Anat
List three functions of the respiratory system.
-Obtain oxygen for the body -Produce vocal sounds -Regulate blood pH
List three functions of the pharynx.
-conduct food from oral cavity to esophagus -conduct air from nasal cavity to the larynx -help in the production of sounds
Air is a mixture of gases, 21% of which is oxygen. Considering that atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of oxygen will be 160 mm Hg, calculated as 760 x ______.
0.21
The human left lung has ______ lobes with ______ fissures(s) between the lobes.
2, 1
Of the carbon dioxide being transported in the blood, about
23
A mixture of gases has a total pressure of 500 mm Hg. Within the mixture, 50% of the gas is nitrogen. Thus, the PARTIAL PRESSURE of nitrogen in this mixture is ______.
250 mm Hg
The right lung has ______ lobes and ______ fissure(s).
3, 2
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
3000 ml
Using the following data, calculate the alveolar ventilation rate for this individual.
3500
A fully loaded hemoglobin molecule carries
4
To be maximally saturated with oxygen, each hemoglobin molecule will bind
4
Hemoglobin is composed of ______ globin subunits and ______ heme units.
4,4
Sleep apnea in infants is usually due to a problem with ______.
the respiratory centers
It is necessary that the respiratory membrane be ______ in order to allow adequate gas exchange.
thin
The right main bronchus branches into ______ lobar (secondary) bronchi that serve the right lung.
three
Indicate three structures that are associated with the larynx.
thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage vocal cords
Name the respiratory volume that is defined as the amount of air moved in, then out, during a single respiratory cycle.
tidal volume
Which three of the respiratory volumes can be directly measured using spirometry?
tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume
Which respiratory volume has a normal value of 500 mL?
tidal volume (TV)
How is minute ventilation calculated?
tidal volume x breathing rate
Carbon dioxide produced through cellular metabolism diffuses from the ______ into the ______.
tissue cells; systemic capillaries
Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value?
total lung capacity
Air passes from the larynx, through the
trachea
Cilia and goblet cells are associated with the epithelium of the ______.
trachea
The structure that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi is the ______.
trachea
Which of these structures is part of the lower respiratory system?
trachea
The bronchial tree consists of the passageways that connect the ______ to the ______.
trachea; alveoli
A surgical incision into the trachea in order to bypass an obstructed larynx is called a
tracheotomy
Sound is produced by vibration of the_ vocal cords.
true
Sound waves are produced by vibration of the ______ vocal cords.
true
The ______ vocal cords function to produce the sounds of speech.
true
The folds within the larynx that vibrate to produce sounds are called the
true
The inferior pair of vocal folds inside the larynx are called the ______ vocal cords.
true
Within the larynx, the lower set of vocal folds are called the
true
Indicate which disorder results from a bacterial infection of the lungs.
tuberculosis
The left main bronchus branches into ______ lobar (secondary) bronchi that serve the left lung.
two
What is the meaning of the root word "epi-" (as in epiglottis)?
upon
Sneezing is a reflex associated with the ______ respiratory system.
upper
The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx belong to the
upper
Which segment of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx?
upper respiratory tract
cellular respiration
use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by body cells
Another term for breathing, describing air movement into and out of the alveoli, is
ventilation
The movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, followed by a reversal of this air movement is called breathing or
ventilation
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called ______.
ventilation
The ______ respiratory group has a role in determining the basic rhythm of breathing.
ventral
The medullary respiratory center is composed of which two areas?
ventral respiratory group dorsal respiratory group
pleura is a serous membrane closely attached to the lung surface. The
visceral parietal
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is called the
vital
total lung capacity (TLC)
vital capacity plus residual volume
Define inspiratory reserve volume.
volume of air from normal inspiration to maximal inspiration
What is alveolar dead space?
volume of air in nonfunctional alveoli
What is tidal volume?
volume of air moved in and out a single respiratory cycle
residual volume (RV)
volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration
The parietal and visceral pleura are held closely together due to attractions between ______.
water molecules in the serous fluid and the moist membrane surfaces
In which situation would air flow INTO the lungs?
when intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
The PO2PO2 in the tissue fluid is ______ mm Hg.
40
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2PO2) of blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is ______ mm Hg.
40
The diffusion gradient for the exchange of CO2 at the alveoli is as follows: PCO2PCO2 in pulmonary capillaries is
45 40
On average, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2PCO2) entering the pulmonary capillaries is ______ mm Hg. The PCO2PCO2 of alveolar air is ______.
45; 40
What is the adult value for resting tidal volume?
500 mL
tidal volume (TV)
500 mL
Based on the following data, what is the minute ventilation for this individual? Breathing rate = 12 breaths/minute. Tidal volume = 500 mL/breath. Dead space = 150 mL. Minute ventilation =
6000
How much of the carbon dioxide in the blood is dissolved in plasma?
7%
What is the normal air pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately
760.00
Why might it be problematic to cough while eating or drinking?
Coughing involuntarily moves the epiglottis; food or drink might then enter the larynx.
Which genetic disease can impair airflow and oxygen delivery due to a dramatic increase in mucus production?
Cystic fibrosis
Why is the PO2PO2 of systemic arteries and capillaries less that the PO2PO2 of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries?
Deoxygenated blood mixes with blood leaving the lungs.
In which four bones are paranasal sinuses located?
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones, and the maxillae
Four polypeptide chains and four heme groups form the structure of a(n)
Hemoglobin
Which will occur when holding one's breath?
Hydrogen ion concentration in the blood increases. Carbon dioxide level in the blood increases. Oxygen level in the blood decreases.
Air passes from the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx, then to the oropharynx, then into the
LARYNGOPHARYNX
The trachea conducts air from the ______ to the primary bronchi.
LARYNX
Why do the lungs expand as the rib cage lifts and the diaphragm contracts?
Lung tissue adheres to the thoracic wall due to the pleural fluid and pleural membranes; when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs are pulled along.
The amount of air moved into the airways each minute is called the
Minute
Indicate four changes that take place in the respiratory system of the elderly.
Mucus becomes thicker. Number of alveoli decreases. Coughing reflexes slow down. Macrophages are less efficient.
anemic hypoxia
Oxygen availability in tissues is decreased due to diminished ability of blood to carry oxygen (too few RBCs or inadequate hemoglobin).
ischemic hypoxia
Oxygen availability in tissues is decreased due to inadequate blood flow.
hypoxemia
Oxygen availability in tissues is decreased due to low arterial PO2PO2.
histotoxic hypoxia
Oxygen is available, but cells are unable to use it.
Indicate the three statements that apply to the regulation of breathing.
Oxygen levels play only a minor role in the control of normal respiration. Blood oxygen levels must be very low to trigger or stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors. Low blood oxygen levels have little direct effect on the central chemoreceptors.
In addition to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the larynx also contains three other pairs of cartilages. Indicate their names.
arytenoid cartilages cuneiform cartilages corniculate cartilages
Carbon dioxide is transported as different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?
as bicarbonate ions
An allergen irritates the smaller bronchi and bronchioles, causing vasoconstriction, in a disorder called bronchial
asthma
Where does internal respiration occur?
at the capillary networks of the body tissues
The force that moves air into the lungs is ______ pressure.
atmospheric
The pressure that moves air into the lungs during inspiration is the pressure of the air around us, called
atmospheric
When we inhale, the ______ drive(s) air into our lungs.
atmospheric pressure
What is responsible for the adhesion of the parietal and visceral pleurae?
attraction between water molecules of the serous (pleural) fluid
Describe tuberculosis.
bacterial infection of the lungs
Indicate the layers of the respiratory membrane.
basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium capillary wall alveolar wall
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
because intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, and air flows from high to low pressure
Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the tissues into the capillaries?
because the PCO2PCO2 is higher in the tissues than in the blood
As much as 70% of the carbon dioxide that enters the blood is carried in the form of
bicarbonate
Carbonic acid dissociates into which two components?
bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
Indicate the fate of the hydrogen ions produced by the dissociation of carbonic acid.
bind to deoxyhemoglobin
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the ______ to the ______ during external respiration.
blood; alveolar air
The receptors involved in the control of respiration include ______.
both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors
Which method is used to carry approximately 98% of the oxygen in the blood?
bound to the iron portion of the hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells
The control centers for respiration (respiratory areas) are located in which part of the central nervous system?
brainstem
When blood oxygen levels change, signals are sent to the ______, initiating a reflex that will increase or decrease breathing rate as needed.
brainstem
Which root word means "windpipe"?
bronch-
Identify two structures that enter each lung at the hilum.
bronchi blood vessels
The ______ have abundant cartilage, with a relatively small amount of smooth muscle within the walls. The ______, in contrast, have no cartilage and more prominent smooth muscle.
bronchi; bronchioles
Name the compound formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin to be transported in the blood.
carbaminohemoglobin
Carbonic acid is formed when ______ reacts with water in body fluids.
carbon dioxide
The gas that helps maintain blood pH is ______.
carbon dioxide
The product of aerobic reactions that helps maintain blood pH is ______.
carbon dioxide
Which of the following crosses the blood-brain barrier, interacts with water, and ultimately results in the production of hydrogen ions?
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Hemoglobin binds ______ more tightly than it binds oxygen, thus reducing oxygen delivery to tissues.
carbon monoxide
In body fluids, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form
carbonic
The term that refers to a type of cancer is ______.
carcin-
Indicate a function of the serous fluid associated with the pleural membranes.
causes the visceral and parietal pleurae to adhere together
The hollow space behind the nose that is divided medially by the nasal septum is the nasal
cavity
The hollow space just behind the nose is called the nasal
cavity
ATP production in mitochondria is referred to as
cellular
Which process occurs in mitochondria?
cellular respiration
The chemosensitive areas located in the medulla oblongata are called ______ chemoreceptors.
central
How can the volume or intensity of the sounds produced by the true vocal cords be controlled?
changing the force of the air passing through the vocal folds
The ionic balance between red blood cells and plasma is maintained because ______ ions enter red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave those cells.
chloride
After particles get trapped in the mucus that lines the nasal cavity, cellular structures called
cilia
Smoking at first paralyzes, then destroys, the
cilia
The lumen of the trachea is lined with pseudostratified epithelial cells that have
cilia
The function of the mucus and cilia within the nasal cavity is to ______ inhaled air.
cleanse
The destruction of cilia by cigarette smoke leads to a loss of which function of the respiratory mucous membrane?
cleansing of air, prevention of pathogens and dust entering the lungs
What is the function of the false vocal cords?
close airway during swallowing
Pulmonary ______ describes the ease with which the lungs expand during breathing.
compliance
Air moves into the alveoli when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles __.
contract
Indicate two factors that control the pitch of the sounds produced by the true vocal cords.
contracting or relaxing the muscles regulating the vocal cords altering the tension on the vocal cords
Which event enlarges the thoracic cavity?
contracting the external intercostal muscles
Which action would decrease intra-alveolar pressure?
contraction of diaphragm
Which action would increase thoracic cavity volume?
contraction of diaphragm
When the diaphragm ______, the thoracic cavity ______.
contracts; enlarges
When the diaphragm ______, the intra-alveolar pressure ______ atmospheric pressure.
contracts; falls slightly below
Which anatomical structure separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity?
cribriform plate
Which root word means "ring"?
cric-
The ring of cartilage forming the inferior portion of the larynx is called the
cricoid
What is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx called?
cricoid cartilage
List three components of the larynx.
cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage epiglottic cartilage
respiratory bronchioles
cuboidal
An increase in acidity, PCO2PCO2, or temperature will ______ the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
decrease
Hyperventilation causes carbon dioxide levels in the blood to ______.
decrease
Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles during expiration causes a(n) ______ in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
decrease
The function of surfactant is to ______ the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli, reducing the tendency for the alveoli to collapse.
decrease
Inspiration occurs as a result of ______.
decreased air pressure in the lungs
Indicate two changes that will trigger increased alveolar ventilation.
decreased blood pH increased blood levels of CO2
What is the effect of bronchoconstriction on the diameter of the airways?
decreased diameter
According to Boyle's law, as the volume of a container increases, the pressure of the air within the container ______.
decreases
Air moves out of the lungs when the size of the thoracic cavity ______.
decreases
For expiration to occur, the size of the chest cavity ______.
decreases
The air pressure within a container is inversely related to the volume of the container. Thus, as the volume of the container ______, the pressure of the air within it ______.
decreases; increases
The inflation reflex helps regulate the ______ of breathing.
depth
What is regulated by the respiratory areas of the brainstem?
depth and rate of breathing
List three muscles of inspiration.
diaphragm external intercostals pectoralis minor
About 7% of the carbon dioxide found in the blood is ______.
dissolved in the plasma
As blood passes through the tissue (systemic) capillaries, oxygen is ______ because the Po2 in the tissue fluid is ______ than the Po2 in the blood of those capillaries.
dropped off; lower
The last three segments of the bronchiole tree, in order, are alveolar
ducts sacs
The type of tissue making up the lungs accounts for ______, which contributes to the tendency for the lungs to return to their resting size after they have been stretched.
elastic recoil
The condition associated with degeneration of alveolar walls, usually caused by smoking, is called
emphysema
The three major cartilages that make up the larynx include the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the ______ cartilage.
epiglottic
Sometimes while eating, food particles enter the larynx and cause severe coughing. This occurs when the ______ fails to close off the larynx.
epiglottis
Which of the following is pressed downward to partially cover the opening into the larynx, helping to prevent foods and liquids from entering the air passages?
epiglottis
At the end of an expiration (pause between breathes), the pressure inside the airways is ______ the atmospheric pressure.
equal to
The C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea allow room for food within the
esophagus
What is an example of a tissue site with increased PCO2PCO2 and temperature, resulting in increased release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
exercising muscle
Which two terms describe the process by which air is moved out of the lungs?
expiration exhalation
Which volume is defined as the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond the tidal volume?
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The purposes of nonrespiratory movements of air include ______.
expressing emotions clearing air passages verbal communication
The exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood is referred to as
external
In addition to the internal intercostal muscles, which three additional muscles are used in order to exhale more forcibly than normal?
external and internal obliques transversus abdominis rectus abdominis
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs?
external respiration
The upper pair of vocal folds of the larynx are called the vestibular folds or
false
True or false: CO2 and O2 compete for the same binding sites on hemoglobin molecules.
false
What is the role of the hairs of the nose?
filter incoming air
Describe pneumonia.
fluid-filled alveoli
Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles causes ______.
forceful expiration
In which direction will air flow?
from area of high pressure to area of low pressure
What is the name for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a resting (quiet) expiration?
functional residual capacity (FRC)
Which lung capacity is calculated by adding the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume (ERV + RV)?
functional residual capacity (FRC)
Type I alveolar cells function in ______.
gas exchange
While oxygen binds to the heme groups of hemoglobin, carbon dioxide binds to the ______ of hemoglobin.
globin
The combination of the true vocal cords and the opening between them is called the
glottis
What is the name of the structure including the true vocal cords and the opening between them?
glottis
Sound is produced as air is forced through the ______, causing vibration of the ______ vocal cords.
glottis; true
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, interspersed with many mucus-secreting
goblet
The difference in distribution of gases between two areas, such as within the alveoli and alveolar capillaries, is called the partial pressure
gradient
As air passes over the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity,_ radiates from the blood and warms the air. Evaporation of_ from the mucus membrane moistens the air.
heat water
Almost all of the oxygen diffusing into the alveolar capillaries becomes bound to the protein called
hemoglobin
When carbonic acid dissociates, most of the resulting hydrogen ions bind quickly to
hemoglobin
The flow of air goes from an area with_ pressure to an area with_ pressure.
high low
Which of the following would be most likely to increase the breathing rate?
high blood carbon dioxide levels
A gas will diffuse from an area of ______ partial pressure for the gas to an area of ______ partial pressure.
higher; lower
Blood vessels and airways enter the lung on its medial surface through a region called the
hilum
Carbonic acid dissociates into which two products?
hydrogen ion bicarbonate ion
The central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata respond to ______.
hydrogen ions only
A higher-than-normal breathing rate that lowers blood CO2 concentration is termed
hyperventilation
Which condition would be most likely to cause respiratory alkalosis?
hyperventilation
Which of the following would cause a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
hyperventilation
In the respiratory system, where is serous fluid found?
in the plural cavity
When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to ______ breathing rate.
increase
Expiration occurs when the intra-alveolar pressure is ______ by about 2 mm Hg pressure.
increased
Rate and depth of breathing will increase if carbon dioxide levels are ______ in the blood.
increased
Since exercising muscle is actively metabolizing, producing high levels of CO2, oxygen release from the blood would be ______.
increased
What happens to respiration when blood levels of carbon dioxide increase?
increased alveolar ventilation
List three factors that would decrease gas exchange at the respiratory membrane.
increased respiratory membrane thickness decreased surface area of respiration membrane smaller partial pressure gradient
Indicate three factors that will cause an increase in the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in the tissues.
increased temperature decreased pH increased PCO2
Contracting the external intercostal muscles ______ the size of the thoracic cavity.
increases
The oxygen saturation of hemoglobin ______ as the
increases
When muscles of inspiration contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity ______.
increases
What effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on thoracic cavity volume?
increases thoracic cavity volume
Any disease that ______ the thickness of the respiratory membrane and/or ______ its surface area will impair gas exchange.
increases; decreases
By ______ the tension of the true vocal cords, a sound with a higher ______ is produced.
increasing; pitch
List two characteristics of the pontine respiratory group.
influences the basic rhythm of breathing by limiting inspiration located in the pons
List two terms for the process that moves air into the lungs.
inhalation inspiration
The process of moving air into the lungs is called
inspiration
The maximum volume of air a person can inhale following a resting expiration is called the
inspiratory
When the ______ muscles relax, they cause a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
inspiratory
Which respiratory capacity is calculated by adding the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume?
inspiratory capacity (IC)
The strength of the blasts of air that pass through the true vocal cords determines the
intensity
During forceful expiration, which of these muscles are contracting?
internal intercostal muscles
Which muscles would be contracted in forced expiration?
internal intercostal muscles rectus abdominus external and internal oblique muscles transverse abdominis
The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the tissues between capillary blood and the tissue fluid is called ______.
internal respiration
When the intra-alveolar pressure decreases below the atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg), air will move ______ the lungs.
into
Which represents a proper path for incoming air flow?
intralobular bronchioles to terminal bronchioles
Each ______ atom within each of the four ______ groups within a hemoglobin molecule binds one oxygen molecule.
iron; heme
Hypoxia due to inadequate blood flow to a tissue is called ______, while hypoxia due to a decreased arterial
ischemic hypoxia; hypoxemia
carin-
keel-like
The oropharynx is superior to the ______.
laryngopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that extends from the upper border of the epiglottis downward to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx is the ______.
laryngopharynx
The arytenoid cartilages and corniculate cartilages are part of which segment of the respiratory tract?
larynx
The segment of the respiratory tract called the_ has the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage as parts of its structure.
larynx
The structure that houses the vocal cords and acts as a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea is the ______.
larynx
What is the anatomical name of the "voice-box," a cartilaginous region of the airway that contains the vocal cords?
larynx
The lung that is divided into two parts, a superior lobe and an inferior lobe is the
left
Air from a primary bronchus travels into a secondary or
lobar
Each main (primary) bronchus branches into
lobar
A grouping of terminal bronchioles with their alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, and nerves and associated blood and lymphatic vessels is called a(n)
lobule
List four characteristics of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG).
located in the medulla oblongata stimulates the diaphragm integrates sensory information about the respiratory system modifies function of ventral respiratory group
A cough is a reflex response associated with what segment of the respiratory tract?
lower respiratory system
The trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs all belong to the ______.
lower respiratory tract
The PO2PO2 of systemic capillaries is ______ the PO2PO2 in alveolar capillaries.
lower than
List two outcomes of pneumothorax.
lung collapse alveolar collapse
Control of respiration is based on input from mechanoreceptors that monitor ______ and chemoreceptors that monitor ______.
lung inflation; blood O2, CO2, and pH
List the correct order for air flow, with the more proximal airway at the top of the list and the most distal airway at the bottom.
m l s i t r
Cells within the alveoli and alveolar pores that can clear airborne pathogens by phagocytosis are called alveolar ______.
macrophages
vital capacity (VC)
maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximal inspiration
Each nasal concha forms a passageway called a(n)
meatus
Name the type of passageways formed by the nasal conchae.
meatuses
Control of respiration is based on input from ______ that monitor lung inflation and ______ that monitor O2, CO2, and pH.
mechanoreceptors; chemoreceptors
The ______ respiratory center includes two groups of neurons called the ventral respiratory group (VRG) and the dorsal respiratory group (DRG).
medullary
At the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium. These two tissue layers are collectively known as the respiratory
membrane
At high altitudes, the PO2PO2 in the air is lower, so oxygen diffuses ______ from the alveoli into the blood and hemoglobin becomes ______ with oxygen.
more slowly; less saturated
Except for the areas where gas exchange takes place, areas of the respiratory system that are in contact with outside air are lined with
mucous
Which type of tissue lines the upper respiratory tract?
mucous membrane
The nasopharynx is a passageway posterior to the ______.
nasal cavity
What is the term for the hollow space located just behind the nose?
nasal cavity
Which bony structures extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, increasing the surface areas for the mucous membranes?
nasal conchae
Which structure divides the nasal cavity into right and left cavities?
nasal septum
The most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, extending to the soft palate, is the ______.
nasopharynx
Air movements other than breathing, such as coughing or sneezing to clear air passages, are called
non-respiratory
An increase in intra-alveolar pressure of about 2 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure is associated with which process?
normal expiration
The openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity are called the external nares or
nostrils
Indicate two descriptions of the false vocal cords.
not part of sound production close the airway during swallowing
Sensory receptors found covering the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity called
olfactory
Describe the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
on the anterior side of the larynx
Each primary bronchus carries air into a lung. How many of these airways serve the right lung?
one
The hard palate is the boundary between the_ cavity and the
oral nasal
The portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis is the
oropharynx
Decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity causes air to move ______ the lungs.
out of
95 mm Hg is the partial pressure of
oxygen
Because of its abundance in both arterial and venous systemic blood, ______ does not affect respiration until its blood levels get abnormally low.
oxygen
Conditions such as iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia can reduce the amount of_ carried in red blood cells for delivery to tissue cells.
oxygen
For cells to undergo cellular respiration and produce adequate ATP for normal functioning, breathing brings
oxygen
In order for decreased ______ to play a role in the respiratory control mechanism involving peripheral chemoreceptors, blood levels of this component must drop to 50% of normal.
oxygen
The oxygen saturation of hemoglobin increases as the partial pressure of ______ increases.
oxygen
What binds to the iron atoms found within a hemoglobin molecule?
oxygen
Which of the following has the LEAST influence on the rate of respiration?
oxygen concentration in the blood
During aging, which of the following becomes reduced?
oxygen diffusion from alveoli into the blood vital capacity surface area for gas exchange
The respiratory system functions to obtain ______ and remove ______.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
The respiratory system provides ______ for aerobic reactions and eliminates ______ at the appropriate rate to maintain the pH of the internal environment.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
As oxygen dissolves in blood, it rapidlhy combines with hemoglobin, forming a new compound called
oxyhemoglobin
When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, the resulting molecule is called
oxyhemoglobin
Central chemoreceptors monitor the ______ of the brain.
pH
What is directly monitored by the central chemoreceptors?
pH of the brain
The ______ pleura lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity and superior surface of the diaphragm.
parietal
In a mixture of gases, the amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure is called the
partial
The concentration of a specific gas in a mixture of gases is proportional to the ______ of that gas.
partial pressure
Which factor determines the direction and degree of diffusion of a gas?
partial pressure gradients
Since the ______ is lower at high altitudes, less oxygen enters the bloodstream leading to a condition called altitude sickness.
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2PO2)
Which are three functions of the respiratory system?
participate in gathering olfactory information remove CO2 from the body regulate blood pH
During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ______ process, since it relies on the recoil of elastic tissues to change thoracic cavity volume.
passive
When a person needs to take a deeper than normal breath, the diaphragm and external intercostals contract more forcefully and other muscles such as the ______ and ______ also contract to help pull the thoracic cage farther upward and outward.
pectoralis minor; sternocleidomastoid
A patient is brought into the emergency room with an obstruction in the laryngopharynx. What would a resident physician do to help this patient?
perform a tracheostomy
The aortic bodies and carotid bodies are locations for
peripheral
The respiratory control mechanism involving ______ chemoreceptors will only be triggered when blood levels of oxygen drop to 50% of normal.
peripheral
When blood oxygen levels decrease dramatically,_ chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies stimulate the respiratory centers of the brain to
peripheral increase
If lactic acid builds up in the bloodstream as a result of exercise, ______ chemoreceptors will ______ the respiratory centers.
peripheral; stimulate
The trachea is lined with ciliated epithelium. The cilia move the mucus toward the ______ for swallowing.
pharynx
The nerve that innervates the diaphragm is the
phrenic
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
The combination of the anatomical dead space and the alveolar dead space is called the
physiological
What is the term used to describe the combination of the anatomical dead space and the alveolar dead space?
physiological dead space
The ______ cavity is the potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura.
pleural
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called the
pleural
Swollen, fluid-filled alveoli are characteristic of the disorder or infection
pneumonia
When air enters the pleural cavity a condition called
pneumothorax
Which respiratory control center influences the rhythm of breathing by limiting inspiration?
pontine respiratory group
Air can pass from one alveolus to another via openings called alveolar
pores
The structures that arise from the trachea and supply the right and left lungs with air are called the right and left
primary
Goblet cells within the respiratory mucosa are more abundant in ______ segments of the bronchial tree.
proximal
bronchi
pseudostratified
Which two are the most abundant cell types in the nasal mucosa?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells goblet cells
Which is a passive process?
quiet expiration
List three functions of the pleurae and the associated fluid.
reduces friction during breathing holds the pleural membranes together compartmentalizes organs of the thoracic cavity
After a normal inspiration, one can continue to inhale, forcibly drawing in an additional volume of air. This extra inhaled volume is called inspiratory
reserve
The respiratory volume called the ______ cannot be directly measured using spirometry.
residual volume
Which volume is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration?
residual volume (RV)
What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity (TLC)?
residual volume + vital capacity (RV + VC)
Both inspiration and expiration are under the control of groups of neurons in the brainstem that comprise the
respiratory
Knowing that hyperventilation lowers blood carbon dioxide levels, which would also occur?
respiratory alkalosis
Which segment of the bronchial tree has air sacs (alveoli) associated with it and, thus, can participate in gas exchange?
respiratory bronchioles
Gas exchange at the alveoli occurs through a series of layers called the ______.
respiratory membrane
Which lung is divided into three parts, the superior, middle, and inferior lobes?
right lung only
Where are the olfactory receptors found?
roof of nasal cavity
Indicate pathway of airflow from the more proximal to the more distal air passageway.
secondary bronchus → tertiary bronchus → terminal bronchiole → respiratory bronchiole
What is the function of type II alveolar cells?
secrete surfactant
The structure composed of bone and cartilage that divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts is the nasal
septum
What is the respiratory membrane?
