Chapter 5 Psychology
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is ____
Bandura
Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?
Garcia
Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
Köhler
__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
Learning
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ____________.
Pavlov
Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning, explaining that it occurs because of expectancy?
Rescorla
The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is
Skinner
The concept of latent learning was developed by __
Tolman
Who was Little Albert?
a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning
Thorndike was known for his work with ______
a puzzle box
What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?
a white rat
An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is _______________.
biofeedback
Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ____________.
brain wave activity
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus is called ___________.
classical conditioning
The abbreviation CR stands for ____
conditioned response
The abbreviation CS stands for ______
conditioned stimulus
Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain___
depression
The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .
discrimination
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ___
extinction
Katie works at a job where she is paid a salary every 2 weeks. Katie is being reinforced on a _______ schedule.
fixed-interval
On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _____
for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
The "aha!" experience is known as _______
insight learning
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called __________.
latent learning
In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.
loud noise
A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________.
negative reinforcer
In Bandura's study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMIM stands for _____________.
ntion, memory, imitation, motivation
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
observational learning
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ____
operant conditioning
A ____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.
primary
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________.
punishment by application
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.
ratio
In operant conditioning, _____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response
reinforcement
An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________.
spontaneous recovery
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of white rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____________ had occurred
stimulus generalization
When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.
stimulus generalization
In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ______
successive approximations
Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to ____________.
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
The abbreviation UCR stands for ______
unconditioned response
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ___________.
unconditioned stimulus
The abbreviation UCS stands for ________
unconditioned stimulus
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a:
white rat.