AnaPhy Ch. 17 The Special Senses

Auditory ossicles develop from the

1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

The adult eyeball measures ___ in diameter

2.5 cm or 1 inch

Gustation or taste, is a chemical sense (like olfaction)

5 primary tastes - sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami

Increase in the curvature of the lens for nearer vision is called

ACCOMMODATION

Degenerative disorder of the retina in persons 50 years of age and older; Abnormalities occur in the region of the macula lutea

AGE-RELATED MACULAR DISEASE (AMD)

At the end of each canal is a swollen enlargement

AMPULLA

The space anterior to the lens and has 2 chambers is?

ANTERIOR CAVITY

The chamber that lies between the cornea and the iris

ANTERIOR CHAMBER

Both chambers are filled with a transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea

AQUEOUS HUMOR

Either the cornea or lens has an irregular curvature; Vision is blurred or distorted

ASTIGMATISM

Extending across the middle ear and attached to it by ligaments are the three smallest bones in the body which are connected by synovial joints

AUDITORY OSSICLES

Consists of both bone and elastic cartilage, connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx

AUDITORY TUBE or PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE or EUSTACHIAN TUBE

A flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared end of a trumpet and covered by skin

AURICLE

Stem cells found at the periphery of the taste bud near the connective tissue layer, produce supporting cells, which can develop into gustatory receptor cells

BASAL CELLS

Stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cells; Continually undergoes cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells

BASAL CELLS

This membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani

BASILAR MEMBRANE

The optic disc is also called the __ because it contains no rods or cones

BLIND SPOT

The dilation and congestion of the blood vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva due to local irritation or infection are the cause of __

BLOODSHOT EYES

Sensitive to blue light

BLUE CONES

A series of cavities in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

BONY LABYRINTH

This conjunctiva passed from the eyelids onto the surface of the eyeball, where it covers the sclera but not the cornea, which is the transparent region that forms the outer anterior surface of the eyeball

BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA

Trans-retinal completely separates from the opsin making the opsin look colorless

Bleaching

A loss of transparency of the lens; Often occur with aging

CATARACT

Bundled together with the optic nerve are the __

CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY,

Contains a few hairs and specialized sweat glands called __ that secrete earwax or cerumen

CERUMINOUS GLANDS

An infection of the tarsal glands produces a tumor or cyst on the eyelid called __

CHALAZION

Melanin in the choroid absorbs stray light rays, which prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball

CHOROID

The anterior portion of the vascular tunic; Appears dark brown in color; Consists of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

CILIARY BODY

A circular band of smooth muscle; Its contraction and relaxation alters the shape of the lends. adapting it for near or far vision

CILIARY MUSCLE

Protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body; Contains blood capillaries that secret aqueous humor

CILIARY PROCESSES

These type of papillae form an inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue

CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE or CIRCULAR VALLATE PAPILLAE

A bony spiral canal that resembles a snail's shell and makes almost three turns around a central bony core

COCHLEA

A continuation of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea

COCHLEAR DUCT or SCALA MEDIA

A device that translates sounds into electrical signals that can be interpreted in the brain

COCHLEAR IMPLANT

Inherited inability to distinguish between certain colors

COLOR BLINDNESS

Caused by the impairment of the external and middle ear mechanisms for transmitting sounds to the cochlea

CONDUCTION DEAFNESS

Brighter lights stimulate __; Produces color vision

CONES

A thin. protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported by areolar connective tissue

CONJUNCTIVA

A narrowing of the whole through which light enters the eye due to the contraction of the circular muscles of the iris

CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPIL

Refers to the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both directions are directed towards the object

CONVERGENCE

A transparent coat that covers the colored iris; Helps focus light onto the retina

CORNEA

The ampulla contains a small elevation called the __

CRISTA

Within the cells of the lens, proteins arranged like the layers of an onion make up the refractive media of the lens

CRYSTALINS

Covering the crista is a mass of gelatinous material called

CUPULA

An enzyme called retinal isomerase converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal

Conversion

An infection of the lacrimal sacs is called __

DACRYOCYSTITIS

Visual sensitivity increases slowly over many minutes; Light to dark

DARK ADAPTATION

A significant or total hearing loss

DEAFNESS

This may occur due to trauma, eye disorder, or age-related degeneration; Detachment occurs between the neural portion of the retina and the pigmented epithelium

DETACHED RETINA

The energy in the form of waves that radiates from the sun

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

A range of electromagnetic radiation; Gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radio waves

