Chapter 5 Psychology

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is ____

Bandura

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?

Garcia

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Köhler

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Learning

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ____________.

Pavlov

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning, explaining that it occurs because of expectancy?

Rescorla

The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is

Skinner

The concept of latent learning was developed by __

Tolman

Who was Little Albert?

a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Thorndike was known for his work with ______

a puzzle box

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

a white rat

An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is _______________.

biofeedback

Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ____________.

brain wave activity

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus is called ___________.

classical conditioning

The abbreviation CR stands for ____

conditioned response

The abbreviation CS stands for ______

conditioned stimulus

Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain___

depression

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .

discrimination

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ___

extinction

Katie works at a job where she is paid a salary every 2 weeks. Katie is being reinforced on a _______ schedule.

fixed-interval

On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _____

for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed

The "aha!" experience is known as _______

insight learning

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called __________.

latent learning

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

loud noise

A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________.

negative reinforcer

In Bandura's study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMIM stands for _____________.

ntion, memory, imitation, motivation

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

observational learning

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ____

operant conditioning

A ____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

primary

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________.

punishment by application

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.

ratio

In operant conditioning, _____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response

reinforcement

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________.

spontaneous recovery

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of white rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____________ had occurred

stimulus generalization

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.

stimulus generalization

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ______

successive approximations

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to ____________.

the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study

The abbreviation UCR stands for ______

unconditioned response

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ___________.

unconditioned stimulus

The abbreviation UCS stands for ________

unconditioned stimulus

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a:

white rat.