Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final pt. 1

One of your friend's femurs is abnormally short and curved. When asked about it, they tell you that when they were very young, they fell from a tree and fractured the femur at the distal end. Their pediatrician urged the parents to allow your friend to receive surgery for the fracture, but they refused. What most likely happened to result in the abnormal femur? A) Because the epiphyseal plate was not repaired, any subsequent growth in the bone was stunted and abnormal. B) Because he was young, the femur healed so rapidly that it grew incorrectly and no medical intervention prevented this from occurring. C) The hematoma stage of the fracture never filled in with fibrocartilage, which caused the bone to never heal properly. D) Lack of physical therapy caused the muscles of the leg to not heal correctly, inhibiting bone growth.

A) Because the epiphyseal plate was not repaired, any subsequent growth in the bone was stunted and abnormal.

Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters in response to any touch? A) Collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down. B) The skin has too many melanocytes that produce too much melanin. C) The skin layers are reversed. D) Melanocytes cannot produce melanin.

A) Collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down.

A person's hands are exposed to a chemical that causes neurological damage. They begin to lose feeling in the skin of their palms and fingers, particularly the sense of fine touch. They no longer can differentiate textures in objects, nor can they tell when they are touching something. What skin structures must have been damaged? A) Meissner's corpuscles B) Sebaceous glands C) Pacinian corpuscles D) The stratum basale of the epidermis

A) Meissner's corpuscles

Metabolism is defined as ________. A) all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life B) the breakdown of substances into simpler forms C) the removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions D) the taking in of nutrients

A) all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life

A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n) A) allograft. B) isograft. C) xenograft. D) autograft.

A) allograft.

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release A) beta endorphin. B) collagen. C) keratin. D) carotene.

A) beta endorphin.

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the A) epidermis. B) dermis. C) subcutaneous layer. D) basement membrane.

A) epidermis.

Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the A) middle ear. B) maxillary sinus. C) meninges. D) frontal sinus.

A) middle ear.

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure ________. A) remain within certain limited ranges B) increase when the body is stressed C) fluctuate greatly between very high and low values D) decrease steadily

A) remain within certain limited ranges

The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of A) the zygomatic and temporal bones. B) the maxillary and temporal bones. C) the zygomatic and maxillary bones. D) the temporal and parietal bones.

A) the zygomatic and temporal bones.

Exercise ________ and ________ bones. A) thickens; strengthens B) elongates; weakens C) thickens; elongates D) thins; atrophies

A) thickens; strengthens

A landscaper accidentally had their leg crushed by a tree. Their femur was impacted with such force that a section of the bone completely shattered into fragments. What type of break is this? A) A greenstick fracture B) A comminuted fracture C) An oblique fracture D) A fissured fracture

B) A comminuted fracture

A body has been sectioned in such a way that there is one whole lung per section and the urinary bladder has been split in half. What type of section is this? A) Transverse B) Sagittal C) Frontal D) Coronal

B) Sagittal

Which three bones fuse to form the hip bone? A) The ilium, the sacrum, and the pubis B) The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis C) The ilium, the femur, and the pubis D) The ischium, the coccyx, and the pubis

B) The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism? A) Maintaining blood pressure B) Uterine contractions during childbirth C) Control of blood sugar D) Body temperature control

B) Uterine contractions during childbirth

In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the A) papillae. B) epidermis. C) basement membrane. D) hair.

B) epidermis.

Once a scab has formed, what happens next? A) blood vessels send out new branches under the scab. B) fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers. C) phagocytic cells remove dead material. D) the scab sloughs off.

B) fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.

A parietal layer of a serous membrane ________, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane ________. A) secretes serous fluid; secretes mucus B) lines cavities; covers organs C) secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid D) covers organs; lines cavities

B) lines cavities; covers organs

Wrinkled and sagging skin results from A) heredity only. B) loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen. C) drinking too much water. D) excess subcutaneous fat.

B) loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen.

Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires A) an unstable outside environment. B) negative feedback mechanisms. C) decreased atmospheric pressure. D) positive feedback mechanisms.

B) negative feedback mechanisms.

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state A) stimulate changes in the same direction. B) stimulate changes in the opposite direction. C) inhibit all body reactions. D) stimulate a reduction in all requirements of the body.

B) stimulate changes in the opposite direction.

If the atlas and axis were replaced with typical cervical vertebrae, ________ would be affected. A) stability of the cervical intervertebral disks B) the ability to pivot the head from side to side C) the ability to move the arms D) protection of the spinal cord

B) the ability to pivot the head from side to side

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when space forms between the lung and the wall of the pleural cavity. This space would be between ________. A) parietal pleura and the visceral pericardium B) the parietal pleura and visceral pleura C) parietal pericardium and the parietal pleura D) visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

B) the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Which of the following is the most abundant form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone? A) Calcium oxalate B) Calcium carbonate C) Hydroxyapatite D) Calcium pyrophosphate

C) Hydroxyapatite

Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? A) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues B) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems C) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems D) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems

C) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Which of the following processes is most important to the continuation of the human species? A) Respiration B) Responsiveness C) Reproduction D) Movement

C) Reproduction

Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system? A) The uterine tube B) The vulva C) The bulbourethral gland D) The uterus

C) The bulbourethral gland

Which of the following describes the female pelvis compared to that of the male? A) The obturator foramen is more oval in a female. B) The female iliac bones are less flared. C) The distance between the female ischial spines is greater. D) The angle of the female pubic arch is smaller.