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Balance

EQUILIBRIUM

These empty the tears onto the surface of the conjunctiva of the upper lid

EXCRETORY LACRIMAL DUCTS

This region consists of the auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum

EXTERNAL (OUTER) EAR

Is a curved tube about 2.5 cm long that lies in the temporal bone and leads to the eardrum

EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL

Arch transversely above the upper eyelids, help protect the eyeballs from foreign objects, perspiration, and the direct rays of the sun

EYEBROWS

These projects from the border of each eyelid

EYELASHES

The upper and lower __ or __, shade the eyes during sleep, protect eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretions over the eyeballs

EYELIDS or PALPEBRAE

Superficial to deep, each eyelid consists:

Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue Fibers of the orbicularis oculi muscle Tarsal plate Tarsal glands Conjunctiva

The superficial layer of the eyeball and consists of the anterior cornea and posterior sclera

FIBROUS TUNIC

Pointed, thread-like structures contain tactile receptors but no taste buds; covers the entire surface of the tongue

FILIFORM PAPILLAE

These type of papillae are located in small trenches of the lateral margins of the tongue

FOLIATE PAPILLAE

A small depression in the center of the macula lutea, contains only cones

FOVEA CENTRALIS

These type of papillae are mushroom-shaped elevations scattered over the entire surface of the tongue; 5 taste buds each

FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE

Persistent intraocular pressure results in progression from mild visual impairment to irreversible destruction of neurons of the retina, damage to the optic nerve, and blindness; It is painless and the other eye compensates largely

GLAUCOMA

It contains ball-like arrangements called

GLOMERULI

Sensitive to green light

GREEN CONES

__ project from each gustatory receptor cell to the external surface through an opening in the taste bud

GUSTATORY MICROVILLI

Collectively the stereocilia and kinocilium are called

HAIR BUNDLE

Sensory receptors in the macuale

HAIR CELLS and SUPPORTING CELLS

The ability to perceive sounds

HEARING

An opening at the apex of the cochlea

HELICOTREMA

The rim of the auricle is called the

HELIX

These two cells are present in the bipolar cell layer of the retina

HORIZONTAL CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS

A narrow channel that is inconspicuous in adults and runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens

HYALOID CANAL

Paralysis of the stapedius muscle is associated with __, which is abnormally sensitive hearing

HYPERACUSIA

When the eyeball length is short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens

HYPEROPIA or FARSIGHTEDNESS

A reduced ability to smell, affects half of those over the age 65 and 75% of those over 80%

HYPOSMIA

The middle bone of the series, articulates with the head of the last or third bone

INCUS

It is also called the labyrinth because of its complicated series of canals

INTERNAL (INNER) EAR

The pressure in the eye that produced mainly by the aqueous humor and partly by the vitreous body

INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE

The colored portion of the eyeball; Flattened donut shape; Suspended between the cornea and the lens attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes

IRIS

The conversion of when the cis-retinal absorbs a photon of light straightens out to a shape called trans-retinal

Isomerization

A group of structures that produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears in a process called lacrimation

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

A small, reddish elevation found in the medial commissure; Contains sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands

LACRIMAL CARUNCLE

Each about the size and shape of an almond, secrete lacrimal fluid

LACRIMAL GLANDS

A refractive surgery that's also a popular alternative to wearing glasses or contact lenses; Corrects the curvature of the cornea

LASIK

This angle is narrower and closer to the temporal bone

LATERAL COMMISSURE

Behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the eyeball

LENS

The upper eyelid is more movable than the lower and contains in its superior region the __

LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS

Your visual system adjusts seconds to the brighter environment by decreasing its sensitivity; Dark to light

LIGHT ADAPTATION

The inferior portion of the auricle is the

LOBULE

Surface ectoderm thickens to form

Lens Placodes

Lens Placodes invaginate into

Lens Vesicles

Lens vesicles develop into

Lenses

Attached to the inner walls of both the utricle and the saccule is a small, thickened region

MACULA

A yellow spot in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina, at the visual axis of the eye

MACULA LUTEA

The handle of this bone attaches to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

MALLEUS

This angle is broader and nearer the nasal bone

MEDIAL COMMISSURE

A series of epithelial sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth that have the same general form as the bony labyrinth and house the receptors for hearing and equilibrium

MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH

Results from the increased amount of endolymph that enlarges the membranous labyrinth

MENIERE'S DISEASE

A small air-filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that is lined by epithelium

MIDDLE EAR

Axons of olfactory receptor receptor cells converge into

MITRAL CELLS

A central bony core

MODIOLUS

A condition which results when there is a conflict among the senses with regards to motion

MOTION SICKNESS

When the eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens

MYOPIA or NEARSIGHTEDNESS

The connective tissues develop from

Mesenchyme

The minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with a maximum accommodation

NEAR POINT OF VISION

A multilayered outgrowth of the brain that processes visual data extensively before sending nerve impulses into axons that form the optic nerve

NEURAL LAYER

There is a damage to the optic nerve with a corresponding loss of vision, even though intraocular pressure is normal

NORMAL-TENSION GLAUCOMA

Chemicals that bind to and stimulate the olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia

ODORANTS

40 or so bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form the right and left

OLFACTORY (I) NERVES

The olfactory nerves pass through the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and extend to parts of the brain

OLFACTORY BULBS

Sites of olfactory transduction; extends from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell

OLFACTORY CILIA

Occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

Produces mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts; Moistens the the olfactory epithelium and dissolves odorants so that transduction can occur

OLFACTORY GLANDS or BOWMAN'S GLANDS

First order neurons of the olfactory pathway

OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS

Binding of an odorant to an olfactory receptor protein in an olfactory cilium stimulates a membrane protein called a G Protein

OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION

The science that deals with the eyes and their disorders

OPHTHALMOLOGY

Can be viewed through an instrument that shines light into the eye and allows an observer to peer through the pupil providing a magnified image of the retina and its blood vessels as well as optic (II) nerve

OPHTHALMOSCOPE

A glycoprotein part of the photopigments associated with vision

OPSIN

The site where the optic (II) nerve exits the eyeball

OPTIC DISC

The ciliary body extends from the jagged anterior margin of the retina, to a point just posterior to the junction of the sclera and cornea

ORA SERRATA

Bony depression of the skull where the eyeballs sit

ORBITS

An acute infection of the middle ear caused mainly by bacteria and associated with infections of the nose and throat

OTITIS MEDIA

Scattered among the hair cells are columnar supporting cells that probably secrete the thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer called the

OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE

A layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals that extends over the entire surface of the otolithic membrane

OTOLITHS

The science that deals with the ears, nose, pharynx, and the larynx and their disorders

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

May be examined by a viewing instrument that illuminates and magnifies the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane

OTOSCOPE

Optic vesicles invaginate forming

Optic Cups

Eyes begin to develop about 22 days after fertilization when the ectoderm bulges out to form a pair of shallow grooves called

Optic Grooves

Optic grooves grow and become known as

Optic Vesicles

Otic placodes invaginate to form

Otic Pits

Thickening of the surface ectoderm called

Otic Placodes

Otic pits turn into

Otic Vesicles

This conjunctiva lines the inner aspect of the eyelids

PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA

The space between the upper and lower eyelids that exposes the eyeball is the __

PALPEBRAL FISSURE

Taste buds are found in elevations on the tongue called __ ; Increase the surface area and provide a rough texture to the upper surface of the tongue

PAPILLAE

The tearing of the tympanic membrane is called a

PERFORATED EARDRUM

The fluid, which is chemically similar to cerebrospinal fluid

PERILYMPH

The extrinsic muscles are surrounded in the orbit by a significant quantity of __

PERIORBITAL FAT

A colored protein that undergoes structural changes when it absorbs light

PHOTOPIGMENT

The process by which light energy is converted into a receptor potential in the outer segment of a photoreceptor

PHOTOTRANSDUCTION

A sheet of melanin-containing epithelial cells located between the choroid and the neural part of the retina

PIGMENTED LAYER

The chamber that lies behind the iris and in front of the zonular fibers and lens

POSTERIOR CHAMBER

Age progressive loss of hearing in both ear

PREBYCUSIS

With age, the lens loses elasticity and thus its ability to curve to focus on objects that are close; Old people cannot read print at the same close range as young people do

PRESBYOPIA

The principal function of the iris is to regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the ___ ; The hole in the center of the iris

PUPIL

Sensitive to red light

RED CONES

When light rays travelling through a transparent substance pass into a second transparent substance with a different density, they bend at the junction between the two substances

REFRACTION

The third and inner layer of the eyeball; Lines the posterior three-quarters of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway

RETINA

A derivative of vitamin A; The light absorbing part of all visual photopigments

RETINAL

Allows us to see dim light

RODS

The directly below the oval window which is enclosed by a membrane called the secondary tympanic membrane

ROUND WINDOW

Cis-retinal can bind to opsin, reforming a functional photopigment; Resynthesis of a photopigment

