anatomy 2 bloods vessels
As blood travels from arteries to veins, blood pressure
decrease
What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?
decrease
Materials can move across capillary walls by .
diffusion
Where are fenestrated capillaries located in the body?
endocrine glands, brain, intestines, kidneys
Identify the hormones responsible for short- term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.
epinephrine
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is
epinephrine
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called .
fenestrated capillaries
________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.
filtration
Names of fetal blood vessels post child birth.
foramen ovale becomes fossa becomes ovalis and ductus. arteriouses becomes ligamentur arteriosum
Sinusoids can be found in the
liver
Where are chemoreceptors located?
medulla oblongata (cartoid and aortic bodies)
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called ...
phasoconstriction
What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins?
pooling of blood due to gravity
Describe the pulmonary circuit .
pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins
The difference betwee n the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse pressure
How does body defend blood volume against dehydration?
reduces renous retums
How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery?
releases EPO and renin
Where does blood enters while returning from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
Describe a capillary.
small blood vessel located between the arteriole and venule whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
capillary hydrostatic pressure
Angiogenesis refers to
growth of blood vessels
Define tissue perfusion.
sufficient oxygen and nutrients
The superior vena cava collect blood from the ........
systematic circulation (upper limbs)
Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary?
the difference between capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood collared osmotic pressure
List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.
vessel length, vessel diameters, blood viscosity, and turbulence
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides.
when blood pressure is high natartic peptides are released and decrease blood pressure and volume.
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
10
Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. Percentage
64%: systemic venous system 9%: pulmonary circuit 7%: heart 13%: systemic arterial circuit 7%: systemic capillaries
Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70.
88
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
capillaries
Explain the correct order of blood flow in the heart.
RA-RV-pulmonary artery-lungs-pulmanry vein- LA-LV-systemic circuit
Define edema.
abnormal accumulation of interstial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?
an increase in vessel diameter
________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.
arterial anastomisis
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure?
arterial pressure
Where is blood pressure highest? Hint: Blood vessels
arteries
the systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.
arteries and capillaries and right atrium
List the five general classes of blood vessels.
arteries, arterials, capillaries, venuals, veins
Describe the systemic circuit.
arteries, capillaries, and veins
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low?
because it exchanges nutrients between blood stream and organs
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries?
because there is lower blood pressure in vein to prevent backflow of blood
review fetal circulation.
blood flows to the placenta through umbilical arteries and returns to placenta through a single umbilical vein
Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function.
blood within capillary beds changes in response to chemicals in interstital fluid
Name the location where metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells.
capillaries
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaries
Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium.
continuous capillaries or fenestrated
Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.
immediate: maintaining blood pressure and bloodflow long term: resting normal blood volume
What will happen to pH due to decrease in blood CO2 levels in blood?
increase (more basic)
Describe the respiratory pump.
increasing the size of the thoracic cavity decreases pressures to allow lungs to fill
Explain the equation R α 1/r4.
it means that resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius.
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the
medulla oblongata
What part of brain contains sensory neurons that are part of chemoreceptor reflexes?
medulla oblongata
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.
total peripheral resistance
The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the
tunica media
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
tunica media
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules