Anatomy and Physiology 1st Final (corrected)

compound fracture

A 20-year-old man is injured in a motorcycle accident. His ulna was broken and protruding from the skin. His injury is classified as a

acidosis

A buildup of H+ in the blood will lead to

active transport

A cell moves sodium ions against its concentration gradient. This is an example of

organic

A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen is

blood cell formation

Bone remodeling is LEAST likely to be used in

calcium

Bone tissue is a storage area for

ACh release

Botox used in cosmetic medicine blocks

troponin

Calcium binds directly to which muscle protein?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium is stored and released by the

37

Core body temperature is about ___ degrees Celsius

functional groups

Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon and influence the behavior of organic compounds are known as

lysosomes

Bacteria captured by white blood cells are collected in vesicles and destroyed by

integument

1. blocks harmful solar radiation and many microbes 2. signals brain on outside environment 3. holds in moisture 4. regulates body temperature

spongy bone

found inside a long bone's shaft

adhering junctions

is also known as a desmosome

proteins

What molecule carries out these four functions: 1. building blocks 2. transport substances 3. regulate body functions 4. serve in defense

cold sores

Which skin disorder is caused by a type of herpes virus?

7.4

about what pH are normal body fluids

bursae

A tennis player suffered an injury after a long match. Her elbow was significantly swollen and irritated. She most likely damaged what structure in her elbow joint?

exocytosis

A thyroid gland cell secretes thyroid hormones into the blood. This is an example of

peroxisome

The organelle that converts harmful hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is the

mitochondria

The organelle that produces the majority of the cell's ATP is the

endoplasmic reticulum

The organelle with a flattened channel that begins at the nuclear envelope and passes into the cytoplasm is the

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is composed of primarily ___.

appendicular skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that includes bones of the limbs, shoulder and hips is classified as the

rearrangement

The process by which the movement of internal bonds converts one type of organic compound into another is

oxygen

The production of ATP in the mitochondria requires (What molecule?)

primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a protein represents its

oxygen debt

The state during which muscle cells require more ATP than cellular respiration can provide is known as

abdominal

The stomach and liver are located in which body cavity?

amino acids

The structural building blocks for proteins are

basement membrane

The structure that separates epithelial tissue from the underlying supporting tissue is the

nucleolus

The structure where parts of ribosomes form before passing into the cytoplasm is the

hang

The term append means to

sliding filament theory

The theory that describes how skeletal muscles contract is the

selective permeability

What term refers to the ability of a cell membrane to regulate which molecules can enter and exit the cell?

elastic

What type of fiber allows tissue to easily stretch and recoil?

gap junctions

What type of junction allows electrical signals to rapidly spread from cell to cell?

tight junctions

What type of junction prevents stomach acids from leaking into the gut cavity?

desmosomes

What type of junction would be found in organs that are subject to stretching?

transmission electron microscope

What type of microscope uses magnetic lenses to bend beams of electrons?

pseudostratified epithelium

What type of tissue consisting of a single layer of cells containing cilia lines the throat and nasal passages?

epithelial

What type of tissue covers body surfaces or lines cavities?

simple squamous epithelium

What type of tissue, consisting of a single layer of flattened cells, is designed to allow the easy diffusion of oxygen from blood to tissue?

most stable

When an atom's outer electron shell is filled, the atom is

PTH

When blood calcium levels fall, ___ secretion increases

extension

When going from a seated to standing position, the knee undergoes

contracted

When the Z lines of a sarcomere are close together, a muscle is ___.

radius

When the biceps brachii muscle contracts the forearm moves towards the upper arm. Based on this movement, on which bone is the biceps brachii insertion?

occipital

Which bone completely surrounds the foramen magnum?

temporal

Which bone forms the lower sides of cranium and surrounds the ear canal?

ethmoid

Which bone helps support the nose?

sternum

Which bone is also known as the "breastbone"?

radius

Which bone is found on the "thumb side" of the forearm?

tibia

Which bone is the major load-bearing bone of the *lower*leg?

ulna

Which bone joins the lower end of the humerus to form the elbow joint?

humerus

Which bone of the pectoral girdle fits into the open socket of the scapula?

femur

Which bone withstands stresses of several tons per square inch?

palatine and maxillary

Which bones make up the hard palate?

metatarsals

Which bones make up the sole of the foot?

cellulose

Which carbohydrate, found only in plants, is indigestible by humans?

multinucleated

Which cell characteristic is associated with skeletal muscle?

glial

Which cells make up the majority of the body's nervous tissue?

glial

Which cells supply nutrients to and remove wastes from nerve cells?

sterols

Which class of fats is used to synthesize various vitamins and hormones?

intermediate filaments

Which cytoskeletal element anchors the proteins actin and myosin to strengthen the cytosol?

epidermis

Which layer of the integument contains stratified squamous cells?

synovial

Which membrane reduces friction in joints?

