Anatomy 2 Ch. 4

*___ cells are boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide

cuboidal cells

** The ___ __ is your skin. It is an organ system consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue. this membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.

cutaneous membrane

**All ___ ___ secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities.

exocrine glands

*cardiac muscle has branching cells that fit together tightly at unique junctions called __ ___

intercalated discs

*___ __ cluster along blood vessel and detect foreign microorganisms and intimate local inflammatory responses against them.

mast cells

*___ is the epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs.

mesothelium

*Although some apical surfaces are smooth and slick, most have ____, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane. Tremendously increase the exposed surface area.

microvilli

the ___ encloses the heart

pericardium

the ___ encloses the abdominopelvic viscera

peritoneum

*___ are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

tissues

(Related Clinical Terms) cancer arising in an epithelium; accounts for 90% of human cancers

carcinoma

**skeletal muscle cells, called __ ___, are long, cylindrical cells that contain many peripherally located nuclei. Their banded, or striated, appearance reflects the precise alignment of their myofilaments

muscle fibers

**___ __ are highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement.

muscle tissues

**muscle cells posses ___, elaborate versions of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.

myofilaments

(Related Clinical Terms) a collection of tissue fluid, bacteria, dead and dying tissue cells, white blood cells, and macrophages in inflamed area

Pus

(Related Clinical Terms) innovative healing process for open-skin wounds and skin ulcers. often induces healing when all other methods fail. involves covering the wound with a special sponge, and then applying suction through the sponge. in response to the skin stretching, fibroblasts in the wound form more collage tissue and new blood cells proliferate, bringing more blood into injured area, which promotes healing

VAC (vacuum-assisted closure)

(Related Clinical Terms) any neoplasm of glandular epithelium, benign or malignant. more malignant type is adenocarcinoma

adenoma

*___ ___ is similar to areolar tissue in structure and function, but its nutrient-storing ability is much greater.

adipose tissue

**All epithelia have an ___ ___, an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ, and a lower attached BASAL SURFACE.

apical surface

*preserved tissue we see under the microscope has been exposed to many procedures that alter its original condition and introduce minor distortions called ___. for this reason, most microscopic structures we view are not exactly like those in living tissue

artifacts

(Related Clinical Terms) examination of the body, its organs, and its tissues after death to determine actual cause of death; also called postmortem examination and necropsy

autopsy

(i) although epithelium is ___ (contains no blood vessels), it is innervated (supplied by nerve fibers)

avascular

*Adjacent to the basal surface of an epithelium i s a thin supporting sheet called the ___ ___, consisting largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers. acts as a selective filter

basal lamina

*the two laminae form the ___ ___, which reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary

basement membrane

**___, the fluid within blood vessels, is the most atypical connective tissue. it does NOT connect things or give mechanical support. classified as connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma

blood

*Because of its rocklike hardness, ___, or ___ ___ has an exceptional ability to support and protect body structures. also provide cavities for storing fat and synthesizing blood cells

bone or osseous tissue

**____, which stands up to both tension and compression, has qualities intermediate between dense connective tissue and bone. It is tough but flexible, providing a resilient rigidity to the structures it supports.

cartilage

*___, the predominant cell type in growing cartilage, produce new matrix until the skeleton stops growing at the end of adolescence.

chondroblasts

*The firmness of the cartilage matrix prevents the cells from becoming widely separated, so ___, or mature cartilage cells, are typically found in small groups within cavities called lacunae.

chondrocytes

*some epithelia, such as that lining the trachea, have motile ____, tiny hairlike projections that propel substances along their free surface.

cilia

*___ __ are constructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen. secreted into the extracellular space, where they assemble spontaneously into cross linked fibrils, which in turn are bundled together into that thick collagen fibers seen with a microscope.

collagen fibers

**___ ___ is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues, but its amount in particular organs varies.

connective tissue

*__ __ __ ___ contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull

dense regular connective tissue

the primary germ layers from superficial to deep

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

*___ ___ are long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix.

elastic fibers

**Because ___ ___ eventually lose their ducts, they are often called ductless glands. They produce hormones

endocrine glands

*____ provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system--blood vessels and the heart

endothelium

**____ ___ or an ____, is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

epithelial tissue, or epithelium

*All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving ___ __, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue. because of this, connective tissue can bear weight, withstand great tension, etc..

extracellular matrix

(i) ____, flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped in profile, predominate, but numerous macrophages are also seen and present a formidable barrier to invading microorganisms.

fibroblasts

*structurally, ___ is intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissues. its rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers. able to withstand heavy pressure because it is compressible

fibrocartilage

*In ___, fibrous connective tissue proliferates to form scar tissue

fibrosis

*Before a specimen can be viewed through a microscope, it must be ___ (preserved) and then cut into sections (slices) thin enough to transmit light or electrons. Finally the specimen must be stained to enhance contrast

fixed

**A ___ consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.

gland

*In ___ __, the cup like accumulation of main distends the top of the cell, making the cells look like a glass with a stem.