C) The distance between the female ischial spines is greater.

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? A) The body is erect. B) The upper limbs are at the sides. C) The palms are facing backward. D) The head is facing to the front.

C) The palms are facing backward.

The dermis is composed largely of A) stratified columnar epithelium. B) stratified squamous epithelium. C) dense irregular connective tissue. D) dense regular connective tissue.

C) dense irregular connective tissue.

Cell death first occurs A) at age 60. B) at puberty. C) in the fetus. D) at age 50.

C) in the fetus.

Corns are A) scaly scalp areas. B) growths emanating from the nostrils. C) keratinized conical masses on toes. D) areas of white skin pigmentation.

C) keratinized conical masses on toes.

One characteristic that centenarians share is A) following the Mediterranean diet. B) a high level of exercise throughout life. C) never having smoked. D) long lived relatives

C) never having smoked.

The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness illustrates that A) the molecular and cellular levels are of little interest in anatomy and physiology. B) chemical responses occur in only one part of the body. C) new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. D) everything there is to know about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.

C) new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.

Skin cancer is most likely to develop from A) pigmented melanocytes. B) nonpigmented melanocytes. C) nonpigmented epithelial cells. D) pigmented epithelial cells.

C) nonpigmented epithelial cells

The subcutaneous layer is A) between the epidermis and the dermis. B) made of squamous epithelium. C) not part of the skin. D) part of the basement membrane.

C) not part of the skin.

Articular cartilage of a long bone is found A) in the spaces of the spongy bone. B) on the outer surface of the diaphysis. C) on the outer surface of the epiphyses. D) inside the medullary cavity.

C) on the outer surface of the epiphyses.

The human integumentary system includes A) only one type of tissue. B) the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. C) skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands. D) bones and muscles.

C) skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

Homeostasis is the A) ingestion of more food than you need to eat. B) inability to keep body weight within normal limits. C) tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. D) decrease in room temperature because a window is open.

C) tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the A) lumbar and sacral curvatures. B) cervical and lumbar curvatures. C) thoracic and sacral curvatures. D) cervical and thoracic curvatures.

C) thoracic and sacral curvatures.

Which of the following is true concerning the female reproductive system? A) It can support the development of an embryo. B) It transports the female sex cells. C) It produces female sex cells. D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

Mira Dry is a cosmetic procedure where the underarm areas are microwaved. After this procedure, patients notice a drastic reduction in both the usual foul smell of body odor and wetness from regular sweating. Hair structures remain unaffected. According to these results, what structures must be damaged? A) Eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands B) Sebaceous glands C) Eccrine sweat glands D) Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

D) Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

Which of the following is not an example of a negative homeostatic mechanism in the human body? A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal B) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal C) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls D) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid

D) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid

A person slams their fingers in a door. Their fingernails are damaged near the lunula, forming large white ovals at the site of the injury. As time progresses, what happens to the damaged (white) area? A) The white ovals will be pushed up and out of the nail as raised bumps, with that section of nail eventually peeling off. B) The white ovals will slowly dissipate and disappear as the damage is replaced from underneath via the nail bed. C) The white ovals will split vertically and each half will gradually move toward the lateral (horizontal) edges of the nails. D) The white ovals will gradually move upward toward the free edge of the nail and then be worn away with the free nail edge.

D) The white ovals will gradually move upward toward the free edge of the nail and then be worn away with the free nail edge.

Which of the following is not true of organelles? A) They are found in many types of cells. B) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules. C) They carry on specific activities. D) They are only in cells of humans.

D) They are only in cells of humans.

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include A) the very old and the very young. B) very thin people. C) homeless people exposed to the outdoors. D) all of the answer choices are correct.

D) all of the answer choices are correct.

The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the A) subcutaneous layer. B) basement membrane. C) epidermis. D) dermis.

D) dermis.

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate A) fat cells in the subcutaneous layer. B) blood vessels in the epidermis. C) melanocytes in the epidermis. D) muscles and glands in the dermis.

D) muscles and glands in the dermis.

Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with A) hair, melanocytes, and pores. B) fingernails and toenails. C) bone, tendons, and muscles. D) muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

D) muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

The term "physiology" is related to A) the structure of internal organs. B) the Latin for "physical shape." C) the Greek for "cutting up." D) the Greek for "relationship to nature."

D) the Greek for "relationship to nature."