ATP

Which molecule causes actin and myosin to detach?

serrates anterior

Which muscle assists in pushing movements of the arm?

gluteus maximums

Which muscle extends the hip when walking and climbing?

quadriceps femoris

Which muscle extends the leg at the knee?

trapezius

Which muscle is involved in shrugging your shoulders?

gastrocnemius

Which muscle is the "calf muscle"?

hamstrings

Which muscle is the antagonist of the quadriceps femoris group?

latissimus dorsi

Which muscle is the largest back muscle?

trapezius

Which muscle lifts and braces the shoulder?

deltoid

Which muscle makes up the bulk of the shoulder?

rectus abdominis

Which muscle produces the action of a sit up?

triceps brachii

Which muscle straightens the forearm?

smooth

Which muscles are found in the walls of small blood vessels and airways?

cardiac and smooth

Which muscles are involuntary?

RNA

Which nucleotide contains the sugar ribose?

ATP

Which nucleotide is associated with energy transfer?

synovial membrane

Which part of a synovial joint secretes lubricating fluid?

R-group

Which part of the amino acid helps to determine its chemical properties?

phalanges

Which part of the pectoral girdle contains the most bones?

oxygen

Which particle is able to freely cross the plasma membrane?

dendrite

Which portion of nerve cells receives incoming messages?

proteins

Which portion of the plasma membrane carries out most of the membrane's specific functions?

hemoglobin

Which protein binds and releases oxygen molecules?

tropomyosin

Which protein blocks the interaction sites that produce skeletal muscle contraction?

centrioles

Which structure gives rise to microtubules?

Z line

Which structure marks the ends of a sarcomere?

flagella

Which structure produces cell movements?

bursae

Which structure reduces friction around tendons?

lymphatic

Which system defends against infections and cancer?

urinary

Which system functions to maintain blood volume and composition?

muscular

Which system maintains posture and body temperature?

active transport

Which transport process requires ATP utilization?

polar covalent

Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of atoms within a water molecule?

hydrogen

Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of two water molecules?

Granstein cells

Which type of cell functions to help control immune responses in the skin?

keratinocytes

Which type of cell produces proteins that form the tough, water-insoluble layer in the skin?

melanocytes

Which type of cell protects the skin from UV light damage?

adipose

Which type of connective tissue is specialized for energy storage?

sprain

Which type of injury is treated first with an ice pack and later with a heating pad?

skeletal

Which type of muscle makes up the majority of the body's muscle tissue?

connective

Which type of tissue produces a matrix that surrounds and supports cells?

pectoral girdle

___ consist of upper limbs and bones with a great freedom of movement

exocrine

___ glands secrete release substances like mucus, saliva, oil, earwax, milk, and digestive enzymes through tubes or ducts

myotonic

___ muscular dystrophy is usually only seen in adults

skeletal

___ system: 1. functions in movement of locomotion 2. organ protection 3. mineral storage 4. blood cell production

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into another substance

reciprocal innervation

antagonist muscle groups alternate contraction and relaxation

thick filaments

are composed of proteins with a double head and tail

connective tissue

cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and blood are examples of

energy

cells get ___ through glycolysis, cellular respiration, and creatine phosphate

diffusion

movement of molecules down the concentration gradient

tension

repeated stimulations over short periods of times create muscle___

axial skeleton

skull, rib cage, and vertebral column create the

pelvic girdle

small range of movement, supports weight of backbone

tracer

substance that attaches to a radioisotope

eukaryotic

term meaning to have a true nucleus

blood

In which type of connective tissue are the proteins dissolved in a liquid matrix?

motor neuron

The nerve cell that controls skeletal muscle contraction is the

osteocytes

What structure is found in bone lacunae?

polar

water molecules are___ (polar or non polar)

chromatin

DNA and its attached proteins are known as

negatively

If a chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer energy level, which of the following is true about chlorine? When it fills its outer shell it becomes ___ charged.

flat

In adults, most blood cells are formed in which type of bones?

scapula

On which bone would you find extensive sites for muscle attachments?

endocytosis

Phagocytosis is a form of

starch

Plants store large amounts of carbohydrates in the form of

tracers

Positron emission tomography (PET) utilizes ____ to yield results of a scan.

ribosomes

The major difference between the smooth and rough ER is that rough ER contains ___.

myoglobin

Red muscle fibers are red because they contain large amounts of

ATP

Rigor mortis occurs when ___ levels fall

oils

Sebaceous glands in the skin produce

protons

The atomic number denotes the number of ____ in an atom of a particular element.

