones?
malleus, incus, stapes
Receptors for the sense of smell or olfaction are located in the
olfactory epithelium of the nose
External ear develops from the first
pharyngeal cleft
Middle ear develops from a structure called the first
pharyngeal pouch
Three distinct layers of the retinal neurons
photoreceptor layer, the bipolar cell layer, and the ganglion cell layer
A single type of photopigment in rods
rhodopsin
Other name for stapes
stirrup