goblet cells

*During organization the blood clot is replaced by ___ ___, a delicate pink tissue composed of several elements.

granulation tissue

**___ ___ is the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers.

ground substance

(Related Clinical Terms) the simplest type of healing; occurs when the edges of the wound are brought together by sutures, staples, or other means used to close surgical incisions.

healing by first intention

(Related Clinical Terms) the wound edges remain separated and relatively large amounts of granulation tissue bridge the gap; the manner in which unattended wounds heal. healing is slower and larger scar results

healing by second intention

(i) an anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the blood stream

heparin

a substance that makes capillaries leaky

histamine

*the study of tissues, or ___, complements the study of gross anatomy

histology

*___ __ accumulate their products within them until they rupture

holocrine glands

*____ ___, or gristle, is the most abundant cartilage in the body.

hyaline cartilage

the ___ __ is a relatively nonspecific reaction that develops quickly wherever tissues are injured

inflammatory response

(Related Clinical Terms) abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds; results in large, unsightly mass of scar tissue at skin surface

keloid

(Related Clinical Terms) any injury, wound, or infection that affects tissue over an area of a definite size

lesion

**____, large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. these "big eaters" also dispose of dead tissue cells and they are central actors in the immune system.

macrophages

(Related Clinical Terms) genetic disease resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues due to defect in fibrillin, a protein that is associated with elastin in elastic fibers. sings include loose-jointedness, long limbs and spider like fingers and toes, visual problems

marfan's syndrome

*___ __ secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced.

merocrine glands

*Mesenchyme has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped ___ cells. arises during the early weeks of embryonic development

mesenchymal cells

all connective tissues arise from ____, an embryonic tissue.

mesenchyme

*in humans, all such glands produce ___, a complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted.

mucin

**___ ___ or ___ line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

mucous membranes or mucosae

*___ are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes

neurons

*___ produce the organic portion of the matrix, and then bone salts are deposited on and between the fibers.

osteoblasts

*Mature bone cells, or ___, reside in the lacunae within matrix they have made.

osteocytes

(Related Clinical Terms) an inherited condition that causes defective collagen production. weak bones that break easily

osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

a cross section of bone tissue reveals closely packed structural units called ___ formed of concentric rings of bony matrix (lamellae) surrounding central canals

osteons

(Related Clinical Terms) scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease

pathology

the ___ line the thoracic wall and cover lungs

pleurae

*One of the first events of embryonic development is the formation of the three ___ ___ ___, which lie one atop the next like a three-layed cellular pancake

primary germ layers

*____ replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

regeneration

*Reticular connective tissue resembles areolar connective tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts called ___ ___ are scattered.

reticular cells

*___ __ are short, fine, collagenous fibers with a slightly different chemistry and form. they are continuous with collagen fibers, and they branch extensively, forming delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs.

reticular fibers

*just deep to the basal lamina is the ___ __, a lair of extracellular material containing a fine network of collage protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue

reticular lamina

(Related Clinical Terms) cancer arising in the mesenchyme-derived tissues, that is, in connective tissues and muscle

sarcoma

(Related Clinical Terms) nutritional deficiency caused by lack of vitamin C needed to synthesize collage; signs include loosening of teeth, delay in wound healing, weakness of scar tissue, blood vessel disruption

scurvy

**Glands produce _____, an aqueous (water-based) fluid that usually contains proteins, but there is variation

secretions

*thin clear ___ fluid lubricates the facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral layers, so they slide across each other easily

serous

**___ __, or ___, are the moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities. consists of simple squamous epithelium resting on an thin layer of loose connective areolar tissue.

serous membranes, or serosae

*___ ___ ___ is a single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. lines digestive tract and rectum

simple columnar epithelium

*___ __ __ consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide. The spherical nuclei stain darkly, causing the cell layer to look like a string of beads.

simple cuboidal epithelium

*___ ___ consist of a single cell layer. they are typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur

simple epithelia

*The cells of a ___ ___ ___ are flattened laterally, and their cytoplasm is sparse. resemble a tiled floor.

simple squamous epithelium

**___ __ tissue is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeleton. These muscles form the flesh of the body, and as they contract they pull on bones or skin, causing body movements.

skeletal muscle

*___ __ has no visible striations, they are spindle shaped and contain one centrally located nucleus. found in walls of hollow organs

smooth muscle

*___ cells are flattened and scalelike

squamous cells

*___ ___, composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and lining of mouth

stratified epithelia

*most widespread of the stratified epithelia. composed of several layers, it is thick and well suited for its protective role in the body.

stratified squamous epithelium

*a labyrinth-like ____, or internal framework, that can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

stroma

*The only important ex of ___ glands are mucous cells and goblet cells.

unicellular

*because skeletal muscle contraction is under our conscious control, skeletal muscle is often referred to as ___ ___

voluntary muscle