sarcomere

The basic unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle is a

hypothalamus

The body's "thermostat" is located in the

20

There are how many different types of amino acids?

nuclear envelope

These are characteristics of the ____. 1. double membrane system 2. merges with membrane of ER 3. fluid part of the nucleus 4. separates the inside of the nucleus from the rest of the cytoplasm

isometric

To stand upright for a long period of time without moving, the muscles of the back must produce which type of contraction?

adduction

When riding a horse, a jockey squeezes his thighs together to stay on the saddle. This is an example of

femur

Which bone articulates with the coxal bone to form the hip joint?

radioisotopes

are unstable and emit energy and particles to stabilize themselves

parietal

behind temporal bones and form the majority of the skull

extracellular fluid

body's internal environment

covalent bond

bonds that are extremely strong an stable

phosphate

bones store calcium and ___

prokaryote

had free-floating DNA; single-cell organism

eukaryote

has membrane-bound DNA

red muscle

have "slow" fibers

mitochondria

organelle that possesses its own DNA

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

the four most common elements found in organisms

isometric

In which type of muscle contraction does the load exceed the muscle's peak capacity?

carpal tunnel syndrome

A computer programmer complains of pain in his wrist and numbness and tingling of his fingers. He likely suffers from

solute

A dissolved substance in water is an

osteoarthritis

A former basketball player complains of significant right knee pain. After examination, it is determined that he needs a knee replacement. The most likely cause of his issue is

electron

A free radical takes what particle from a stable molecule?

nonpolar hydrocarbon

A lipid is an

nitrogen-containing base

A nucleotide is composed of at least one sugar, one phosphate group, and 0ne ___-___ ___.

cramp

A painful muscle contraction that does not immediately release is a

rheumatoid arthritis

A patient with joint pain was sent to the hospital for lab work. The results showed significant over activity of her immune system. Based on these results, the most likely diagnosis is

hydrophilic

A phospholipid molecule contains a "head" portion that is___.

micrograph

A photograph formed using a microscope is called an

lipoprotein

A protein combined with cholesterol in the blood is an example of an

enzyme

A protein inside cells that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is an

hypertonic

A red blood cell is placed in a solution. After a period of time, the cell has shrunk to half its original size. The cell was placed in a ___ solution.

liver

A reticular form of loose connective tissue is the framework for the

cutaneous

A severe sunburn would result in damage to which membrane?

twitch

A single contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit is known as

antioxidant

A substance that gives up an electron to a free radical is an

buffer

A system that compensates for pH fluctuations by donating or accepting H+ is known as an

proton

An acid is a substance that donates a ___ (H+) when dissolved in water.

protons

An atom carries no charge because it has as many electrons as

osteoporosis

An elderly woman has a significant loss of bone mass. The most likely diagnosis is

dystrophy

An inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers break down

nucleolus

An organelle found in the nucleus is known as a

glycogen

Animals store carbohydrates in the form of

flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones is

T-tubules

During a muscle contraction, electrical impulses travel to the interior of the cell through

rotation

During a routine, a dancer spins in a circle three consecutive times. This is an example of

myosin

During a skeletal muscle contraction, ATP energizes

sucrose

During a synthesis reaction, glucose and fructose combine to form

broken

During an hydrolysis reaction bonds are ___.

effector

During the process of sweating to cool body temperature, the sweat gland is acting as which homeostatic component?

osteoclasts

During the remodeling process, which cells break down the bone matrix?

four

Each carbon atom can share pairs of electrons with as many as ____ other atoms

epiphysis

Each end of a long bone is called the

epithelial

Endocrine and exocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue?

cell

Every living organism must have at least one ___.

unsaturated

Fats that stay liquid at room temperature are

motor units

Fine movements, like in the eye, need ____ containing only a few hundred muscle fibers

electrical

For charged particles, transport across the cell membrane is influenced by the concentration gradient and ___ gradient.

smooth and cardiac

Gap junctions are most plentiful in both

facilitated

Glucose moves through a protein transporter down its concentration gradient into the cell is __ diffusion

dermis

Hair follicles and the bodies of sweat glands are located in the

attracted

How do hydrophilic molecules interact with water? They are ___ to water.

206

How many bones are in the fully formed human skeleton?

7

How many cervical vertebrate are found in an intact skeleton?