Regeneration

Detects linear acceleration or deceleration that occurs in a vertical direction

SACCULE

The channel below the cochlear duct is the __, which ends at the round window

SCALA TYMPANI

The channel above the cochlear duct is the __, which ends at the oval window

SCALA VESTIBULI

The "white" of the eye; A layer of dense connective tissue made up mostly of collagen fibers and fibroblasts; Covers the entire eyeball except the cornea

SCLERA

An opening at the junction of the sclera and cornea; Where aqueous humor is drained

SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS

Sebaceous glands at the base of the hair follicles of the eyelashes release a lubricating fluid into the follicles

SEBACEOUS CILIARY GLANDS

Projecting superiorly and posteriorly from the vestibule are three bony__

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

Detect rotational acceleration or deceleration

SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS

Portions of the membranous labyrinth that lie inside the bony semicircular canals are call

SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS

Caused by either impairment of hair cells in the cochlea or damage of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve.

SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS

Are alternating high and low pressure regions travelling in the same direction through some medium

SOUND WAVES

Rests on the basilar membrane

SPIRAL ORGAN or ORGAN OF CORTI

This muscle is supplied by the facial (VII) nerve is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body

STAPEDIUS

The base or the footplate of this bone fits into the oval window

STAPES

At the apical tip of each hair cell are __ that extend into the endolymph of the cochlear duct

STEREOCILIA

Infection of these glands, usually by bacteria, causes a painful, pus-filled swelling called __

STY

Are columnar epithelial cells of the mucous membrane lining the nose; Provides physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory receptor cells; Detoxifies chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium

SUPPORTING CELLS

6 Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Lateral Rectus Medial Rectus Superior Oblique Inferior Oblique

Embedded in these are is a row of elongated modified sebaceous glands that secrete a fluid that helps keep the eyelids from adhering to each other

TARSAL GLANDS or MEIBOMIAN GLANDS

A thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support the eyelids

TARSAL PLATE

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells are known as

TASTANTS

People and animals quickly learn to avoid a food if it upsets the digestive system

TASTE AVERSION

An oval body consisting of three kinds of epithelial cells

TASTE BUD

An opening in the taste bud

TASTE PORE

A flexible gelatinous membrane, covers the hair cells of the spiral organ

TECTORIAL MEMBRANE

This muscle is supplied by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve, limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noises

TENSOR TYMPANIC

It is a thin, semitransparent partition between the external auditory canal and middle ear; Covered by epidermis and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE or EARDRUM

A surgical procedure employed if otitis media occurs frequently; Insertion of a small tube into the eardrum to provide a pathway for the drainage fluid from the middle ear

TYMPANOTOMY

Detects linear acceleration or deceleration that occurs in a horizontal direction and also head tilt

UTRICLE

Vestibule has 2 sacs

UTRICLE and SACCULE

The posterior portion of the vascular tunic, lines most of the internal surface of the sclera; Numerous blood vessels; Contains melanocytes that produce pigment melanin, causes this layer to appear dark brown in color

VASCULAR TUNIC

Receptor organs for equilibrium

VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the

VESTIBULAR GANGLIA

This membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE

The oval central portion of the bony labyrinth

VESTIBULE

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging about 400-700 nm

VISIBLE LIGHT

The act of seeing; Extremely important to human survival because it allows us to view potentially dangerous objects in our surroundings

VISION

Collection of debris may cast a shadow on the retina and create the appearance of specks that dart in and out of the field of vision; Harmless; Common in older individuals

VITREAL FLOATERS

A transparent jelly-like substance that holds the retina flush against the choroid, giving the retina an even surface for the reception of clear images

VITREOUS BODY

The larger posterior cavity of the eyeball; In between the lens and the retina

VITREOUS CHAMBER

Distance between two consecutive peaks of an electromagnetic wave

WAVELENGTH

Extends from the ciliary process that attach to the lens; Consists of thin, hollow fibrils that resemble elastic connective tissue fibers

ZONULAR FIBERS or SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS

Other name for incus

anvil

Both eyes focus on only one set of objects

binocular vision

The middle layer of the eyeball; Composed of three parts:

choroid, ciliary body, and iris

The ear is divided into three main regions

external ear, middle ear, internal ear

Other name for malleus

hammer

First portion of the ear to develop is the

internal ear

What are the three smallest bones?

malleus, incus, stapes

Receptors for the sense of smell or olfaction are located in the

olfactory epithelium of the nose

External ear develops from the first

pharyngeal cleft

Middle ear develops from a structure called the first

pharyngeal pouch

Three distinct layers of the retinal neurons

photoreceptor layer, the bipolar cell layer, and the ganglion cell layer

A single type of photopigment in rods

rhodopsin

Other name for stapes

stirrup