series of layers through which gases are exchanged between alveoli and the blood
What is found between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes?
serous fluid
What is the role of the ventral respiratory group?
set the basic rhythm of breathing
When lung tissue becomes inflated and the visceral pleura becomes stretched, stretch receptors are stimulated. These receptors then signal the respiratory areas of the brainstem to ______ the duration of inspiration.
shorten
alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
The anatomical structures that reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonance to the voice are the
sinuses
The hollow spaces located within the frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid bones are called
sinuses
Which respiratory structure(s) is(are) connected to the nasal cavity?
sinuses
In adults, airway blockage is a common cause of momentary stoppage of breathing while sleeping, a condition called
sleep apnea
What is the meaning of the root word "alveol-" (as in alveolus)?
small cavity
The paranasal sinuses are located within which of the following bones?
sphenoid and maxillary
What is the name of the medical device used to measure air volumes (except the residual volume)?
spirometer
carcin-
spreading sore
List two additional muscles (along with the diaphragm and external intercostals) that are used when inhaling deeper than usual.
sternocleidomastoid pectoralis minor
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group in the control of respiration?
stimulates inspiratory muscles
Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung.
superior and inferior lobes
List three factors that allow for the lungs to undergo normal expiration (reduction of lung volume to resting state).
surface tension within alveoli elastic tissue in the lungs and thoracic wall recoil of compressed abdominal organs
tuber-
swelling
Consider the bicarbonate reaction involving the intermediary carbonic acid. The production of bicarbonate ion occurs in the ______ while the production of CO2 occurs in the ______.
t l
Air passes from a secondary bronchus into a(n) ______.
tertiary bronchus
Which airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
tertiary bronchus
What is lung compliance?
the ease with which the lungs expand
By definition, what is expiration?
the movement of air out of the lungs
inspiratory capacity (IC)
approximately 3500 mL
vital capacity (VC)
approximately 4600 mL
total lung capacity (TLC)
approximately 5800 mL
Rank the O2 saturation level of hemoglobin, placing the area of highest percent-saturation at the top of the list.
1. O2 saturation in the pulmonary venules.2. O2 saturation in the arterial blood.3. O2 saturation in venous blood.
List two functions of the paranasal sinuses.
1. lighten the weight of the skull 2. give the voice resonance
The saturation of hemoglobin is approximately ______% at the arterial PO2PO2 of 95 mm Hg, and is ______ at the venous PO2PO2 of 40 mm Hg.
100; 75
The partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in alveolar air is
104
What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2PO2) in alveolar air?
104 mm Hg
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
1100 ml
The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2PO2) in systemic arterial blood is ______ mm Hg.
95
When you have a stuffed-up nose, you often wake up with a dry throat. Why?
Air isn't being moistened by the nasal mucosa.
Describe air pressures at the end of expiration (the pause between breaths).
Air pressures inside and outside of the lungs are equal.
Which value is calculated using this equation? ______ = (Tidal volume - physiological dead space) x breathing rate
Alveolar ventilation rate
The thin-walled sacs of the lungs that are responsible for gas exchange are called
Alveoli
Which describes asthma?
An allergen causes abnormal bronchoconstriction.
Which change would occur with breath-holding?
Blood CO2 levels would increase; O2 levels would decrease
Describe the interaction between blood oxygen levels and the regulation of respiration.
Blood oxygen has little direct effect on central chemoreceptors.
______ is a(n) ______ in bronchiole diameter that reduces air flow.
Bronchoconstriction; decrease
Describe the supportive structures of the trachea.
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage.
Which equation correctly illustrates what happens in the tissues, as carbon dioxide is picked up by the blood?
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
CO2 bound to hemoglobin
List in order the steps that result in blood CO2CO2 levels having an effect on central chemoreceptors
CO2 crosses blood brain barrierCO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)Carbonic acid ionizes, releasing hydrogen ions (H+)Hydrogen ions stimulate central chemoreceptors
Why is carbon monoxide exposure dangerous?
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, making the release of oxygen more difficult.
What happens to particles in inhaled air that become trapped in the mucus lining the trachea?
Cilia move them into the pharynx for swallowing.
The structure with a core of elastic cartilage that functions to seal off the top of the larynx during swallowing is the
Epiglottis
internal respiration
Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood
True or false: A sphygmomanometer is a medical device used to measure air volumes in order to evaluate the course of respiratory illnesses.
False
Tracheal cartilage consists of C-shaped rings. Indicate two reasons why this configuration is advantageous.
Food passing through the esophagus (behind the trachea) has room to pass. They hold the trachea open.
A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues is called
Hypoxia
Type ______ alveolar cells are simple squamous epithelial cells that allow diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and capillary blood.
I
Type ______ alveolar cells secrete surfactant.
II
During the phase of ventilation called_ , contraction of respiratory muscles cause an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Inspiration
The diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes are considered the muscles of
Inspiration
What is an outcome of a pneumothorax?
Intrapleural pressure equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
The segment of the respiratory tract that functions as a passageway for both food and air is the_ . It is also involved in producing sounds of speech.
Pharynx
Why does surface tension develop within the watery fluid lining the alveoli?
Polar water molecules are attracted to each other.
Arrange the elements of the bronchial tree based on decreasing diameter, placing the largest at the top of the list
Primary 2. Secondary 3. Teriatary 4. Terminal.
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration is called the
Residual
Distinguish between terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.
Respiratory bronchioles have air sacs; terminal bronchioles do not.
In the alveoli, the attraction of water molecules to each other creates a force called__that makes it difficult to inflate the alveoli and may collapse them.
Surface tension
The substance that functions to reduce surface tension within alveoli is called
Surfactant
Why do normal fluctuations in blood oxygen levels have little influence on respiratory control?
Systemic venous blood is still 75% saturated, so oxygen is still abundant.
Which three statements describe the segments of the bronchial tree, as the air moves from the primary bronchi to the alveolar ducts?
The diameter of the conducting passages becomes smaller the amount of cartilage in the walls of the passages is reduced the bronchioles possess a well developed layer of smooth muscles in their walls
functional residual capacity (FRC)
approximately 2300 mL
List two characteristics of the paranasal sinuses.
They are open to the nasal cavity. They are lined with mucous membrane.
Which statement describes the false vocal cords?
They are the upper folds inside the larynx.
Which three statements describe the nasal conchae?
They increase the surface area of the internal nose. They are bones and bony processes. They support the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity.
The prominent laryngeal cartilage which is often larger in males than females is the
Thyroid
True or false: Lung expansion in response to movements of the diaphragm and chest wall depends on the pleural membranes.
True
True or false: Pleural (serous) fluid decreases friction between pleural membrane layers during breathing.
True
True or false: Pleural (serous) fluid holds the pleural membrane layers together during breathing.
True
True or false: The expiratory reserve volume is the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond the tidal volume.
True
True or false: The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2PO2) in blood entering the alveolar capillaries is 40 mm Hg.
True
True or false: The respiratory membrane is very thin so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse across it.
True
Define hyperventilation.
Ventilation that exceeds needs of the body, lowering blood CO2 levels.
Which lung capacity is calculated by adding the tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Vital capacity (VC)
Which statement characterizes emphysema?
a degeneration of alveolar walls
During quiet breathing, inspiration is ______ and expiration is ______.
active; passive
A pneumothorax occurs when _____ enters the pleural cavity.
air
What effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on airflow through the airways of the lungs?
air flows into the lungs and alveoli
inspiratory capacity (IC)
air inhaled after a quiet expiration
functional residual capacity (FRC)
air left in lungs after normal expiration
What are alveoli?
air sacs
Place the following events of respiration in order, with the earliest event at the top of the list
air taken into lungs gases are exchanged between inhaled air and lung capillaries gases transported gases are exchanged body cells use oxygen for cellular resp
What is the function of alveolar pores?
allow air flow between neighboring alveoli
Which root word means "small cavity"?
alveol
The volume of air located in nonfunctional alveoli makes up the ______ dead space.
alveolar
Oxygen diffuses from the ______ to the ______ during external respiration.
alveolar air; blood
From respiratory bronchioles, the last three segments of the bronchial tree, in order, are ______.
alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs to alveoli
Which three of the following would be part of a lobule found in the lungs?
alveolar sacs blood vessels terminal bronchiole
An increase in blood CO2 or a decrease in blood pH will lead to which change in respiration?
alveolar ventilation will increase
In the lungs, gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs at the
alveoli
Microscopic air pouches clustered at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts are called
alveoli
The ______ are the sites of gas exchange between the air and the blood.
alveoli
Which structure is the site of gas exchange between inhaled air and the bloodstream?
alveolus
Which structure is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
alveolus
Define minute ventilation.
amount of air amount of air moved into airways per minute
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air inspired/expired with each quiet breath
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after inspiration of tidal volume
One parameter that increases with aging is the ______.
amount of dead space in the lungs
The space occupied by inhaled air not used for gas exchange is called the
anatomic
Name the space occupied by air that remains in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles after inhalation.
anatomic dead space
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
anterior portion of the medualla oblongata
List two locations for the peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor CO2, pH, and oxygen levels of the blood.
aortic bodies carotid bodies