2

How many electrons can the innermost shell hold?

parallel

In skeletal muscle, the fibers and filaments are arranged in ___.

nucleus

In what portion of a eukaryotic cell is the majority of DNA isolated?

liver

In which organ does the smooth ER inactivate drugs and harmful metabolic byproducts?

sacral

In which region of the vertebral column have the vertebrate fused together?

respiratory tract

In which structure do cilia covered in mucus trap foreign particles?

neutrons

Isotopes of an element are different from the common form due to differences in the number of ___ in the nucleus.

synovial joints

Joints like the hip and shoulder are classified as

epidermis

Melanocytes are located in the

mucous

Membranes that line cavities and tubes in the digestive and respiratory systems are classified as

serous

Membranes that occur in paired sheets are classified as

serous

Membranes that surround the heart and lungs would be classified as

axons

Motor neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord to muscles in the foot would have long

goblet cells

Mucus is secreted onto membrane surfaces by

skeletal

Muscle that is composed of cylindrical cells that maintain posture is

cardiac

Muscle that is striated and involuntary is

skeletal

Muscle that is striated and voluntary is

DNA

Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria because because it has its own ___.

myofibrils

Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of

lacrimal and maxillary

Tear ducts pass between which two bones?

pelvic

The bladder and rectum are located in which body cavity?

mixture

The blending of two or more kinds of molecules is an

molecule

The bonding of two or more atoms creates an

maximize

The bones of the pectoral girdle are arranged to ___ movement

cranial

The brain is located in which body cavity?

glucose

The building block of large carbohydrates is

mosaic

The cell membrane mix of lipids and proteins is referred to as an

neurons

The cells that the body uses for rapid communication and control are

matrix

The connective tissue fibers in bone are found in the

pelvis

The coxal bones are components of the

osmosis

The diffusion of *water* across a membrane is known as

polysaccharides

The extracellular ground substance of the matrix is composed of

creatine phosphate transfer

The first metabolic pathway by which ATP is made in an active muscle cell is

tension

The force a contracting muscle exerts to move an object is muscle

myopathy

The general medical term that describes a muscle disorder is

thoracic

The heart is located in which body cavity?

tetanus

The infectious disease that produces spastic paralysis is

cartilaginous joints

The intervertebral disks are classified as

calcium

The ion required for skeletal muscle contraction is

tonicity

The measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution is

microtubules

The most abundant cytoskeletal elements are

triglycerides

The most abundant lipids in the body are

synovial joint

The most common type of joint in the human body is a

heat stroke

The most extreme form of body temperature increase is

motor unit

The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls are known as a

mucous and serous

The two basic types of tissue membranes are

peptide

The type of bond that exists between amino acids in a protein is an ____ bond.

compact bone

The type of bone that forms the shaft of long bones is known as

microscopy

The use of microscope

50 percent

Together, all muscle types make up what percentage of the body?

A B

Two solutions A and B are separated by a membrane, which is permeable to water but not salts. Solution A is a 2% NaCl solution, while solution B is a 3% NaCl solution. Water will move from side ___ to side ___.

hydrogen bonds

Water has a high heat capacity because it has

integrating center

We shiver when we are cold. In this process the brain plays which homeostatic role?

ribosome

What component of the cell is the site of polypeptide assembly?

phospholipids

What factor of the plasma membrane provides fluidity? The movements of ___.

phospholipids

What fat is the building block for cell membranes?

blood vessels and nerves

What is found in the channels within the Haversian system?

acetylcholine

What is released into the neuromuscular junction to produce a muscle contraction?

8

What is the maximum number of electrons in a shell?

tertiary

What level of protein structure is associated with the folding of coils and sheets to form a hollow region through which substances can move into and out of cells?

carbohydrate

What macromolecule is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen?

surface area to volume ratio

What major factor limits cell size?

It dissolves ions and polar molecules

What makes water a good solvent?

cardiac

What muscle tissue contains specialized junctions that allow cells to contract as a unit?

smooth

What muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs?

cardiac and smooth

What muscle tissues are considered involuntary?

peroxisomes

What organelle inactivates toxins?

mitochondria

What organelle is the site of ATP production?

Golgi body

What organelle modifies new polypeptides and sorts proteins and lipids?

cytoskeleton

What portion of the cell contains microtubules and microfilaments?

growth hormone

What prevents growth plates from calcifying, preserving their ability to grow?

cartilage

What specialized type of connective tissue consists mostly of collagen in a watery matrix?

tendon

What structure connects a muscle to a bone?

chromosome

consists of DNA and its associated proteins

41

enzymes denature above ___ degrees Celsius

appendicular

the scapula is part of the ___ skeleton

positive feedback

the type of feedback that occurs during childbirth

homeostatic system

type of system that regulates core temperature using negative feedback

free radical

unstable molecule missing an electron in its outer shell

ion

what is formed when atoms exchange electrons